As a person who has been engaged in printing for a long time, Bi Yi feels that the disadvantages of block printing need to be improved. He conscientiously summed up the experience of his predecessors and his own work, repeatedly thought, tried to find a more advanced method, but failed to make a breakthrough. It was not until one day that he saw a group of children playing with mud in front of his house that he suddenly realized. Children make all kinds of animals, trees, houses, chairs and other things out of mud, and then arrange these things at will to make up different stories. Bi Yan looked at it and suddenly realized. He thought: if you knead the words into a ball with mud and then sort them into sentences, wouldn't it greatly improve the efficiency of printing?
After thinking of this method, Bi Yan immediately began to practice. After repeated experiments and groping, he finally decided to use mud. The difference is that he added some glue to the mud. It's easy to carve like this and it won't break. He first cut the mud into small squares, carved words on it, burned it hard, cooled it, and then arranged the carved words according to rhyme. In order to find. When printing, find out the movable type according to the article, arrange it on the iron plate, and fix it around with an iron frame. In addition, he spread a layer of adhesive mixed with paper ash, turpentine and wax on the iron plate in advance. Then, the movable type board is baked on the fire. When the adhesive melts, press the words firmly with a flat plate. After cooling, each movable type plate becomes a solid whole. Next, just brush the ink on the plate, coat it with paper and press it gently. After printing, heat the iron plate with fire. After the glue melts, you can take out the movable type and save it for next use. In order to improve efficiency, Bibby used two iron plates, one for printing and the other for typesetting. Alternate use greatly improves the printing speed.
To sum up, the movable type printing made of clay invented by Bi Wei has five steps, namely, making movable type, typesetting, printing, disassembling, and returning movable type to rhyme. Compared with block printing, this method has the advantages of fast plate-making speed, high printing quality, reusability, material saving and shortened printing cycle, which is an epoch-making breakthrough in printing history.
Movable type printing is one of the four great inventions in ancient China, and it is also a pioneering work in the history of printing, which has made indelible contributions to the spread and development of world cultural knowledge. It has had a far-reaching impact on the history of China and even the whole world.
2. woodblock printing, which means that 500 words are in the hands of the book, and the meaningful words in the book are still lingering in my mind. Looking up, these tens of thousands of books filled the shelves. In this huge library, I don't know how many painstaking research achievements of ancient and modern Chinese and foreign wise men and the crystallization of human wisdom are collected. What kind of "magic" it is, it can make all countries in the world, regardless of literature, science and technology, astronomy, geography and so on. Printing! It is the great invention of printing that has greatly changed and influenced the spread and inheritance of human culture. Therefore, in my mind, the greatest invention in life is "printing"!
Printing is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. Before the invention of printing, knowledge could only be spread orally or manually. Word of mouth is easy to make mistakes, while manual copying is time-consuming and laborious, easy to copy mistakes and omissions, and difficult to preserve and spread knowledge, which not only hinders the development of culture, but also causes delays and losses in cultural communication. It was not until the Sui Dynasty that block printing began. When I arrived in Song Renzong, there was a lettering worker named Bi Sheng. He made a long square cylinder out of fine and sticky clay, carved the characters on it, one by one, burned them in a kiln to make movable type, and then arranged the characters in turn according to the content of the article to make a printing plate. This is the invention of movable type printing. Although this printing method is primitive and simple, it is the same as the principle of modern printing. Later, wooden movable type, metal movable type and clay movable type appeared in China, which made printing more and more progress.
With printing, human knowledge, experience, works, history, etc. It can be preserved more widely and accurately, and will not be fallacious or lost because of the dilemma of handwriting. It has played a great role in the inheritance of knowledge, so that human beings can get education and inspiration from the works of predecessors, accumulate the research results of predecessors, and continue to carry forward. Therefore, printing has become a great contribution to human culture and a great leap forward in culture. Moreover, the invention and development of movable-type edition enable human beings to enjoy convenient, fast and low-cost books and printed materials. Through the process of printing and copying in large quantities, knowledge can be widely circulated, and cultural exchanges are more common and frequent through the extensive circulation of these crystallization of human wisdom. Moreover, because knowledge and books are easier to obtain, the general public has the opportunity to receive education. Knowledge books will no longer be just the rights of a few powerful people, accelerate the popularization of knowledge education, and have a significant and far-reaching impact on the evolution of human civilization. Therefore, the invention of printing in China can be said to be the dawn of human culture, creating unprecedented conditions for the wide spread, exchange and inheritance of culture.
