A 2000-word thesis on college students' politics: a brief analysis of contemporary Chinese political system
Abstract: Contemporary Chinese political system has a history of nearly 60 years from design to operation. During this period, successive governments attached great importance to its construction and regarded it as an important way to maintain social stability and improve people's well-being. This paper takes the political system of contemporary China as the research object, analyzes the problems existing in the system design and operation according to the relevant knowledge of textbooks and by consulting some materials, and puts forward feasible countermeasures.
Keywords: Chinese political system; Current situation; Countermeasures
I. Background
Contemporary Chinese political system has a history of nearly 60 years from design to operation. During this period, successive governments attached great importance to its construction and regarded it as an important way to maintain social stability and improve people's well-being. People in China are all driven by personal thoughts. It is the thinking of many people in China in the past to show off their ancestors for promotion and wealth. However, relying on the social science mechanism, there are few innovations in methods, systems or mechanisms to increase the wealth of most people, and most of them will come back step by step. When the society is corrupt and incompetent, it is extremely simple and stupid to change the way of the political machine. The most common are uprisings, revolutions and rebellions. Of course, this is also a way for human beings to kill each other to achieve their goals. I think it is of great significance to study the political system. For the country, the rise and fall of dynasties, the rise and fall or change of political power, social and economic development or retrogression, people's livelihood or hardship, etc. Everything that happened in history, with few exceptions, is always related to whether the political system at that time was designed reasonably and operated normally; For individuals, almost all people who have played an important role in history have to rely on the political system at that time or borrow some departments to achieve their goals.
Second, the meaning of the political system
What does the so-called political system mean? A relatively stable code of conduct requires all political entities to follow in social and political fields. It is an important part of the whole social and political system. Together with social economic system and cultural system, it regulates the behavior of social members (including social organizations) to ensure the orderly survival, normal operation and healthy development of the whole society. It takes the norms of state power as the main content, and also includes the norms of other political entities (political parties, citizens, etc.). ) those closely related to the state power, although not the state power? . And the political system of contemporary China? Refers to the laws, systems, rules and practices that have been implemented in Chinese mainland since the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) 1949 and 10 in June to regulate a series of fundamental issues such as People's Republic of China (PRC)'s state power, government system and the relationship between the state and society? .
Three. Problems in the operation of political system
(1) The internal structure of the people's congress system is not in harmony with its functional requirements.
The National People's Congress is the highest organ of state power, and the state administrative organs, judicial organs and procuratorial organs are produced by it, responsible for it and supervised by it. After the reform of China from 1997, the organization of the State Council is as follows: 25 departments, 17 directly affiliated institutions, 6 offices, 19 national bureaus under centralized management, plus 9 directly affiliated institutions, up to 77 * *. Judging from the establishment of corresponding special committees, taking the Ninth National People's Congress as an example, only nine special committees have been established, including ethnic groups, laws, finance and economy, education, science, culture and health, foreign affairs, overseas Chinese affairs, internal affairs and justice, environmental and resource protection, agriculture and rural areas. However, in this session, * * * received as many as 830 bills. Obviously, there is a great disharmony between them, so it is difficult for the NPC to effectively examine and supervise them, and it is also impossible to achieve their functional requirements.
(2) In the aspect of legal system, people's habit of loving, respecting and worshiping the law needs to be solved urgently.
In recent years, although China has made great achievements in legal system construction, compared with the problems existing in the current transition period, it is still insufficient. Take 200 1 from 1 to 1 1 as an example. During this period, the national procuratorial organs * * * put on record to investigate major cases of corruption and bribery 15877, of which 1 280 involved more than 10,000 yuan; Investigate and deal with 29 16 leading cadres at or above the county level; 8 136 cases of dereliction of duty and infringement were filed for investigation, including 2 146 cases of major cases; The investigation and punishment of bribery suspects 1704 resulted in a huge amount of corruption among state employees, up 39.2% year-on-year. Thus, the seriousness of corruption in China lies in its universality, and the root of the problem lies in the failure of self-regulation and the imperfection of the legal system in China's traditional cultural and moral system.
Fourthly, treat the political system of contemporary China correctly.
First, China's political system of past dynasties must be based on China's soil, reflect China's national conditions, and have its own characteristics. Of course, the result cannot be separated from China's social form, economic model, national mentality, philosophy and ethics. Therefore, the observation and thinking of contemporary Chinese political system should first adhere to the historical perspective. Some systems that now seem unsuitable or even contrary to modern democratic principles, such as those established shortly after 1949? Military management Committee? Emphasize the distinction between party and government? Monism? ,? Planned economy? Systems, etc. At that time, it often had the inevitability and rationality of its existence and played an irreplaceable role. It can be said that the political system in China's history was not accidental at that time, but was repeatedly screened and demonstrated by political commentators and activists at that time, which was the product of various social contradictions at that time.
