Writing methods of political papers in grade three.
I. Title
The title is the eye of the article. The titles of various articles have many styles, but no matter what form, they always reflect the author's writing intention and the main idea of the article in all or different aspects. The title of graduation thesis is generally divided into general title, sub-title and sub-title.
(1) general title
The general title is the embodiment of the overall content of the article. Common writing methods are:
(1) reveals the essence of the theme. This title form, which highly summarizes the content of the full text, is often the central argument of the article. It has a high degree of clarity, which is convenient for readers to grasp the core of the full text. Such titles are many and common. For example, on economic system model, on economic center, and my opinion on the reform of county-level administrative institutions.
2 types of questions. In fact, the author's point of view is very clear, but the meaning is euphemistic and needs readers to think. This form of title is easy to attract readers' attention because of its implied point of view. For example, "Is the family contract system a single job?" Is commodity economy equal to capitalist economy? "and so on.
(2) explain the scope of content. This form of title, from its own point of view, does not see the author's point of view, but only limits the scope of the article. On the one hand, it is difficult to summarize the main points of the article in one sentence; On the other hand, explaining the scope of the article can attract the attention of peers and readers, so as to attract * * *. This form of address is also very common. For example, the two-tier management system in rural areas of China, correctly handling the relationship between the central government and local governments, and the analysis of post-war western trade liberalization, etc.
4. Use judgment sentences. This title form limits the content of the full text and is flexible. The research object of this paper is specific and small, but the extended ideas must be strong and broad. This kind of title focuses on small things and big things, which is conducive to the expansion of scientific thinking and scientific research. For example, we can see the light of hope in rural China from the rise of township enterprises, scientific and technological progress and agricultural economy, and see the essence of beauty from the perspective of creating beauty through labor.
⑤ Use visualized sentences. Such as inspiring management system, dawn in the history of science and technology, and shining theory.
There are many styles of titles, and the author can make bold innovations in practice.
(2) Subtitles and Subtitles
In order to point out the research object, content and purpose of the paper, the general title can be supplemented and explained, and some papers can also be subtitled. In particular, some argumentative papers generally have a subtitle, such as adding a subtitle such as "and discussion" under the general title.
In addition, in order to emphasize a key point of the paper, a subtitle can be added. For example, how to treat the difference of labor remuneration at the present stage, talk about bourgeois rights in distribution according to work, develop protein resources, improve the utilization efficiency of protein and explore a development strategy to solve the problem of eating.
The main purpose of setting the subtitle is to clearly show the level of the article. Some use words, which generally express the central content of this level; Some also use numbers, which only indicate the order of "one, two, three", and play the role of connecting the preceding with the following. It should be noted that no matter which form is adopted, it is closely related to the content of the hierarchy and the close relationship between the upper and lower levels.
There are three requirements for the topic: first, it must be clear. It is necessary to reveal the scope or argument of the topic, so that people can know the general outline of the article, the main content of the discussion and the author's writing intention after reading the topic, instead of specious, hiding the head and revealing the tail, and playing hide-and-seek with readers. Second, be concise. The topic of the paper should not be too long. If it is too long, it will make people feel cumbersome and cumbersome, and they will not get a clear impression, thus affecting the overall evaluation of the article. Don't be too abstract and empty, and don't use very useful or invented words in the title, so as not to make readers feel like a sea of smoke when they see the title, and they can only understand it after reading the text completely. Third, it must be novel. The title, like the content and form of the article, should have its own uniqueness. Not unconventional, unconventional, fascinating and pleasing to the eye, thus arousing readers' interest in reading.
Second, the directory
Generally speaking, long graduation thesis has no subtitle. Papers with subheadings generally have a table of contents because of their multi-level content and complex theoretical system.
The purpose of establishing a directory is mainly to:
1. Let readers have a general understanding of the content and structure of the full text before reading this article, so that readers can decide whether to read it, whether to read it intensively or skim it.
2. It is convenient for readers to choose a sub-argument in the text. A long paper has many sub-arguments besides the central argument. When readers need to know more about a sub-argument, they can rely on the table of contents to save time.