The invention of printing is called "great" because its influence is not limited to China, but global, and it has contributed to the cultural development of all mankind. According to historical records, China's woodblock printing technology was introduced to Japan and Korea in the 8th century, while wood movable type technology was introduced to Korea and Japan in the14th century, and then from Xinjiang to Europe via Persia and Egypt. It made the science in medieval Europe advance by leaps and bounds after a long night, and provided important material conditions for the emergence of the Renaissance. Therefore, the invention of printing has made great contributions to the culture of all mankind.
Francis Bacon once said in the book New Tools: "We should pay attention to the power, efficiency and consequences of various inventions. The most notable examples are printing, gunpowder and compass. These three inventions have changed the face and state of the whole world. The first is academic, the second is military, and the third is navigation, which has produced countless changes. This change is so great that there is no empire, no Sect, and no famous figure can have greater power and influence than these three mechanical inventions in the cause of mankind. " As it says, printing has an extremely important and far-reaching influence on the spread of world knowledge and the evolution of civilization. Without the invention of printing, human culture might still stumble in the long night full of mistakes, the spread of knowledge would be hindered, and the appearance of modern civilization would be delayed for hundreds of years, so the world would not be as prosperous as it is now.
Nowadays, we can enjoy the rich knowledge, prosperous civilization and other achievements brought by the great invention of printing. While being grateful, we should cherish and make full use of these resources, embrace our dreams, inspire ourselves in the wisdom of our predecessors, look forward to Excellence, and continue to promote human civilization.
3. What was the process of the invention of printing? Printing is one of the four great inventions of Han working people in ancient China.
It began with block printing in the Tang Dynasty, and was developed and perfected by Bi Sheng in the Song Renzong era, resulting in movable type printing. The invention of movable type printing is a great technological revolution in the history of printing.
The method of movable type printing is to make the positive and negative character patterns of single words first, then select the single words according to the original manuscript, arrange them in the font plate, ink them, and then remove the font after printing, so as to use them again in the next typesetting. Engraving printing was invented in the Tang Dynasty and was widely used in the middle and late Tang Dynasty.
In Song Dynasty, a cloth man in China invented clay movable type, and German Gutenberg finally invented lead movable type. Lead movable type printing is economical and practical, which promotes the development and modernization of European publishing industry and is popular all over the world.
4. The process of printing 200-character Bi Sheng is as follows: make a blank with the same specification with clay, carve a reflexive character at one end, and the raised height of the character is the same as the thickness of copper coins, and harden it with fire to become a single clay movable type.
In order to meet the needs of typesetting, when repeated in the same version, there are usually several or even dozens of commonly used words for use. If you encounter uncommon words, you can use them with the system if you are not prepared in advance.
In order to facilitate the choice of words, the clay type is put in the wooden lattice according to rhyme, and a note is attached to indicate it. When typesetting, an iron plate with a frame is used as the base, and a layer of medicine made of turpentine, wax and paper scraps is coated on it, and then the required clay movable type is picked out one by one and arranged in the frame.
After a frame is filled in, it becomes a version, and then it is baked with fire. When the medicine melts slightly, flatten the words with a flat plate, and after the medicine cools and solidifies, it becomes a version. When printing, just brush the ink on the plate, cover it with paper, and add some pressure.
For continuous printing, two iron plates are used, one with a writing brush and the other with typesetting, and the two plates are used alternately.
5. Title What scientific spirit have we learned from the invention process of printing? I still remember the earliest block printing with exact date in the world, the time when printing, compass and gunpowder were invented and the inventor of movable type printing; Understand the spread of printing, compass and gunpowder; Understand the contribution of China's four great inventions to the development of world culture.
Process and Methods By summarizing the invention process of printing, compass and gunpowder and their spread to the world, students' ability of induction and generalization is cultivated and improved. Guide students to watch related videos, observe related objects and pictures, and cultivate students' observation, imagination and ability to extract historical information. Emotional attitude and values cultivate national self-confidence and pride and carry out patriotic education by understanding the inventions of printing, compass and gunpowder and their contributions to the world; By studying the inventions of printing, compass and gunpowder, we can cultivate students' scientific spirit and understand the relationship between scientific and technological inventions and human production and life.
Guide students to think about the reasons for the backwardness of science and technology culture in modern China, and cultivate students' sense of national responsibility. 3. Emphasis and difficulty in teaching: the invention of printing, compass and gunpowder and the difficulty in spreading it to the world; Printing technology of block printing and movable type printing. 2. The influence of the invention of printing, compass and gunpowder on the world.
