one
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the main feature of ethnic migration was that there were many motives.
As early as the beginning of civilization, there were many nationalities in China. In the long historical years, ethnic migration has continued, and its most basic motivation is economy. Before Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Yellow River Basin and the Central Plains were the only focus of China's economic, political and cultural development. For a long time, the better natural living environment and advanced economic development level have continuously attracted the surrounding ethnic groups to migrate to the Central Plains. The establishment and development of a unified feudal centralized state in Qin and Han dynasties further promoted this migration. At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, warlords in the Central Plains scuffled and separatist forces rose, but the internal migration of the surrounding ethnic groups did not stop. For example, during the Jian 'an period, the southern Xiongnu moved from Bingzhou to Jinzhong and Jinnan areas centered on Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen, Shanxi). From Taishi to Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty (265-289), Xiongnu from the Great Wall also moved to Inner Mongolia several times, living in Yiyang and Yongzhou in Hexi, with a total population of more than 200,000. At this time, Xianbei people also migrated from northeast to southwest and gradually distributed in Liaodong in the east and Qinghai in the west. During the Wei and Jin Dynasties, the barbarians in the south gradually moved northward, so that "the south of Yi Que was full of valleys". After the Northern Wei Dynasty unified the north, many barbarian leaders led troops to the north.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars continued year after year, especially after the demise of the Western Jin Dynasty. In addition to the Han nationality, many ethnic minorities have established political power in the north. In order to expand territory, plunder wealth and labor, wars between regimes frequently occur, which has become another motive for the migration of ethnic minorities. In the war, thousands of people became prisoners and were taken back to the areas under their control by the victorious countries. For example, the barbarians of Shen Qingzhi in the late period of Liu Songjia in the Southern Dynasties captured more than 200,000 people before and after, and most of them moved to Jiankang as a camp. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, Barto Tao attacked softly, saying, "All the animals and livestock houses obtained were filled with mountains and forests, covering a million." In addition, a large number of people were forced to surrender by military forces. For example, in the 12th year of Jian 'an (2007), Cao Cao personally levied on Wu Huan, "Ta Dun and the famous king beheaded, and Hu Han surrendered more than 200,000 soldiers", and "the rest of the people surrendered". In order to weaken the enemy's strength, ensure and expand their military resources, and increase the number of workers, political power and power groups often seize the opportunity to plunder a large number of people. For example, Wuhuan, the third county, once "inherited the chaos of heaven, broke the secluded state, and slightly joined more than 100,000 households with the Han people" in the construction era. In the third year of Xianhe in the Eastern Jin Dynasty (328), the former Zhao Liuyao sent troops to attack people. "Fokker, more than 3,000 families were looted and returned. "As for their own ethnic groups and other ethnic groups who are forced to move to big cities or military towns for political and military needs, this often happens in large numbers. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Wei forced many people to move to Tianshui, Fufeng, Jingzhao, Nan 'an, Guangwei and other counties. The population varies from several thousand to tens of thousands at a time, ranging from 1 1. Zhao migrated to Hebei Province, 150000 Qiang settled in Pingcheng, and Tuoba GUI of the Northern Wei Dynasty "moved more than 400,000 people to Shandong, Turpan, Koryo and 36 provinces to fill the capital". At the same time, various departments. Hao You has done his best, but he was sent to Ding Qiang for the second time, thinking that he was righteous; We felt brave because the army went out. After the officials and soldiers left, they moved a little and sent power back and forth, with tens of thousands of people. Escape from war, famine and tribute is the third motive of ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Since the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, more and more Han people in the Central Plains have moved to Liaodong to avoid the war disaster. After Yongjia Rebellion, the population flowing into Liaodong is equivalent to more than ten times of the old land. The social order in Hexi area ruled by Zhang and his son is relatively stable, and "Zhongzhou asylum seekers come in droves". Ganlu bamboo slips unearthed in Xinjiang after the founding of New China also confirmed that there were Han immigrants in all parts of the western regions during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. However, during this period, the biggest migration of Han people in the Central Plains was in the south. During the Jian 'an period, "there was chaos in Guanzhong fertile land and tens of thousands of people flowed into Yizhou". Western Jin Dynasty. There is a saying in history that "Luo Jing capsized, and the women in Zhongzhou avoided chaos on the left side of the river". In the Eastern Jin and Southern Dynasties, there were also a large number of northern Han people crossing south. At this time, some Han people moved to areas inhabited by barbarians, slang, Liao and Yi ethnic minorities. For example, during the Liu and Song Dynasties, many Han people in Shixing County fled to the slang area because they "stopped slang and went easily" to avoid heavy taxes.
It is precisely because the ethnic migration in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was driven by many motives that the ethnic migration in this period showed the characteristics of many ethnic groups, a wide range of immigrants, a large number of people and multi-directional migration directions.