The table of contents is usually placed in front of the text of the paper, so it is the guide map of the paper. To make the directory really play the role of a guide map, we must pay attention to:
1. Exactly. The content must be consistent with the outline of the full text. In other words, the title, subtitle and content of this paper are one-to-one correspondence.
2. Clear and correct. The table of contents should be marked with the page number of the table of contents one by one in the text. Page numbers must be clear and correct.
3. complete. Because the table of contents is the guide map of the paper, it must be complete. In other words, all the contents of the article should be reflected in the catalogue and must not be omitted.
There are two basic types of directories:
1. Text directory.
2. Digital catalogue. This kind of catalogue is rare. However, it is easy for readers to read long speeches, and some of them use this method.
Three. Platform for action
Abstract is the epitome of the full text. Here, the author outlines the overall appearance of the full text with extremely economical pen and ink; Put forward the main arguments, reveal the research results of the paper, and briefly describe the framework of the full text.
Abstract is an accessory part of the text, usually placed at the beginning of the paper.
The purpose of writing the executive summary is to:
1. In order to make the instructor have a general understanding of the main contents of the article before reviewing the full text of the paper, and know the main results and main logical order of the research.
2. In order to make other readers have a general understanding of the problems studied by the author by reading the executive summary, if there is a curse, they should read the full text further. Here, the abstract has become an "advertisement" to recommend papers to many readers.
Therefore, it is necessary to prompt the main points of the paper so that readers can understand the main points of the paper at a glance. The abstract of the paper should be concise and comprehensive, and should not be too verbose to grasp the main points or just a few dry ribs, lacking materials to explain the views.
Executive summary can be divided into reportable summary and indicative summary.
The report summary mainly introduces the main methods and results of the study and the analysis of the results, and gives a comprehensive hint to the content of the article.
Indicative summary only briefly describes the research results (data, opinions, opinions, conclusions, etc.). ), and does not involve research means, methods, processes, etc. Graduation thesis generally adopts indicative abstract. Examples are as follows:
● The government under the condition of market economy should, of course, obey the overall planning and deployment of the higher authorities, but its main energy should be focused on being responsible for the lower authorities, the local economic development and the improvement of the living standards of the local people. This is the premise of developing the overall economy, which naturally conforms to being responsible to the upper level.
● Changing departments to "grasp * * * and manage" enterprises to serve enterprises should be the main focus of departmental work. (Excerpted from the executive summary of the article "How to Position the Government in a Market Economy")
The writing requirements of English can be summarized as "completeness, accuracy, conciseness, truthfulness and vividness". Specifically:
1. The content summary should be complete. That is, the main contents (or viewpoints) expounded in the paper cannot be omitted. It should be written as a complete paper and can be used independently.
2. Focus should be highlighted. The research results (or central arguments) and the content of conclusive significance of the paper should be highlighted, and other items can be written concisely.
3. Use words concisely. Writing should be carefully worded and expressed in concise and general language, and it is not appropriate to demonstrate every content.
4. The statement should be objective. Generally speaking, it is not appropriate to write only the objective situation of the research, make a subjective evaluation of the work process, methods and research results, and make a comparative explanation with other people's research. The value of a research achievement has its own public opinion, and there is no need to advertise itself. Therefore, seeking truth from facts is also the basic principle of writing abstract.
5. The language should be vivid. Writing should be concise, vivid and fascinating, and literary color should be reflected as much as possible in terms of text polishing, expression and structure, so as to arouse readers' desire to read the text.
Fourth, the text.
The text includes introduction, theory and conclusion. This is the most important part of the graduation thesis, which is discussed in detail in other chapters, so I won't repeat it here.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) reference
References, also called bibliography, refer to the books, newspapers and periodicals consulted by the author in the process of writing his graduation thesis, which should be listed at the end of the graduation thesis. There are three advantages to listing references: first, when the author himself finds that there is an error in the quotation, it is easy to find and correct it. Second, teachers of graduation thesis defense committee can know the breadth of students' reading materials as a reference for graduation thesis review. Third, it is convenient for readers who study similar problems to consult relevant viewpoints and materials.
Of course, the references listed in this article must be major monographs, papers and other materials that are closely related to this article and have played an important reference role in writing my graduation thesis. Don't make too many lists, no matter how light or heavy.
The listed references should generally clearly indicate the title of the book or article, author, publisher and publication year.
