(A) the brewing period-from ancient times to the Spring and Autumn Period
It is generally believed in academic circles that The Art of War was produced in the late Spring and Autumn Period of China. Others think that this book was written during the Warring States period or later. As for the author of this book, most people think that it was written by Sun Wu, but later people are wrong. There are also different views on the date of birth and death of Sun Wu in academic circles. It is generally believed that Sun Wu was a man in the late Spring and Autumn Period, about the same age as Confucius.
Sun Tzu's art of war should be produced after a long period of brewing. There are many factors that cause it, so we should choose the following points: China's frequent, intense and diverse wars since ancient times, especially in the Spring and Autumn Period, are the source of Sun Tzu's Art of War; Previous theoretical achievements of military science, such as military annals, military and political affairs, ancient Sima Fa, Lingdian, etc. It is a stepping stone for Sun Tzu's Art of War to leap to the peak of military science. The social ideological trend in the Spring and Autumn Period, especially the doctrines of "Tao", "Benevolence", "Yin and Yang" and "Protecting the People" are the cultural factors for the formation of Sun Tzu's Art of War. Qi culture, which worships the wise and wise, is a fertile ground for cultivating Sun Tzu's Art of War, a wonderful military theory. Sun Wu's personal talent and efforts are the subjective factors of Sun Tzu's Art of War. In addition, the whole thinking, dialectical thinking and image thinking formed by the Han nationality in the pre-Qin period played a guiding role in the construction of the theoretical system of Sun Tzu's Art of War. This is the main reason why The Art of War came into being in China rather than abroad, and in the Spring and Autumn Period rather than other periods.
(B) Gain and Early Proofreading Period-Warring States Period to Qin and Han Dynasties
Thirteen Articles of Sun Tzu's Art of War was published in the State of Wu in 5 12 BC, but it did not spread rapidly and widely. The reasons are roughly as follows: The court of Wu kept the Thirteen Lines secret, when the media was backward, and the concept of valuing ceremony over cheating in society would belittle the book, and its value was not discovered by people at that time. It was not until the Warring States period that this book began to spread widely, and the earliest "grandson fever" appeared in the history of China. The so-called "those who hide the books of Sun Tzu's Art of War and Wu Zhi have them at home". The fundamental reason for this situation is that Sun Tzu's own military theory, which focuses on "surprise attack" and "deception", adapted to the needs of military, political and diplomatic struggles at that time. The direct reason is that Sun Bin, a descendant of Sun Tzu, effectively publicized and applied Sun Tzu's Art of War. It is worth noting that Sun Wu's later studies in this period have done a lot of work in explaining, expounding and enriching the Thirteen Lines. Wu Wen, Si Bian, Huangdi's Cutting Chi Di, Terrain II, Seeing the King of Wu, etc. unearthed from the Han Tomb in Yinqueshan should be their works to explain, expound and enrich the Thirteen Classics. In short, Sun Tzu's The Art of War has been greatly expanded on the basis of thirteen articles in this period. 1996 The fake book "Eighty-two Articles on the Art of War by Sun Wu" found in An said that Sun Wu first wrote "eighty-two articles", but later he accepted his son's suggestion and condensed it into "thirteen articles" because of his "conspiracy", which was a fiction on the wall and violated historical facts.
The official organization of the Han Dynasty organized manpower to organize the Art of War on a large scale for three times. The first time it was Emperor Gaudi of Han Dynasty, the time was roughly between the sixth year of Emperor Gaudi (20 1 year ago) and the eleventh year of Emperor Gaudi, and Sean and Han Xin were "successively". The second time was during the period of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, when the military and political servants "abandoned the legacy and fled, recording soldiers in discipline". For the third time, when filial piety became emperor, Hong Ren's The Art of War was divided into four categories: military tactics, military situation, military yin and yang, and military skills, among which Sun Tzu's The Art of War ranked first. These three arrangements are of great significance to the positioning, finalization and dissemination of Sun Tzu's Art of War.
