The Year of the Household and Ding Shi in Liao History

In the history of China, the Liao Dynasty was destroyed by gold from 9 16 (the first year of Shenshu, the second year of Liang Zhenming) to10/25 (the fifth year of Baoda, the third year of Jintianhui and the seventh year of Beimi Xuanhe), and ruled the north of China for 2 10 years. But "for more than 200 years, there has been no population statistics in pastoral areas and agricultural areas. There are only a few geographical records, except for a county in Sanhan County, Zhongjing Road, and the number of households is not recorded. Therefore, the population of Daliao can only be estimated and cannot be calculated. " (1) Historical facts are also as stated by Mr. Statement. There are only a few households in Liao history and geography. Except for Sanhan County, Zhongjing Road has no household records. In addition, History of Liao Soldiers and Geography also contain the number of townships in each county. The time of Hu and Ding's research recorded in Liao History is not recorded in the history books, and previous studies rarely involve ②. Family and registered permanent residence are the basis of studying population. In ancient times when there was a lack of demographic data, it was particularly important to discuss the problem of households. According to the theory of anthropology, human L7l (or household, or household) refers to the sum of individuals (or household, or household, or household) living in a certain social production mode in a certain area in a certain period of time, with distinct' time and space content'. If the specific age or year of population statistics or household statistics cannot be determined, it is obviously impossible to study the dynamic process, changing characteristics and laws of population, households and household statistics. Take the Liao Dynasty, which ruled for 265,438+00 years, as an example, its household number and household number statistics were completely different in the early and late Liao Dynasty, or in the middle of Liao memory. Therefore, it is an urgent and important issue to study the specific age of Hu and Ding in Liao Dynasty, whether for studying the social history of Liao Dynasty, or for studying the population history of Liao Dynasty and the population history county of China.

In the article l: 1 scale survey of Beijing's urban population since the capital was founded, the author thinks that "the number of households recorded in Liao history and geography is the number of households in the early days of Tianqing in Liao Dynasty" based on the comprehensive analysis and judgment of the establishment date of counties with households, the letters of the number of households counted in Liao Dynasty and the main sources of Liao historical data. In the book Historical Population Geography of Beijing, the author makes an in-depth discussion from two aspects: 1, and comes to the conclusion that the number of households recorded in Historical Geography of Liao Dynasty is the statistics of three years of Tianqing (1 13). But related to this, the number of counties recorded in Liao History and Bing belongs to statistical years and has not been described yet. The author thinks that it is necessary to do further research on the interrelated household year and J series year recorded in Liao History, so as to provide basic work for the final determination of household year and D series year. According to the existing literature, Yu Jiasheng was born in the reign of Emperor Taizong (927-947), that is, he began to "take Wudu households as servants", but "the number of households cannot be tested". However, it can be seen from this mountain that the tax service in Liao Dynasty was levied on household J 1. In order to obtain taxes and soldiers and meet their own economic and military needs, the imperial rulers of Qidan inspected the household registration at any time, paying special attention to the inspection of households and households in prefectures and counties, which provided relatively complete information on households and J' for the compilation of Liao history, so the records of Liao history were limited to households in prefectures and counties.

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L 1, which led later scholars to think that there was no population statistics in Liao Dynasty. According to "Liao History", the system of regularly checking or counting households, households and registered accounts in counties and counties in Liao Dynasty has not been established for more than 200 years. Violating every household is a temporary imperial edict. This is in the household registration management and household registration statistics, Liao Dynasty is different from other dynasties. Similarly, the records of the military records of the Liao Dynasty or various roads were also collected, which was after the Tongzhi period of the Liao Dynasty (983-10/2). However, we can't come to the conclusion that Hu Ding was not included before the unification of Liao Dynasty and years ago. In fact divination, before the conclusion of Juyuan Alliance (in the second year of Emperor Shengzong of Liao Dynasty, the first year of Jingde of Song Zhenzong, and the year of L (X)), because the Liao Dynasty was in a state of hostility and war for a long time, the government of Liao Dynasty had to make more frequent visits to prefectures and counties to meet the needs of tribute, but there was a lack of literature. Fortunately, the date of establishing the county of household J was later than Chongxi Year (l032- 1055), which made it possible to judge the family year of households in Liao history by using the imperial edicts containing households before Yuxi. Therefore, the lack of historical records of Hu Ding's imperial edicts in various counties in the early Liao Dynasty will not have a bad influence on inferring Hu Yu's family background in Liao history. In a word, the records and materials about the establishment time of counties in Liao History and Geography, the imperial edict about mother inspection in Liao History and Ji and Liao History and Huding provide a rare and important basis for inferring the date of Liao history households.