Fourth, teaching methods, instructions, and visual video teaching. Fifth, introduce new lessons into the teaching process: We have studied all the contents of China's ancient political, economic and social life. Everyone knows that China is a country with a long history and culture, which is said to have a history of 5,000 years. So today, let's study the ancient culture of China (Part II). Let's turn to the catalogue and see what culture includes. Science and technology, literature, art and so on. What is the most proud scientific and technological achievement of our culture? (Four Great Inventions) Do you know which four great inventions refer to? (papermaking, printing, compass, gunpowder) Last semester, we learned the contents of papermaking. Let's look back. Papermaking was invented in the early Western Han Dynasty and improved by Cai Lun in the Eastern Han Dynasty. What about the development of printing, compass and gunpowder? Next, we learn lesson 15, printing, compass and gunpowder. The textbook is 90 pages. Let's take a look at the introduction of the textbook.
Let's go into the treasure house of ancient science and technology in China and explore three great inventions! Teach a new lesson 1. Before the invention of printing, Confucius enrolled students and used poems, books and spring and autumn as teaching materials. At that time, there was no paper and printing was not invented. Imagine how Confucius' students get textbooks. Carved on bamboo, the teaching design of printing, compass and gunpowder is inconvenient 1 *** 5 pages. Later, when I had paper, I copied it on paper. One copy will be fine. If all 3000 students need it, it will be difficult, slow, time-consuming and error-prone.
How can we overcome the above inconvenience? Later, it was inspired by the "seal". People invented printing.
The development of printing is divided into block printing and movable type printing. (1) For block printing, please read paragraphs 9 1 and 2 on page 9 to find out the answers to the following questions.
1, Invention Time and Prosperity Time: Sui and Tang Dynasties Prosperity Time: Song Dynasty 2. The earliest block-printed product with exact date in the world was engraved in the Diamond Sutra in Tang Dynasty in 868, and now it is found in 1900 Dunhuang Grottoes. 1907 was stolen by Stein, an imperialist cultural relic thief, and is now in the British Museum of Great Britain.
Teacher: In order to find out its advantages and disadvantages, let's first understand its principle. The so-called block printing, from a big perspective, mainly includes two links, the former is block printing and the latter is printing.
The workflow of block printing: (video teaching) Advantages: a large number of books can be printed; Disadvantages: lettering is time-consuming and laborious; It is difficult to correct typos; Only one book can be printed in one edition; When it was difficult to preserve and manage in Song Taizu, the official presided over the engraving of the Tripitaka, which took 12 years and took130,000 pieces. After printing, the carved mountain is no longer useful, causing great waste. (2) How can movable type printing overcome the defects of block printing? Working people in our country invented movable type printing again.
1. The principle of inventing movable type printing in Bi Sheng video teaching in the Northern Song Dynasty. Change "dead type" into "movable type" and "dead version" into "movable type". When using, combine according to the content of the article. Fold it down after use and use it next time.
This can save time, energy and money. A small E68A8462616964757A 68696416F3133361changed from "fixed type" to "movable type", which greatly improved work efficiency and saved time and cost.
This is Bi Sheng's great contribution to mankind. However, careful classmates will notice that the movable type materials made by Bi Sheng are not perfect, because he uses clay movable type, which is easy to be damaged. Later, people invented wooden movable type and metal movable type.
There are more than 3,000 commonly used Chinese characters, and many are not commonly used. Do you think it's convenient to make dishes if they are all piled up in front of you? Why? How to solve it? [Students] Sort and arrange in order. Then in what order? In order to facilitate retrieval, Wang Zhen invented the wheeled typesetting tray in Yuan Dynasty, which greatly improved the efficiency of typesetting and plate making.
2. The spread process of movable type printing. Because movable type printing is more advanced than block printing, it quickly spread to Japan and South Korea in the Song Dynasty and Europe in the Yuan Dynasty.
Movable type printing did not appear in Europe until more than 400 years later. (3) The significance of the invention and development of printing.
Reading If papermaking and printing were not introduced from China, Europe would probably stay in the state of manuscripts for a long time, and written documents could not be so widely circulated. -What did the famous American scholar Robert say? The invention and development of printing promoted the exchange and spread of culture and made great contributions to the development of world civilization.
Second, in the process of invention and improvement of printing above compass, we should be able to feel the exploration spirit of ancient working people. It is this persistent exploration that can make a discovery.