(3) The period of restoration and annotation-Wei Jin to Sui and Tang Dynasties.
Cao Cao's criticism of Sun Tzu's The Art of War should include all but thirteen of the eighty-two articles in Sun Tzu's The Art of War. Du Mu's Preface to Sun Zi said: "When there were hundreds of thousands of words in Wu Shu, Emperor Wu of Cao Wei deleted them and wrote them carefully. When there are thirteen articles in a series, Cao is the preface, because there are notes. " The "cutting" (deleting) here should include 69 articles other than the "thirteen articles", and "finely cutting the pen end (proofreading)" refers to the "thirteen articles". Cao Cao only annotated the "thirteen articles", which made it widely circulated, and even the rest were too rich to get the point. The publication of Cao Cao's A Brief Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Art of War marks that Sun Tzu's Art of War has really entered the annotation period. Cao pays attention to the interpretation of words, but he is also a strategist and pays more attention to practical application. Therefore, his annotation is both theoretical and practical, which has great influence on later generations. During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, besides Cao's annotation of Sun Tzu's Art of War, there were annotations of Sun Tzu's Art of War, Jia Xu's annotation of Sun Tzu's Art of War, Cao Wangling's annotation of Sun Tzu's Art of War, Zhang Zishang's annotation of Sun Jing and Meng's annotation of Sun Tzu's Art of War. His annotations are mostly concise, focusing on textual research and exegesis, which shows the characteristics of the early annotation period of Sun Tzu's Art of War.
The interpretation of Sun Tzu's Art of War reached its peak in Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties. During this period, the books annotated Sun Zi mainly included Sun Zi's Annotation in Xiao Ji of Sui Dynasty, Sun Zi's Annotation by Li Zhi of Tang Dynasty, Sun Zi's Annotation by Jia Lin, Sun Zi's Annotation by Du You, Sun Zi's Annotation by Du Mu and Sun Zi's Annotation by Chen Gui. Of the 1 1 grandchildren compiled by the Song people, the Tang people accounted for 5. The annotation of Sun Tzu's Art of War in this period, besides numerous annotators, also has the characteristics of finding a new way, correcting mistakes, enriching examples and grasping the whole. Great progress has been made compared with Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. For example, Li Zhi paid attention to grasping Sun Tzu's thoughts as a whole, and he made a statement based on Dunjia. Du Mu's "Knowledge of Current Affairs in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period is very informative", with extensive and informative notes and many new ideas. During this period, Sun Tzu's Art of War was also effective in guiding practice, and people paid attention to summing up new experiences and lessons, thus further enriching and developing the military thought of Sun Tzu's Art of War. Sun Tzu's Art of War was introduced into Japan in the Tang Dynasty and began to spread abroad. (This article comes from the research history of Sun Tzu's Art of War)
(D) Wu Jingzi first established the Song Dynasty.
In Song Dynasty, since Injong, the government attached importance to the research and arrangement of military science. To Zongshen, Zhu Fu, the minister of letters, and He Feifei, a professor of martial arts, revised seven books, including The Art of War, and published them in the official name. At the same time, Wushu was re-established and tested together with the seven books. At this point, the seven military books, led by Sun Tzu's Art of War, have achieved the same important position as Confucian classics in a sense. Since then, generations have respected each other, and their position as the first martial arts classic has been officially affirmed. Sun Tzu's Art of War has become the most important version handed down to later generations.