Model essay on political papers in grade three
Carry forward the spirit of hard struggle and maintain the political nature of Communist party member.
Abstract: Hard struggle is a fine tradition of our nation. The hard struggle in the hard war years internalized the political essence of China's * * * production party. In the process of reform and opening-up, hedonism and extravagance flourished among our cadres in party member, which had a bad influence on the construction of the party and the country. After the new party's collective leadership came to power, it promulgated a series of systems and put them into practice, which reflected the courage and determination of the CPC Central Committee to stop extravagance. This also puts forward a new proposition of the times for us, that is, how to carry forward the spirit of hard struggle and keep the political nature of Communist party member forever under the historical background of comprehensively deepening reform. This paper tries to find enlightenment from the examples of the Party's hard struggle in Yan 'an period.
Keywords: the political essence of Yan 'an's hard struggle
China Library Classification Number: D26 1 Document Identification Number: A Document Number:1674-098X (2014) 05 (c)-0217-02.
Hard struggle is a fine tradition and style formed by our party in the long-term revolution and construction process, and it is also the political nature of our party. In the process of reform and opening up, with the prosperity and development of economy, there are four kinds of unhealthy tendencies among our cadres in party member, among which hedonism and extravagance are unhealthy phenomena that seriously deviate from the political nature of the party. 20 12 1 month, leaving Beijing for Guangdong for the first time after taking office. On the way, I went into battle lightly. There were no welcome banners and no queues at the inspection site. I also spent 20 minutes eating a buffet with six dishes and one soup. 201212 On February 4th, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee adopted eight regulations on improving work style and keeping close contact with the masses. By the end of 20 13 12, a total of 2452 cases of mental problems violating the eight central regulations were investigated, 30420 people were dealt with and 7692 people were given disciplinary sanctions. 20 13 at the second plenary session of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection in June, it was pointed out: "It is very important to improve the work style, but the most fundamental thing is to uphold and carry forward the spirit of hard work." In the May 4th speech on 20 13, he also pointed out that the closer we get to the goal of realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation, the more we need the broad masses of young people to persevere and work hard. In May, 20 13, when he visited the affected people in the Lushan earthquake-stricken area in Sichuan, he lived in a prefabricated house in the tent area at night like the affected people. 2013110 In mid-October, the Central Committee and the State Council issued the Regulations of the Party and Government Organs on Strictly Saving and Opposing Waste. In the party and government organs, there has been an upsurge of practicing economy, opposing waste and carrying forward the excellent tradition of thrift of the Chinese nation. From a simple working meal to an ordinary board room, the new generation of collective leadership shows the advanced nature and urgency of the spirit of hard struggle in the new era. From the eight regulations to the "Regulations of the Party and Government Organs on Strictly Saving and Opposing Waste", it reflects the firm determination of the CPC Central Committee to "step on the stone and leave a seal". At the same time, it also puts forward a new proposition on how to carry forward the spirit of hard struggle and keep the political nature of Communist party member under the new historical conditions and under the historical background of comprehensively deepening reform. We don't want to look for answers from history, from the hard struggle in Yan 'an to the political essence of party member.
1935 10 The Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants came to Yan 'an on the Long March and moved the base camp of China Revolution from the south to northern Shaanxi. Yan 'an at that time was a remote northwest town with backward production and extremely underdeveloped economy. After becoming the seat of the government of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region, the non-productive population of Yan 'an increased sharply, and the population of a small town with only five or six thousand people increased to 65,438+10,000. It is difficult to eat and wear. At the beginning of Sino-US cooperation, the Kuomintang government paid a little salary to the Eighth Route Army, but from 1940, it didn't give a penny, and it also surrounded the border region militarily and blocked the economy. Because of financial difficulties, the border government can only give everyone 5 cents a day to buy food. With this money, you can't buy food and meat even if you buy oil, salt and firewood. Because of tight clothing, soldiers wear cotton-padded clothes in summer, shorts in winter and even practice barefoot in the snow. Mao Zedong later recalled the scene and said: We used to have almost no clothes, no oil, no paper, no vegetables, no soldiers' shoes and socks, and no staff quilts in winter. In the face of serious economic difficulties, should we wait for the disadvantages, dissolve the team, or squeeze out through the teeth of the people? Producers in China chose different answers.