Second, pay attention? The influence of tradition on contemporary Chinese political system. On the one hand, we should see that China's ancient political system has played a positive role in the formation and cohesion of the Chinese nation, the formation of China's unique traditional culture and lifestyle, and the country's resistance to foreign aggression; However, on the other hand, we should also be soberly aware that China society has been ruled by the exploiting classes for a long time. No matter slave owners, feudal owners or bureaucratic bourgeoisie, they should use their own state machines to safeguard their ruling interests. Therefore, the political system in the old society is essentially a tool of class oppression, and there are inevitably congenital defects, such as they either highlight kingship, imperial power and privilege; Or emphasize the rule of man and develop personal dictatorship; Or emphasize the difference between China people and foreigners, and stubbornly retain and use the patriarchal clan system. This will inevitably have a certain impact on contemporary China politics.
Third, we should use comparative methods. We know that the most important method of natural science is experiment, but it is impossible to study political system by experiment. Experience has proved that comparative analysis is the most feasible. There are two methods of comparison: on the one hand, make a vertical comparison and compare today's political system with the political system in China's history; On the other hand, it makes a horizontal comparison with China's political system and the current foreign political system.
conclusion
Through the study of China's political system, I not only mastered some basic problems of China's political system, but also learned to analyze the problems in the operation of the system, which benefited a lot: First, the current political system in China is basically suitable for China's national conditions. With such a large population, China's total resources are quite large, but they are often very low according to the average population level. In view of these circumstances, China should get rid of poverty and backwardness as soon as possible, and only the China Production Party can do this job well. Secondly, there are historical reasons for the defects of the current system in China. The most unsatisfactory thing about China's current system is that its power is too concentrated and its role is too great. This situation that power is above everything else not only affects the enthusiasm of the masses, creates conditions for the prevalence of corruption, but also affects the development of science and technology. In view of some defects and deficiencies in the system, we should improve it in the process of continuous development and promote the continuous improvement of system construction.
refer to
Zack Zhang. Political and Cultural Dimensions and Institutional Choice [J]. Doctoral Dissertation of East China Normal University, 20 13.
[2] Li Yuejun. Path dependence in China's political system changes [J]. Xue Hai, 2009(6).
[3] Wang Zhaogang. Review and Reflection on the Development of Contemporary Chinese Political System [J]. Oriental Forum, 20 1 1(3).
[4] Xu Yongjun. Justice and Attribute of Political System and Political Development in Contemporary China. Journal of Henan Normal University [J], 2004(4).
[5] Yu Keping. On the Political System of Contemporary China [J]. Journal of Shaoxing University of Arts and Sciences, 2009(5).
2,000 words in college students' political papers Part II: Study on the political outlook of contemporary China.
Abstract: Theory is the answer to the problem of the times. This paper holds that political science research should adopt the method of representation research, and promote theoretical research on the basis of grasping the characteristics of the times and fundamental problems. Based on the understanding of the essential connotation of Marxism, this paper holds that communicative practice is the basic way of human existence, and the communicative practice of material production is of fundamental significance. The material interest relationship generated by the practice of material production communication is the basic standard of social form classification, which determines the political model suitable for a specific society. The research on the political form of contemporary China is to explore a suitable political model on the premise of correctly identifying the social types of contemporary China.
[Keywords:] Appearance; Contemporary China politics; political philosophy
[Author] Hu Yu, lecturer, Ph.D. student of Suzhou Institute of Social Sciences 2 15 123.
( 1)
Theory is the answer to the problems of the times, and theoretical research needs a deep sense of problems. The construction of theoretical form is of course important, but the investigation of the era context and methodology of theoretical construction has the nature of premise investigation and criticism. What are the characteristics of Marxist ideology? In essence, she is created by a certain era context and deeply depends on the appearance form of the appearance path. ? [1] Should the ideological form of Marxism change with the context of the times? Come out? 、? A gift? 、? Quit 、? Absence? Dialectical function of theory and practice to prevent the recurrence of Derrida's words? The era of disconnection? . Professor Ren Ping's appearance method studies and develops Marxist philosophy from three aspects: appearance context, appearance path and appearance form. The context of appearance is to examine the time horizon and realistic basis on which Marxism depends, especially the relationship between the realistic conditions of the appearance of Marx's thought in that year and the contemporary reality? Historical distance? Investigation. ? What changes have taken place in the contemporariness and presence of Marxism? Is it disconnected? And challenges are all influenced by the background of the new globalization era. Pay close attention to a series of new globalization issues and become? Reflection on problem science? It has become the path and way of the contemporary form of Marxism. The theoretical form of Marxism formed by answering questions has become an external form that keeps pace with the times. ? [2] The basic problem of contemporary China's political philosophy research is how to construct the political form of contemporary China. According to Marx's principle that civil society determines the country and economic base determines the superstructure, in order to build a reasonable political framework, we must understand the basic situation of civil society. The political model must adapt to the basic situation of social form, otherwise the political superstructure may hinder the development of economic base. We need to find out what kind of society China is today. What is the position of contemporary China society in the development of human society? What kind of political form does the social development of contemporary China need?