In the early Song Dynasty, the study of Sun Tzu's Art of War mainly focused on official institutions. In the later period (from the end of the Northern Song Dynasty to the death of the Southern Song Dynasty), it was mainly written privately, which reflected the importance that the whole society attached to the study of Sun Tzu's Art of War during wartime. The representative work in this field is Ten Suns Meeting in Song Dynasty. It is generally believed that this book is the existing 1 1 grandson's notes. Because the compilers have gathered various theories together, it has important military and historical value and has become a must-read book for those who study the art of war later. The revision and publication of this book is a great contribution of Song people to the study of Sun Tzu. Since then, Sun Tzu's Art of War, based on Jason Wu, Sun Tzu's Art of War and Sun Tzu's Eleven Chapters, has been continuously propagated, forming two basic systems handed down from generation to generation. Mei's Annotation to Sun Tzu, Zhang Zhuyun's Annotation to Sun Tzu, Zheng Youxian's Annotation to Ten Notes to Sun Tzu and Shi's Annotation to Seven Books all represent the new level of annotation to Sun Tzu's Art of War in this period, which has great influence on later generations. In particular, Zhang's "Pre-Notes", which is rich and studious, has many inventions, good writing style and has the style of Du Mu. In addition, Sun Tzu's Art of War appeared in Xixia language at this time, which is the earliest domestic minority language translation seen so far.
In a word, the Song Dynasty has made outstanding achievements in the literature research of Sun Tzu's Art of War, which has been handed down from generation to generation in the aspects of version comparison, lecture notes, special discussion, merger of military books, compilation and interpretation, classification and compilation, and translation of minority languages. In particular, the compilation and publication of Sunzi and Sunzi's Eleven Notes in the Five Classics are of great benefit to future generations. However, in the Song Dynasty, there was little progress in systematic research and applied theoretical research on the military theory system of Sun Tzu's Art of War, which was seriously out of touch with practice, and practical application was its weak link. Its achievements and lessons have a far-reaching impact on future generations.
(V) Period of exposition and textual research-Ming and Qing Dynasties
If history's "Seven Books Lecture Notes" was the first to explain Sun Tzu's Art of War, then the Ming and Qing Dynasties were the bumper harvest period of Sun Tzu's Art of War. Liu Yin's Direct Interpretation of Sun Zi, Zhao Benxue's Collation and Introduction of Sun Zi, Li Zhi's Companion of Sun Zi, Huang's Introduction to Five Classics, Sun Zi's Forgiveness, Gu's Sun Zi Ji and Huang Gong's Sun Zi Ji all pay attention to theoretical explanation. Li Zhi advocated that "Seven Books and Six Classics should be combined into one, so as to teach them to last forever" (The Art of War by Sun Tzu: A Preface), Wang Yangming combined the theory of mind with military science, and Qi Jiguang's general study with Confucianism into one furnace, paying attention to the application of theoretical research, which made the profound theory of the Art of War by Sun Tzu concrete into a series of practical methods; In Qing Dynasty, Gu and Huang Gong began to combine Sun Tzu's Art of War with western military theory, which was of pioneering significance in the history of Sun Tzu's Art of War research. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, many generals and scholars applied the theory of Sun Tzu's Art of War to coastal defense construction and firearms tactics, and put forward some new theories and viewpoints, which shone with unique brilliance in the research history of Sun Tzu's Art of War. In addition, the study of Sun Tzu's Art of War, which aims at serving the martial arts examination, attaches importance to the interpretation of Sun Tzu's Art of War and has both positive and negative effects (as a stepping stone for candidates to enter the official career).
Corresponding to the emphasis on explaining the meaning of Sun Tzu's Art of War is the textual research of Sun Tzu in the middle of Qing Dynasty. Its representatives are Sun Xingyan, Bi Yixun and Zhang Xuecheng. They made an in-depth study on the deeds of Sun Tzu's Art of War, the time, quantity and content of the book, the revision and annotation of the text, and put forward many new opinions. In particular, Sun Xingyan's Ten Records of Sun Tzu, which was revised according to Huayin Taoist Collection and Sun Tzu's The Art of War, corrected many mistakes in the original book, and became one of the most important versions of Sun Tzu's The Art of War after publication, which changed the situation of relying mainly on Jason Wu since the Song Dynasty. However, because the information he saw was incomplete, there were some new mistakes in his version.