(1) (Liao historical place) Attached is the latest establishment date of Dingzhou County. According to "History and Geography of Liao Dynasty", the Liao Dynasty was "five capitals, six states, nine counties, fifty nationalities and sixty countries". However, according to Geography, there were five Jing in the last years of Liao Dynasty, 12 prefecture (including five Jing prefectures), 160 prefecture, and 2 10 county. Founded in the Liao Dynasty, Taizu Abaoji was founded, and was promoted to Jinshan County, Taizhou, Jingdao, in 200 years after Tianzuo Emperor Tianqing was celebrated for six years (116). According to the order of things, it is only after counties are established that it is possible to make statistics on the number of households in counties, that is, counties are built first and then counties are built. It is inevitable that a county cannot have independent household and household inspection before it is established. Therefore, the date of establishing a county with household records becomes the primary condition for judging the date of household inspection.) The date of establishing a county with household records in Liao History and Geography is the year of Chongxi in Liao Xing Zong at the latest. For example: Jingzhou, Nanjing, Western Jin Dynasty, and Zunhua County, Jizhou today, according to the center. Three thousand households. Zunhua County is the local regulatory agency for buying horses in Tang Ping, which belongs to this county. Go to Beijing to perform in Changchun, the spring hunting ground of Yahe River. Eight years of rejoicing. Transferred to Yanqing Palace, military affairs transferred to Northeast Army Division. Tongxian county 1: Changyuan county. Ben got mixed up with the river. Yan and Ji Yuan's criminals came here. Two thousand households. Datong county, Xijing Datong area. This is the same as Sichuan. Re-examine Xixia's seventeen-year invasion of the border and analyze Yunzhong County. Ten thousand. According to this, there is no doubt that the number of counties in Liao Historical Geography should be the statistics of the last years of Chongxi after the seventeenth year of Chongxi (1048) and the periods of Liao Daozong and Tianzuo Emperor. According to geographical records, Jinshan County in Taizhou was promoted to Youzhou in the sixth year of Tianqing, but the fact that there were no households attached to the history just shows from another side that the number of households in Geographical Records of Liao History was counted six years ago, not six years later. After defining the ethnic year of counties in Liao history as the period from the seventeenth year of worshipping Xi to the sixth year of Tianqing in the last years of Liao Dynasty, we can further infer the specific age of counties in Liao Dynasty according to the imperial edicts in the last years of Liao Dynasty.

(2) Investigating the imperial edicts of Hu and Ding in the late Liao Dynasty. The imperial edicts of Hu and Ding recorded in Liao history were concentrated in Sheng Zongtong and the middle and late Liao Dynasty. The years and targets of previous marsh orders are as follows: autumn and July in the ninth year of Tonghe (99 1), covering all accounts; In the fifteenth year of Tonghe (seven years of Mao), at noon in March, the palace was divided into households; Twenty-one years of Tonghe (1003), in mid-November, including people from South Hospital; In the eleventh year of Taiping (1 still 1), Xingzong ascended the throne in June, which was the year, covering all accounts; Chongxi eight years (1039), summer and June ugly, registered permanent residence included. In the 15th year of Chongxi (L HSS), Shen Bing was born in autumn and July. Chongxi was born in October in the twentieth year (l05 1), including various military titles; In the second year of Qingning (1056), in the afternoon of June, an army was ordered to make up the border defense; In the ninth year of Dakang (1083), all roads were inspected in the afternoon of June. In October of the ninth year of Daan (L year), he became a son and sent soldiers from all walks of life. Tianqing was born in every household in March of the third year (113); Tianqing six years (T fly 16), born in June. Summing up the above imperial edicts, it is worth noting that the inspection of Hu Ding and Hu Ding in Liao Dynasty has five characteristics. (l) Liao Zi recalled that for more than 200 years, it was true that there was no regular household inspection system, and household inspection was a temporary imperial edict. (2) Ethnic households in Liao Dynasty belong to different management and statistical systems, including prefectures, counties, palaces, ministries, people and soldiers. (3) The Liao Dynasty conducted a comprehensive family L-J statistics, but did not keep the person-days statistics. (4) Liao paid special attention to the investigation of households, and kept some valuable statistical data of households-j-1,including the investigation of "Wujing Township Ding", that is, the investigation of households was closely related to economic needs and military situation. For example, in the first year of Taiping, Xingzong acceded to the throne, including the "J" of the household department, which was aimed at "people who tried to do everything extensively but rarely heard of it; People who have food at home (poverty) lose all their crops and leave their homes in order to achieve the goal of "easy access to food, easy access to food and average prosperity"; Re-emphasizing the eight-year household registration in the world is to make the service even, and as a result, it has received the social effect of "a little flat tax, everyone is happy" by R. After nine years' inspection in Dakang (according to Liao History, Food Records and Biography of Ma People in Liao History), the scene of "the most prosperous agricultural valley in Liao Dynasty" appeared. The soldiers from all walks of life who were registered in Da 'an for nine years were only one of those who rebelled against Bubumo Ancient Temple at that time. The armies of Erweixu, Tutong, Beiwangfu, Temanqunmu and Gongfen, which belonged to the Northwest Road Recruiter Division, were trapped and lost, and one bird was still rebellious, which was directly related to the collapse of bandits such as Daridi. Tianqing was subordinate to the "families" and "soldiers" for three or six years, which was more related to the deterioration of finance and economy and the situation of military struggle in the late Liao Dynasty. According to the latest date of establishing counties by households and households, the households and households in counties listed in Liao history should be counted in a year after 20 years. Among them, twenty years of worshipping Xi, two years of Qingning, nine years of Daan, one year of Ding obviously has nothing to do with this, and nine years of Dakang has nothing to do with this, so it can only be related to three years of Tianqing and six years of Tianqing. At the same time, the number of households contained in Liao History Geography is one, and the number of J contained in Liao History Bing Wei Zhi is one! Except for a few counties, the "constant system" o of rural residents 2 has been strictly abolished, and only the statistics of the number of households in the current year or similar years and R can satisfy this "constant system" of one to two. In other words, the number of households in Liao History and Geography is the statistics of "borrowing households" during the reign of Emperor Tianqing. However, the number of Xiang Ding recorded in Liao Shi Bing Wei Zhi is the statistics of "soldiers from all walks of life" in the sixth year of Tianqing (2000).