(2)
Society is a system of communication relations, the most important of which is the relationship of material interests. In Marx's view, history is created by individuals engaged in material production in order to survive. Marx pointed out that a certain individual who carries out production activities in a certain way has certain social and political relations. Social structure and country always come from one's life process. However, the individuals mentioned here are not the individuals imagined by themselves or others, but the individuals in reality, that is to say, these individuals are engaged in activities and produce materials, so they are active under some material boundary, premise and conditions that are not subject to their arbitrary control. ? [3] Marx believes that the first premise of human history is the existence of living individuals. If we want to maintain human life, we must meet people's basic survival needs. In order to meet the basic survival needs, there must be something that can meet the needs. If you want to get something that meets your needs, you must produce it. Even the hunting and gathering economy in Paleolithic Age was still a productive activity. Even the hunter-gatherer economy is not a lonely Robinson's individual activity, but a * * * activity and an exchange activity. Marx believes that communicative practice is a way of human existence and a social existence. Man is the producer of his own ideas, thoughts, etc. But the people mentioned here are realistic and engaged in activities. They are restricted by their own productivity and the corresponding communication development, until the most distant form of communication. Consciousness can only be conscious existence at any time, and human existence is its realistic life process. ? [4] Productivity structure or technical exchange describes the substantive structure of material production practice, which shows how people actually transform nature and obtain goods that meet their needs. The structure of production relations or economic communication is a meaningful structure of material production practice, which describes how people engaged in the same production organize to produce together and what share people can get from the production results. Compared with lonely Robinson, people who work together immediately face problems such as division of labor, ownership and product distribution, which directly restrict the satisfaction of people's needs. The participation of subjects in communication always has its expected subjective meaning, but the meaning brought by communication practice is objective at first, which is not necessarily consistent with its subjective meaning, while communication practice is meaningful to all subjects, and these meanings are interrelated. The meaning of each pole rooted in the same communication practice is interrelated, and each other takes other meanings as the condition for the existence of this meaning.
Politics is a communicative activity and relationship based on the communicative practice of material production, and the essence of politics is the adjustment of material interests. Everyone participates in communication by virtue of his own subjective qualifications and abilities, and people's qualifications and abilities are of course different, which determines the differences in the level and level of communication he can participate in, thus determining the differences in objective significance or results he obtains from communication, which is the root of social stratification and material interests differences and contradictions. In addition to their own abilities and qualifications, the social system affects the objective significance and results that economic subjects can obtain when they participate in communication. Therefore, economic subjects always hope that the institutional system can develop in a direction beneficial to them and actively influence institutional changes. Marx once criticized the sage of political apathy in his article "Political apathy", and only asked the working class to oppose capitalism ideologically, but not actually the capitalist system. We believe that politics is a practical activity of political communication based on material production communication. Politics is a kind of communicative practice and relationship formed by multipolar political subjects based on multiple interests and mediated by material interests. This definition mainly has four meanings: (1) Politics originates from the coordination and settlement of material interests contradictions and conflicts. At the end of primitive society, with the development of production and the emergence of private ownership, there was interest differentiation and conflict between people, resulting in class. At first, it relied on the public power and power organs of clan society to solve the contradiction of material interests, which was the initial germination of politics. With the irreconcilable class contradictions, the public power and authority of clan society have gradually changed into new special public power and authority divorced from society, which is the country, and the country has become a new stage of material interests contradiction and political development. (2) In class society, material interests are mainly manifested in class relations, so political relations are mainly manifested in the struggle between classes; After the country came into being, the class struggle was mainly manifested in the struggle for state power. After the emergence of private ownership and the division of society into classes, the contradiction of material interests between people is not simply a contradiction between individuals, but an integral part and concrete embodiment of the contradiction of material interests between different classes caused by private ownership. The political conflict is attributed to the interest struggle between the existing social classes and class groups caused by economic development? . [5] What is class? Individualization of economic category? , is the social undertaker of economic relations, and is the * * * unity formed by the integration of individual communication under a specific social and economic status. ? In history, most countries stipulated civil rights according to their property status, and directly declared that the state was an organization used by the proletariat for self-defense? . [6] So? On the whole, does the state only reflect the economic needs of the ruling class in the form of centralization? . [7] What else? In the original sense, regime is organized violence used by one class to oppress another class? . [8] So? In any class-to-class struggle, the direct purpose of the struggle is political power; The ruling class should defend its supreme political power. The ruled class should strive for some political power first, and then strive for all political power, so as to change the existing laws according to their own interests and needs.