The study of Sun Tzu's Art of War in this period mainly inherited from the previous generation, but lacked innovation in content. Especially in the Qing dynasty, western military theory has made great progress, but the Qing people still cling to their own shortcomings and stand still. The research atmosphere is dull and the results are dull, which shows the signs that the study of China's ancient grandson is coming to an end.
(6) The period of modern military integration between China and the West-the Republic of China.
Compared with Gu Sunxue in the Republic of China, it has changed a lot. First, Sun Tzu's Art of War is closely combined with the war practice under the condition of firearms, which has made new and significant development in campaign tactics and even strategic thinking, and has made a qualitative leap compared with the theories expounded by various commentators in the cold weapon era; Secondly, the theory of Sun Tzu's Art of War and the western military theory are merged in the collision, which is not only the reproduction of close relatives who are closed to the outside world, but also makes the study of Sun Tzu's Art of War show certain vitality because of its rebirth; Thirdly, the military theory of Sun Tzu's The Art of War has been systematically expounded, not only by exegesis, annotation, interpretation of sentences and chapters. The military theory of Sun Tzu's Art of War has been preliminarily summarized into several aspects, such as war issues, war guidance, strategy and tactics, and thoughts on running the army, which laid the foundation for modern people to more scientifically summarize the military theoretical framework of Sun Tzu's Art of War. The influential works in this period include: A Brief Introduction to Sun Tzu's Art of War by Jiang Fangzhen and Liu Bangji, A Comprehensive Introduction to Sun Tzu's Art of War by Li Yuri, Interpretation of Sun Tzu's Sentences by Qian Jibo and Revision of Sun Tzu's Art of War by Chen Qitian. Although the modern time is very short, it is an extremely important turning point in the history of the study of Sun Tzu's Art of War, which marks the end of the study of ancient Sun Tzu in China and the beginning of a new era of Sun Tzu's study.
(7) The period of Sun Tzu's establishment and great development-People's Republic of China (PRC).
After the founding of New China, the study of Sun Tzu's art of war entered a new era on the basis of inheriting modern research achievements and methods. Guided by Marxism, Mao Zedong, Liu Bocheng, Guo Huaruo and other revolutionaries of the older generation have created a new situation in the study of Sun Tzu's Art of War, and a number of famous works on the study of Sun Tzu's Art of War have emerged with the light of historical materialism and dialectical materialism. Guo Huaruo's Notes on Sun Tzu, Bamboo Slips of Yinqueshan Han Tomb (1) The Art of War compiled by the preparatory group of Yinqueshan Han Tomb, Wu's Introduction to Sun Tzu's Art of War, Yang Bingan's Notes on Sun Tzu's Club, Tao's Introduction to Sun Tzu's Art of War, Wu Jiulong's Notes on Sun Tzu, Li Ling's Research on Sun Tzu's Ancient Books, etc., or translated and annotated Xinda. In particular, the emergence of the version system of Sun Tzu's Art of War in Han Dynasty broke the pattern of the spread of the two basic versions of Sun Tzu's Art of War, which had great influence and far-reaching significance. Papers in this period have mushroomed, and most of them are informal. They have not only made great achievements in the dissemination of the version of Sun Tzu's Art of War, text collation, annotation and explanation, military thought interpretation, philosophical thought research, etc., but also opened up a new situation of multidisciplinary and multi-field research. Some start with system theory, some focus on decision-making, some discuss from management, and some study from different angles such as economics, prediction, negotiation, linguistics, psychology, logic, geography, mathematics and medicine. The research on the non-military application of Sun Tzu's Art of War has gradually become an important branch of the research on Sun Tzu's Art of War. As a result, the study of grandchildren has gradually become a specialized knowledge, which is "the study of grandchildren." The establishment of Sun Tzu's study further promoted and standardized the study of Sun Tzu's art of war, making it more prosperous and orderly.