The realization of Japanese economic modernization is the result of many factors, including external conditions and the efforts of the Japanese government and people themselves. The democratic reform carried out in Japan in the early postwar period promoted the great changes in its social and economic structure, and also made partial adjustments to the social relations of production, and established a bourgeois democratic system adapted to the development of contemporary economy and an enterprise organization form and management system conducive to the use of modern management science, thus releasing the labor wisdom and creativity hidden among the people and becoming the basic driving force for the rapid development of social economy. The evolution of the post-war international situation provided a good opportunity for Japan's economic development. Japan was forced to give up the right to war in the Constitution, and later it exchanged the "nuclear umbrella" of the United States at the expense of allowing the United States to station troops, resulting in relatively small military expenditure and being able to invest a lot of manpower and material resources in peaceful economic development. Before and after the outbreak of the Korean War, the United States began to vigorously support Japan, not only giving Japan about $3.6 billion in "special needs" orders, but also returning 850 confiscated military enterprises to the Japanese government, providing a large number of loans and assistance, and American private capital also poured into Japan on a large scale. The support of the United States has enabled Japan to obtain the necessary funds and technology to develop its economy. Since the Meiji Restoration, Japan has always attached great importance to education. 1872, the government promulgated a unified national academic system and implemented compulsory primary education. 1947 to carry out educational reform and expand the scope of compulsory education to junior high schools. By the mid-1950s, the education rate of people over the age of 25 was as high as 94%, and high school education was basically popularized in the mid-1970s. The proportion of government education expenditure in national income has gradually increased, from about 5% in the 1950s and 1960s to 6%-7% in the 1970s, and then to 7.2% in 1980. In terms of talent structure, the government adjusts the educational focus according to the development and changes of economic structure in different periods. In the period of economic recovery, in order to improve the cultural quality of workers, we should focus on popularizing primary compulsory education; In 1950s and 1960s, when the country vigorously developed the heavy chemical industry, it took the cultivation of intermediate technical talents as the focus of education development. After 1970s, Japan's industrial structure changed from capital-intensive heavy chemical industry to knowledge-intensive industry, and the government also made great efforts to cultivate senior talents who can independently develop new technologies and intermediate talents who can skillfully use emerging technologies. Because Japan has long adhered to the strategy of "giving priority to education", it has guaranteed human resources for economic development. The Japanese government has made use of various conditions at home and abroad to determine the development path with its own characteristics. In this regard, Japan's state intervention model and internal management characteristics of enterprises have greatly promoted economic development. In addition, according to the characteristics of Japan, on the one hand, the government has adopted the policy of introducing foreign advanced technology, on the other hand, it has established the strategy of "building the country through trade", actively and effectively exploring the international market, expanding import and export trade and strengthening capital output. In introducing advanced technology, the government attaches importance to the latest trend of world science and technology development, and even uses industrial spies to obtain scientific and technological information; At the same time, the examination and approval system was implemented in the 1950s to manage and guide the import work, avoid repeated introduction and save foreign exchange. After the 1960s, Japan's economic strength and foreign exchange payment ability were strengthened, and the government's management in this area was relaxed. Japan's technology introduction is carried out selectively and emphatically according to its own economic development conditions and actual needs. Before the mid-1950s, the country was in a period of economic recovery, mainly importing traditional complete sets of equipment and technology from basic industries such as electric power, steel, automobile, shipbuilding and machinery manufacturing. Since the mid-1950s, especially since the early 1960s, the company has gradually turned to buying patents to introduce new technologies. Since the mid-1970s, in order to realize the transformation from capital-intensive to technology-intensive and knowledge-intensive industries, cutting-edge technologies have been introduced. In order to absorb and transform the imported technology, Japanese enterprises spend huge sums of money to attract outstanding talents and learn from others on the basis of imitation, reform and innovation. In terms of exploring the international market, the total import and export trade in 1955 was only US$ 4.5 billion, which reached nearly US$ 8.5 billion in 1960, and jumped to nearly US$ 38.2 billion in16625438+00 billion. 1970 capital output totaled 6.79 billion dollars. Adhering to the policy of high accumulation and high investment for a long time, strengthening capital accumulation and realizing low-cost and high-efficiency operation mechanism are also one of the contents of the Japanese government's macro-control policies. The basis of high accumulation is high exploitation rate, high savings rate and low welfare. After the war, the wage level of Japanese workers was the lowest in western developed countries, and the growth rate was far lower than the labor productivity. On the contrary, influenced by cultural traditions, the Japanese household savings rate (that is, the ratio of household savings to household disposable income) is the highest in western developed countries, and the investment formed by household savings accounts for about 1/3 of the total social investment. In addition, the government has also invested heavily, accounting for about 24% of the total domestic investment in the 1960s and rising to about 30% in the 1970s. The combination of private investment and state investment has made the total amount of fixed capital formation in China soar from 1955 to 875 1985, a 50-fold increase in 30 years. The proportion of total fixed capital formation to GDP has remained at around 1/3 for a long time, which is higher than that of other developed countries. The investment efficiency of capital has always been higher than that of developed countries in Europe and America. On the premise of high efficiency, the rapid growth of investment has promoted the rapid development of Japan's economy.