(3)
The development of socialism in countries with backward productive forces has always been restricted by backward productive forces, and it has developed slowly on the basis of complete public ownership and average distribution, so the gap with developed capitalist countries is getting bigger and bigger, and it has always been in the position of marginal countries; The rapid liberation and development of productive forces on the basis of limited public ownership, distribution according to work and distribution according to production factors are two development paths of contemporary socialist countries. The former road means that the relations of production do not meet the needs of the development of productive forces, the superstructure does not meet the needs of the development of economic base, the productive forces and relations of production are seriously out of touch, and the superiority of the socialist system cannot be reflected. On the surface, fairness and justice cover up people's growing demand for material civilization, and the contradiction of material interests is temporarily covered up. It is difficult to succeed in developing socialism along this road. China chose the latter path. China's reform and opening up and the construction of market economy have made China's material productivity develop rapidly, and at the same time, China's society has shown different characteristics from that before the reform and opening up. We have to reflect on what kind of society contemporary China society is, and how do we view contemporary China society? One of the most remarkable consequences of China's reform and opening up and market economy is the serious social stratification and the widening gap between the rich and the poor. How to treat this reality?
Historical experience shows that socialist countries need to make full use of the productive forces, capital, science and technology and culture of developed capitalist countries with the help of worldwide exchanges, which was fully illustrated by Marx in his later years. Closing the door to the outside world and the planned economic system are not conducive to the development of socialist countries, and reform, opening up and developing the market economic system are the right way. The development of productive forces needs to break through the defects of traditional practice view in the economic subject, economic practice relationship, economic operation mechanism and economic development motive force of single planned economic system, which requires reform, opening up and development of market economic system. Reform, opening up and marketization are conducive to the emergence and development of a large number of microeconomic entities, and each microeconomic entity participates in communication with its own subjective qualifications and abilities. The difference of the qualification and ability of microeconomic subject determines the difference of the level and level he can participate in communication, which determines the difference of the material benefits he gets from communication, which is the root of social stratification and interest differentiation. In addition, the social system that is incompatible with the real economic foundation affects the material benefits that economic subjects can get when they participate in communication. In this way, if we admit that it is an inevitable historical choice for China to promote the development of the socialist cause through reform and opening up and developing the socialist market economic system, we must admit that the emergence of social stratification and differences in material interests is inevitable and reasonable, and it is an inevitable historical stage for countries with backward material productivity to build socialism. At the same time, we should see that the differences and contradictions of material interests will develop and change, and non-antagonistic contradictions may develop into antagonistic contradictions. Therefore, it is necessary to coordinate and control the contradiction of material interests, not only to maintain the existence of material interests differences, but also to keep them within a moderate range; Even if the economic and social development is full of momentum, it will make the society stable and orderly and always maintain the socialist nature.
In this way, China's political reform and development have a basic direction. Due to social stratification and material interests differentiation, different interest classes and interests have emerged, and they all have the appeal of participating in and discussing state affairs to safeguard their own interests. The nature of multipolar subject communication of politics is becoming more and more obvious in China. How to deal with the party and the government? One yuan? With interest groups? Pluralistic? How to coordinate long-term interests with current interests, common interests and personal interests has become the core issue to be solved in the political system reform. As a society with different material interests, contemporary China society is the greatest reality of contemporary China society, and it is also the main problem to be dealt with in various reforms in contemporary China. We must respect the reality of the difference society in contemporary China, acknowledge the reality of the difference in material interests, and acknowledge the existence of multiple stakeholders. Based on the understanding that politics is the adjustment of material interests and the activities of multiple political subjects to form political communication relations through material interests, we should find and construct a political model suitable for contemporary China society.
[References]
[1] [2] Ren Ping. Marxist philosophy from the perspective of philosophical exploration in the era of innovation [M]. Beijing: Beijing Normal University Press, 2009.8,289.
[3] [4] [8] Selected Works of Marx and Engels: Volume 65438 +0 [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House,1995+438+0-72,72,273.
[5] Complete Works of Marx and Engels: Volume 22 [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House,1965.592,252.
[6] [7] Selected Works of Marx and Engels: Volume 4 [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House,1972.438+068-169,248.
[9] Complete Works of Marx and Engels: Volume 19 [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1963.284.
2000 words in college students' political papers Part III: On improving political quality of ideological and political teachers.
[10] Complete Works of Lenin: Volume 60 [M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1975+0-282. )
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