In the senior high school entrance examination, the examination of the structure of argumentative essays often appears in the form of clear levels. The level of argumentative writing is generally "asking questions-analyzing problems-solving problems", that is, "introduction-theory-conclusion". In the process of analyzing problems (that is, concrete argumentation), there are often two variants: parallel (horizontal) and progressive (vertical). You can straighten out the level of most argumentative papers. Sometimes the senior high school entrance examination will consider some argumentative papers with special level. In this case, you must first find the argument, then determine how the author demonstrates the argument and how to prove it, and then consider the relationship between various aspects and angles, so that the level will naturally be clear. If you encounter the level of key paragraphs in an argumentative paper, you can also sort out the upper and lower contents by finding out sentences, dividing the relationship between complex sentences or grasping turning sentences.

Key points and precautions

1. The structure of argumentative paper

The overall structure of argumentative writing can be roughly divided into three parts:

(1) Ask questions (introduction), and at the beginning of the article, lead to the questions to be discussed in the article;

(2) the analysis of the problem (this theory) is the main part of the argumentative paper, that is, the part that proves the central argument with arguments;

(3) Solving the problem (conclusion), that is, the argumentation part based on analyzing the problem.

You can also divide the basic structure of argumentative writing into what, why and how.

In argumentation, it can be divided into two categories: one is to discuss the structure layer by layer, which is called "vertical"; First of all, the parallel discussion structure is called "horizontal style". Other structures are derived from these two structures. For example, the horizontal style can be derived as "juxtaposition", "contrast", "one point is always one", "one point is always one" and "one point is always one". "Vertical" derivatives are "step by step".

2. Characteristics of the basic structural form of argumentative writing

(1) "juxtaposition": In argumentative writing, the levels and paragraphs of the article are parallel and equal, and arguments often form a juxtaposition relationship. For example, in memory of Bethune, Bethune's spirit of internationalism, selflessness and technical Excellence are discussed in turn, which are parallel and equivalent.

(2) "Contrast": two things are compared between layers or paragraphs in the discussion, or one thing is used to set off another thing. For example, in memory of Bethune, many people are irresponsible in their work, which reflects Bethune's spirit of selfishness and dedication to others.

(3) The "one-point-one-sum" formula: first list the central arguments of the full text, then analyze and discuss the arguments, and finally summarize the full text. For example, the first sentence says backbone, which expands a highly generalized topic into a central argument. The article proves the central argument that "we China people have backbone" from three aspects with three examples, which are typical and highlight one aspect each. Finally, the full text is summarized.

(4) "Common point" type: first discuss the relationship between the two parts in general, and then discuss them separately. For example, the theory of "friend shock" begins with students' petition, which leads to the arguments and arguments of reactionary messages (total), then refutes the arguments of reactionary messages, and then overturns the arguments of reactionary messages (partial).

(5) The "divide-and-sum" type: first demonstrate the central argument from several angles; Then summarize the conclusion. For example, in the second and third parts of On Knowledge, the main points are listed first, and then the general theory is summarized.

(6) "Step by step" type: the discussion level is promoted step by step, and the arrangement order of each level cannot be changed, such as "doubt learning". After putting forward the argument at the beginning, first demonstrate it from the opposite side, and then discuss it further from the front.

(7) "transitional" type; Break the topic at the beginning, lead to the problems discussed, and then take over the problems discussed at the beginning; "Turn" is to prove the argument from all angles; In the final analysis, it is "combination."