1 Carry forward the work style of hard struggle, self-reliance and hard struggle.
Open a factory to solve the urgent need. In order to solve the shortage of industrial products, the CPC Central Committee set up some small-scale garment factories, printing houses and military machinery repair shops as soon as it arrived in Yan 'an. Due to the lack of production experience and raw materials, many unimaginable difficulties have been overcome in the production of some industrial products such as paper, ink, soap and blankets.
Run schools diligently, cultivate talents and change the dilemma. The CPC Central Committee has established more than 30 cadre schools in Yan 'an, such as the Central Party School, China People's Anti-Japanese Military and Political University, Lu Yi and Northern Shaanxi Public College. A large number of primary and secondary schools and literacy classes have also been established. On the one hand, it trains the backbone for the rapid development of the revolution, on the other hand, it teaches everyone the basic knowledge and skills necessary for the construction of the border area. These schools were established under extremely poor conditions. There are no classrooms, so they dig their own caves. There are no desks and chairs. They use stones and bricks. There is no blackboard, they use lime putty. There are no textbooks, they make them up and print them themselves. Without pens, they used shell casings and wooden sticks as dip pens. But it is such a simple environment that has trained a large number of talents for the era of revolution and construction.
We have implemented ten major policies with rectification and production movement as the basic links, and successfully weathered the most difficult war difficulties. Due to the severe situation, the people's public grain in the border area was once aggravated, and some people complained to the border government. Mao Zedong realized that the food problem has become a big problem affecting the relationship between the party and the masses. Under the pressure of practical difficulties, in June 1939 65438+ 10, he proposed to "develop production and rely on oneself" at the first Senate meeting in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia border region. The left-behind corps began to produce crops and solved some of their daily necessities. Government officials also raised pigs and grew vegetables themselves to solve the basic living security problem.
On the basis of full investigation and study, from the end of 1942 to the end of 1945, the Party Central Committee launched a large-scale military and civilian production movement in the border areas. Government functionaries, teachers and students in schools and people in border areas devoted themselves to the mass production movement, and the Eighth Route Army officers and men also moved into Nanniwan, Huaishuzhuang, Dafengchuan and other places to carry out wasteland production. Under the guidance of Wang Zhen, the 359th Brigade, after three years of fighting in Nanniwan, carried forward and cultivated the spirit of self-reliance and hard struggle in Nanniwan, and turned the former Lanniwan into a "good south in northern Shaanxi" and a model of large-scale production movement. Through hard work, many units have achieved self-sufficiency and semi-self-sufficiency in 1943. The self-produced part of the fiscal revenue of the border region increased year by year, reaching 62.79% in 1944. By 1945, agriculture, industry, handicrafts, transportation, animal husbandry, commerce and other industries in the border area had developed rapidly, effectively overcoming the serious economic difficulties encountered in the liberated areas, laying a solid material foundation for persisting in the war of resistance and consolidating the anti-Japanese base areas, reducing the burden on the people and improving the relationship between the party, government and army.
2. Formulate a strict system to combine hard work with building a clean government.
In order to prevent corruption and extravagance, the border government has formulated and promulgated a series of systems. For example, the Convention on Government Officials in the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region clearly stipulates that government officials must be fair, honest, law-abiding, not selfish and not corrupt. The border administration has also established a unified financial system of revenue and expenditure, and strictly divided the four systems of revenue, expenditure, custody and audit, which restrict each other. Public and private expenditures are strictly separated, and all private expenditures are "not allowed to be public." No matter whether it is public or private, it is forbidden to hold "senior banquets". At the same time, from the chairman of the border region government to the person in charge of the township government, wages are not paid and the minimum allowance system is implemented, and their income shall not exceed the salary level of ordinary workers. Due to the ideological education in place and the strong implementation of the system, the political atmosphere of border affairs is very clear. Carry forward the life style of hard struggle and establish the social fashion of thrift.