Speaking of "exploration and discovery", students who often watch TV know that there is a column called "exploration and discovery" on CCTV 10. Does anyone know the logo of this column? Play the animation of Exploration and Discovery.
6. The invention and development of printing printing is one of the four great inventions in ancient China. Woodblock printing, which began in Sui Dynasty, was developed and perfected by Bi Sheng in Song Renzong, resulting in movable type printing, which was spread to Europe by Mongols, so Bi Sheng was later called the ancestor of printing. China's printing is the pioneer of modern human civilization, which has created conditions for the wide spread and exchange of knowledge.
Before the invention of printing, the spread of culture mainly depended on handwritten books. Handwriting is time-consuming and laborious, and it is easy to make mistakes and omissions. It not only hinders the development of culture, but also brings undue losses to the spread of culture. Seals and stone carvings provide direct experience enlightenment for printing, and the method of inking stone tablets with paper directly points out the direction for block printing. The development of printing in China has gone through two stages: block printing and movable type printing, which has presented a generous gift for the development of mankind.
The origin of printing
Seals existed in the pre-Qin period, generally only a few words, indicating names, official positions or institutions. All seals are engraved and reflected, and there is a difference between yin and yang. Before paper appeared, official documents or letters were written on bamboo slips. After writing, tie it with a rope, put sticky mud on the ligation place to seal the knot, and cover the seal on the mud, which is called mud seal. Mud seal was printed on mud, which was a secret means at that time. After the appearance of paper, mud seal evolved into paper seal, which was covered at the joint of several official documents or the sealing of official documents paper bags. According to records, during the Northern Qi Dynasty (550~577 AD), someone made a big seal for stamping official documents, much like a small block print.
1 bronze seal of the warring States period (475 BC-22 BC1year).
2. Ge Hong (AD 284-363), a famous alchemist in the Jin Dynasty, mentioned in his book Bao Puzi that Taoism used to be four inches square (13.5* 13.5) with a big wooden seal 120. This is already a small block.
3. In order to make Buddhist scriptures more vivid, Buddhists often print Buddha statues on the frontispiece of Buddhist scriptures, which is much more convenient than hand painting.
4. Inscription technology is very enlightening to the invention of engraving printing technology. The invention of stone carving has a long history. Ten-sided stone drums were discovered in Fengxiang, Shaanxi Province in the early Tang Dynasty. They are the stone carvings of Qin in the Spring and Autumn Period of the 8th century BC. Qin Shihuang went on patrol and carved stones in important places seven times. After the Eastern Han Dynasty, stone tablets prevailed. In the fourth year of Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty (AD 175), Cai Yong suggested that the imperial court set up seven Confucian classic stone tablets, including The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Zhouyi, Book of Rites, Spring and Autumn Annals, Biography of the Ram and The Analects of Confucius, with 209,000 words, which were engraved on 46 stone tablets. It took eight years to carve it all. Become a classic of scholars at that time. Many people compete to copy. Later, especially during the Wei, Jin and Six Dynasties, some people took advantage of being unprepared or unattended to print the scriptures on paper for their own use or sale. The results were widely circulated.
5. Rubbing is one of the important conditions for the production of printing technology. The ancients found that a slightly wet piece of paper was covered on the stone tablet and tapped with a soft mallet to make the paper fall into the concave part of the stone tablet. When the paper is dry, it is wrapped in cotton, dipped in ink, and tapped lightly on the paper, leaving the same black and white characters on the paper as the stone tablet. This method is simpler and more reliable than manual copying. So rubbing appeared.
6. Printing and dyeing technology also has great enlightenment to block printing. Printing and dyeing is to engrave the pattern on the board and print it on the cloth with dye. China's printing plates are divided into relief and hollowed-out versions. 1972 two pieces of printed yarn (about 165 BC) unearthed from the Han tomb at Mawangdui No.1 in Changsha, Hunan Province were printed by block printing. This technology may be earlier than Qin and Han Dynasties, but it can be traced back to the Warring States Period. After the invention of paper, this technology may be used in printing. As long as the cloth is turned into paper and the dye is turned into ink, the printed thing becomes block printing. In the stone chambers of Dunhuang, there are Buddha statues printed with convex plates and hollow plates in the Tang Dynasty.
Seal cutting, rubbing, printing and dyeing technologies are mutually inspired and blended, and with the experience and wisdom of our people, block printing technology came into being.