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What are the pain driving mechanism and pleasure driving mechanism of living things?
Adrenal medulla, as a part of sympathetic adrenal system, is closely related to emotional response. When people and animals have emotional outbursts (anger, fear and high tension), medullary hormones are released in large quantities as a response to sympathetic nerve excitement. Medullary hormones, especially adrenaline, can cause a series of typical signs of emotional outbursts: rapid heartbeat, deepening breathing, gastrointestinal depression, sweating and skin whitening, hairy muscle contraction and high blood sugar. Skeletal muscle blood vessels dilate, and the blood flow increases at the same time. These reactions (especially increased heart rate, increased muscle flow, coronary vasodilation, elevated blood sugar, etc. ) is useful for emergency, in which the regulation of glucose metabolism is extremely important, which ensures the energy supply of the whole body during emergency response. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter released by adrenergic nerve impulses, and the adrenal medulla is also partially released. Its main function is to maintain vascular tension, that is, maintain blood pressure. In the emergency mechanism, its function is to quickly adjust and maintain blood pressure. For harmful stimuli that can change the blood pressure level, either increase or decrease to ensure the circulatory function of the body. At present, it is considered that epinephrine and norepinephrine are chemically related to biological activity, but their specific functions are independent and completely different. Norepinephrine focuses on circulatory regulation, while epinephrine focuses on metabolic regulation. Adrenal cortical hormone is also related to emergency, but it is also different from medullary hormone. Corticosteroids focus on regulating non-specific emergency response, while adrenal medulla, as a part of sympathetic adrenal system, participates in special emotional response.