Under the exemplary leadership of party member, hard work has become a fashion in Yan 'an. At that time, the Central Organization Department was working on a hillside two kilometers outside the north gate. At the foot of the mountain, there is a restaurant called "Northwest Food Club". Some returned overseas Chinese, Kuomintang officials and rich children who came to Yan 'an to seek the truth of resisting Japan and saving the country are not used to the hardships of life, and often go to the "Northwest Cuisine Club" to satisfy their desires. They order a lot of dishes at a time and throw them away after eating, which has a very bad influence. Chen Yun, then head of the Central Organization Department, was disgusted to see such extravagance and waste. When making a report at a mass meeting, he criticized the bad phenomenon of littering food at will, and put forward that "you should look in the mirror when eating". Not only do you finish eating, but you should also pick up the plate and wipe the oil stains at the bottom of the plate with steamed bread. The clean and bright porcelain plate can look in your face like a mirror. "Look in the mirror when eating" was deeply rooted in people's hearts at that time, so it was widely circulated.
4. Cultivate Yan 'an spirit, and sublimate the excellent character of hard work into the political nature of China * * * producers.
In the process of overcoming economic difficulties, under the shadow of oil lamps in Zaoyuan, hoes in Nanniwan, charcoal kilns in Zhang Side and "small rice and pumpkin soup", Yan 'an spirit with self-reliance and hard struggle as its core features was cultivated, and the image of * * * producers as public servants in people's minds was established, which made people see the dawn of victory. Yan 'an has become a holy land for the progressive youth in China.
At that time, in the Kuomintang-controlled area, some people didn't understand why Yan 'an was so attractive, so they described the producer of * * * as a "monster with three heads and six arms". Today, when we visit party member at that time, we will find that the * * * Party in China at that time had three heads and six arms: these three heads are our firm belief in * * * production no matter what difficulties and hardships we face; Secondly, the strategic idea of developing one's own strength in backward rural areas in a realistic way, and then surrounding urban armed forces to seize power; Third, we fish without drying up and using it under extremely difficult circumstances. Six arms is to put such beliefs, thoughts and purposes into action. These three heads and six arms run through a red line-that is, the entrepreneurial spirit and work style of never bowing down in the face of difficulties. These four aspects are the profound connotation of Yan 'an spirit, and also the fundamental reason why * * * party member finally developed in remote Yan 'an with the strength of more than 30,000 people and realized the establishment of New China. China * * * party member deeply realized this, and in the harsh environment of Yan 'an, he condensed his innate excellent character, from being forced by the environment to passive hard struggle, and then sublimated into conscious political nature. After that, the Party's leading collectives in all previous dynasties took hard work as a family heirloom and passed it down from generation to generation, and wrote it into the basic line of party constitution's joining the Party.
More than 70 years have passed. Today, we stand here and relive this period of history. In addition to reverence and memory for the martyrs, there are several issues worthy of our serious consideration.
(1) Material, spiritual and cultural life has been greatly prospered and developed. Is it still meaningful to talk about hard work?
What we strive to emphasize is that we use subjective efforts to overcome objective environment and conditions and make unremitting efforts to achieve the set goals. Effort is not just a bitter word. Hard work has different manifestations in different periods, but its spiritual essence, namely, honest and clean life style, down-to-earth work style and pioneering spirit, will never be out of date. Poverty is terrible, but wealth is equally terrible. When you are poor, you are afraid of hard work; If you have money, you are afraid of losing the will to make progress. This is why it is difficult to start a business and it is even more difficult to keep it.
(2)* * * Is it necessary for party member to adhere to the political nature of hard work?
We advocate hard work. Do we want party member cadres to eat, put on clothes and live a hard life again?
First of all, we advocate carrying forward the spirit of hard struggle and don't let everyone cling to poverty and live a hard life. Today's suffering is no longer not enough to eat and not warm to wear. Improving people's material and cultural life is the goal pursued by China's * * * production party, and it is unnecessary and unnecessary for party member cadres to lead a hard life. However, China is still the largest developing country in the world and is in the development stage of great national rejuvenation. Our reform has entered a critical period and a deep-water period, and other realistic national conditions still require us to continue to carry forward the spirit of hard struggle.