(3) The military political situation in the last years of Liao Dynasty. In the last years of Daozong, the political corruption in the Liao Dynasty was already "the evil of the group flourished, and it was unexpected and clever", "the masses declined, the ministries opposed each other, and the use of armour and soldiers was not peaceful". After Emperor Sanzuo ascended the throne, it formed a situation of "doomsday luck, touching people's hopes, treacherous faith, desertion from the forest, and a group of F", and "the trace of rebellion comes with bees" _ _ collapsed and could not be redeemed. O. In the turbulent struggle against the corrupt rule of the Liao Dynasty, the first fatal blow was the struggle of the female code people aimed at overthrowing the rule of the Liao Dynasty. Akuta, the leader of Jurchen, proclaimed himself emperor in the fourth year of Tianqing (L 1 14' Yue) and the fifth year of Tianqing (Jiahe year, 1 1 Qiao year), with a bumper harvest in the year of Dajin and Jianyuan. In the second year of Bao (Jin Tianfu six years, 1 122), he successively captured Ningjiang, Xi 'an, Binxian, Zuyang, Huanglongfu, Tokyo, _L Beijing, Zhongjing, Xijing and Nanjing in the Liao Dynasty, and collapsed the rule of the Liao Dynasty in just ten years. In the process! "In order to maintain its crumbling and decadent rule, Emperor Tianzuo, on the one hand, should stabilize the people's hearts by counting counties and households, and increase taxes and fiscal revenue to support him in suppressing the resistance of people of all ethnic groups; On the other hand, in the fifth year of Tianqing (1 1 year of succession), Emperor Tussaud's personal expedition failed, which led to the loss of troops and many people defected to their relatives. Attending, it is necessary to include a common Beijing town, J- 1, in order to expand the army and expand the position of military repression. Therefore, in a short period of time from the third year of Tianqing to the sixth year of Tianqing, a group of R Taoist households and soldiers were inspected one after another. However, it should be noted that the statistics of township J- 1 and county L- numbers in the six years of Tianqing in Liaoyang Prefecture of Tokyo do not conform to the "regular system" of Hu Mei's earrings. The reason is not only that the author of Liao History may be confused in historical materials and lack of careful textual research, but also that in the sixth year of Tianqing (Taizu took over the country for three years, 1 1 165438), Liaoyang Prefecture in Tokyo was captured by jurchen, and all counties in Tokyo fell by 0, so Liao people could not make township statistics on their counties. This also provides a strong evidence from another side, which proves that the rural population of Wei Zhi, a soldier of the Tenth Liaoning Army, belongs to the statistical range of the six years of Tianqing. As for ((Liao history) the number of households and households in the three or six years of Tianqing is incomplete, and there are many county losses in the records. The main reason is that the destruction of wealth and fire in the late Liao Dynasty and the exile of Tianzuo government directly led to the loss and confusion of ancient books and statistical data. However, six years after Tianqing, the Liao government gradually lost control of the counties, causing countless sufferings and serious situations of ancestral temples and mound sites. Emperor Tussah was worried at night and was displaced, so he had no time to take care of all counties and households and F, so the statistical address of household F recorded in Liao history was limited. According to the summary, the statistics of households and J in Liao history belong to the three years and six years of Tianqing at the end of Liao Dynasty, which should be a credible conclusion.