Secondly, there is something wrong with our work style. In the process of reform and opening up, China has become rich and powerful. At the same time of material prosperity, the wind of arrogance and extravagance began to prevail around us. Some party member cadres are impetuous in their work and work, eager for quick success and instant benefit, self-righteous as officials, setting themselves against the masses and cultivating arrogance; Doing ostentation and extravagance is not painful at all, and it has developed a sense of ostentation and extravagance. Enjoy first, then do business, don't make progress, and develop a sense of lethargy. There are even big tigers and small flies like Cheng, Cheng Liangyu, Yang Dacai, Ma Junfei, who regard extravagance, extravagance and debauchery as fashion, seriously affecting the party style, political style and social atmosphere. And the formation of these arrogance, extravagance and lethargy is precisely because of giving up the spirit of hard struggle.
(3) How can we work hard and keep the political nature of party member?
Yan 'an period gave us a lot of inspiration.
(a) conscientiously implement the "eight regulations" and other systems, and effectively change the work style.
Yan' an period proved that material difficulties can't crush people or a political party, but material extravagance can easily make a political party lose its motivation to move forward. During Yan 'an period, strict discipline and system ensured party member's political clarity and honesty. Since 20 12, the CPC Central Committee has promulgated a series of systems, such as "Eight Provisions on Improving Work Style and Keeping Close Contact with the Masses" and "Regulations on Strictly Saving and Opposing Waste". The core of these systems is to require party member cadres to keep their political style of hard struggle and their work style of hard work and simplicity, and to drive the change of party style with the change of work style. This is the fundamental requirement of strictly administering the Party, reflecting the future ruling trend of China, and interpreting the new connotation of hard struggle in the new period, which can be said to be the current action guide to carry forward the spirit of hard struggle.
(2) People-oriented, adhere to the mass line.
The mass line is a magic weapon summed up by the party in the harsh environment of the revolutionary war years. During the Yan 'an period, in the face of great difficulties, people always put the interests of the people first, which made the party retain the hearts of the people. It is because of the support of the people that we have overcome the difficulties that ordinary people can't overcome and won the revolution. At present, the whole party is carrying out mass line education practice activities, the purpose of which is to make party member cadres clearly realize that the ruling foundation of the * * * production party is the people, and sacrificing the interests of the people is to ruin their future. The spirit of "hard struggle" is the innate quality of party member and the link between our party and the masses. Therefore, in every aspect of governance, we must uphold the work style and entrepreneurial spirit of hard struggle, and remember "looking in the mirror, dressing clothes, taking a bath, treating diseases" to truly serve the people wholeheartedly.
③ Leading cadres take the lead in setting an example.
In the mass production movement, it is emphasized that leading cadres should also participate in the mass production movement. Mao Zedong set an example by planting tomatoes, peppers and other vegetables in front of caves in Yang Jialing. Commander-in-Chief Zhu De, who is nearly sixty years old, and his staff formed a production team and reclaimed 3 mu of land. It is difficult to stretch and bend the right arm. Zhou Enlai won the second place in the spinning competition held by the central authorities. The exemplary actions of the central and leading cadres at all levels in productive labor greatly inspired the confidence of the soldiers and civilians in the border areas to overcome difficulties through self-reliance, which had a strong demonstration effect at that time. This illustrates a problem: the prestige power formed by the leadership's hard work style is more grounded and has a mass base than the deterrence generated by power. After the new central collective leadership came to power, it carried forward the spirit of hard struggle and set a good example for leading cadres, both in implementing the eight regulations and practicing the mass line. At the same time, these two measures also put forward clear requirements for party and government leading cadres. Leading cadres take the lead in carrying forward the style of hard struggle and set an example, which will have a far-reaching impact on the transformation of party style, political style and even social values.
For career development, the biggest enemy is small progress, small wealth is luxury, and small achievement is arrogance. The road to the rejuvenation of the Chinese nation is still very long, and the ruling road of China's * * * production party has just begun. Yan 'an spirit with hard struggle as its core connotation is a valuable asset of our party. Hard struggle is the political essence that distinguishes our party from any ruling party in China history. Only by maintaining this nature can China's * * * production party always maintain flesh-and-blood ties with the people and keep pace with the times.
refer to
[1] He Hailun. Yan' an years [M]. Xi 'an: Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 2004.
[2] Niu Xinghua, Ye Ziping, Ren. Mao Zedong is in Yan 'an [M]. Beijing: Central Literature Publishing House, 1999.