Before Wei and Jin Dynasties, ethnic migration in China was mostly small-scale, and most of the migrated ethnic groups lived in the border areas of the Central Plains regime. During the Wei, Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, it started from the desert and lake Baikal in the north, Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan Island in the south, Changbai Mountain and Songhua River Basin in the east and Tarim Basin in Xinjiang in the west. An unprecedented number of ethnic groups are involved in the wave of great migration. Among them, there are Han nationality (Huaxia nationality), Qiang nationality, clan, Xiongnu nationality, Yue nationality and other ancient nationalities with a long history, as well as younger nationalities such as Wuhuan, Xianbei and Li, as well as Rouran, Chile, Tuguhun, Cuan and other nationalities that only appeared in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Some of these ethnic groups have a large migration range and are widely distributed. Xianbei people migrated from Hulunchi in the northeast and western Liaoning to Yinshan and Hetao, the hometown of Xiongnu, and the hinterland of Shanxi, Hebei, Henan, Central Plains and Hexi Corridor. Many barbarians gradually moved northward from Hunan and Hubei, and even entered central Henan. Some ethnic groups migrated in a smaller scope, such as Yueshan, which basically moved out of the mountainous areas in the south of the Yangtze River. Xiongnu migrated from the Great Wall to Senegal and the border counties in the Yellow River valley. The migration scope of Rouran and Chile is generally Mobei and Monan.
Due to many factors in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, many ethnic groups migrated in an unprecedented area, and the population of ethnic groups migrated in this period was unprecedented. At this time, the total population of all ethnic groups migrating in this area is difficult to grasp because of the lack of data, but according to some figures recorded in historical materials, this figure should be quite large. For example, during the Three Kingdoms period, there were 30,000 households and 7 households. That is to say, there are more than 200 thousand people. In the early years of the Western Jin Dynasty, there were more than 200,000 Huns attached to the Great Wall. These two Huns alone moved into about 500,000 people. At this time, there were more than 20,000 Wuhuan people attached to Cao Cao, with 10 as the base, which was more than 200,000 people. Together with about 654.38 million people arrested, more than 300,000 Wuhuan people were transferred to the mainland. Therefore, some people think that the number of Xiongnu, Jiedi, Bian, Qiang, Xianbei and Wuhuan who moved in is far more than two million. In the 18th year of Jian 'an (2 13), the Han people in the Central Plains moved to Lujiang, Jiujiang and Qichun. Only this time, the population moving south is nearly 600,000. From the end of the Western Jin Dynasty to Liu Song Dynasty, more than 900,000 northern Han people moved south to the south of the Yangtze River. 27. It is estimated that the total population of Han nationality who moved south will not be lower than that of ethnic minorities who moved north. In addition, there are many barbarians who moved from the south to the north. There are only 16 and 70,000 households recorded in the Biography of Shuwei People, with 5 people in each household.
In the history of our country, except the Yue, Wusun, Xiongnu and other nationalities in the Han Dynasty migrated westward, the migration direction of nationalities in various periods before Wei and Jin Dynasties was mainly from the periphery to the inside. Although the Han nationality (Huaxia nationality) in the Yellow River basin and the Central Plains also migrated outward due to war plunder, looting and trafficking, and stationing wasteland to defend the border, the number was quite small compared with the number of people who migrated inward. Ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is different from the past, not just a few. Moreover, millions of Han people in the Central Plains migrated to the Yellow River Basin, Jiangnan, South China, Liaodong, Hexi, Longyou, Shu and other areas outside the Central Plains, and a considerable number of ethnic populations migrated in other directions for some specific reasons. For example, during the Sixteen Kingdoms period, political power established by Han, Xiongnu, Jie, Xianbei, Lushui Lake, Shi and Qiang nationalities appeared in the north. Various regimes have plundered and forcibly moved the foreign population on a large scale, and concentrated in metropolises or major towns. However, due to frequent regime changes, the ruling center is constantly shifting, and the forcibly relocated population is also moving around. For example, after the Xiongnu Liu Han regime captured Chiyang (now northwest of Jingyang, Shaanxi Province), it plundered more than 10,000 people to Chang 'an, and the Jin Army besieged Chang 'an, "plundering more than 80,000 women and returning Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen, Shanxi Province)". Later, Xerox attacked. Pingyang led six thousand miscellaneous households to vote; Ba Shuai, Qiang and Jie led more than 100,000 Xerox to transfer them to the counties in Sizhou under his control. After the establishment of the post-Zhao Dynasty, Xerox made its capital in Guo Xiang (now southwest of Xingtai, Hebei Province), and moved more than 30,000 households, including the Wuhuan Zhanguang and Liu Duo tribes on the plain, to Guo Xiang, and Shi Jilong moved to Huarong, Yong and Qin. "There are millions of immigrants in Qing, Yong, Jing and Jingzhou, and millions of immigrants in Qiang, Hu and Man have all returned to their hometowns." The migration of ethnic populations can be imagined. Therefore, from the migration direction, the ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties mainly moved from the border to the mainland; The Han nationality in the Yellow River Basin and the Central Plains mainly migrated from north to south. At the same time, there are many nationalities, including Han nationality, and a large number of people migrate from north to south and from west to east, thus showing the remarkable characteristics of multi-directional population migration.
two
Ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties was the product of ethnic relations under the feudal social conditions at that time, which was related to ethnic oppression and ethnic discrimination. Many ethnic migration is forced by foreigners, accompanied by war, plunder and conquest. Therefore, there are inevitably some negative factors in ethnic migration in this period, but from the historical development process, its positive historical role and influence are the main ones.
The ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties changed the original distribution pattern of ethnic population in China, and promoted and accelerated the integration and exchange among ethnic groups. Prior to this, the ethnic population distribution in China was basically a mixed pattern, that is, the Han nationality (Huaxia nationality) was concentrated in the Central Plains area in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River, and other ethnic minorities were concentrated in the surrounding areas, and the ethnic groups in specific areas lived in a long-term stability. It has caused the nationality and locality of the nationalities living in this area in social organization, economic life, customs, language and culture. This long-term and stable state of common life is a barrier to protect the one-sidedness and limitations of ethnic groups. After the ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the Han nationality gradually distributed in the Yellow River, Yangtze River and Pearl River basins, Songliao Plain and Hexi area. The distribution range is wider. After internal migration, all ethnic minorities still live together except for some of them merging with the Han nationality, but the distribution areas are very scattered, and all ethnic groups often form a staggered state. Several different ethnic minorities often live in the same area, and the same ethnic minority lives in several different areas, where a considerable number of Han people live, thus breaking ethnic boundaries and breaking the state of ethnic isolation. The distribution pattern of ethnic minorities in China began to change from primitive to minority. Through living together, the economic and cultural ties between ethnic groups have become closer, interdependent and attractive, and they have merged and merged in the long river of history, forming a strong cohesive trend. This cohesion eventually combined into such a diverse Chinese nation as a whole. It was the unprecedented national migration that made Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties a Chinese nation.
An important stage of formation and development.
The ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties changed the ethnic minorities who entered the Central Plains from nomadic production to agriculture-based economy, thus promoting social progress. Before the Huns, Wuhuan, Xianbei and Tuoba Xianbei entered the Central Plains, the social structure was dominated by tribal organizations and the social economy was dominated by nomadic industry. After entering the Central Plains, they settled in a nomadic way under the influence of the economy and culture of the Han Dynasty, and most of them were engaged in farming. Wei moved to Longyou, Guo Huai, and the Qiang people were "home". Yanmen satrap once paid rent for more than 500 families in the Fifth Ring Road. Let these ethnic minorities pay rent adjustment, and they will naturally enter the farming stage. In the Sixteen Countries, Xerox, a monk, was in Wuxiang, his hometown, because he retched hemp and his neighbor Li Yang competed for hemp pool. He often hits each other. In order to repay the support of Guo Jing and Ningqu, he also "plowed the fields for it". It shows that the Jie people have combined agriculture with handicraft production. The rulers of minority political power also promoted this change through the power of political power. For example, in the pre-Qin period, Fu Jian strongly advised farmers to teach mulberry to cultivate their native land by themselves, while his wife Gou "loved silkworms in the suburbs" to show her attention to agriculture and handicraft production. After the founding of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Tuoba GUI ordered the rest of the peasants to make Dongping discuss Wuyuan to Zha. Set up eight generals around Daijing to persuade them to teach farming. After Tuoba Si defeated the Yueqin Mud Department, he moved more than 20,000 people to Daning House, gave them farm tools and dictated the fields, so that other ethnic minorities in China quickly turned to agricultural production. After Emperor Justin of Wei Xiaowen moved the capital to Luoyang, Tuoba became a nation dominated by agricultural economy, so in the eighteenth year of Taihe (494), he wrote, "The household that moved was granted rent for three years". The social structure changed dramatically, and feudal relations dominated. With the change of economic base, the political organizations as the superstructure are also adjusted, and most minority regimes adopt the official system of Wei and Jin dynasties, which promotes the leap of social forms of all ethnic groups and thus promotes the development of northern society.
Ethnic migration in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties injected fresh blood into the Han nationality, which made the Han nationality grow stronger day by day. Moreover, it has enabled the Han nationality to absorb the cultural essence of other nationalities and greatly enriched its own material culture and spiritual culture. During this period, the Huns, Xianbei, Manga, Bian, Qiang, Lushui Lake and other nationalities who migrated to the Central Plains established more than a dozen political powers. Although there are ups and downs, they all exist for a short time. But after living together with the Han nationality, they gradually merged with the Han nationality. After the demise of Zhao, the Xiongnu and Jiezu merged with the Han nationality in large numbers. After the demise of Zhu Yan, the Murong Department of Xianbei also merged with the Han nationality and Tuoba Xianbei in a decentralized form. After the demise of the former Qin Dynasty, the identity of the Di nationality, which was quite close to the development level of the Han nationality, was greatly weakened. Later, the Qiang people, Lushuihu, Hexi Xianbei, Guanlong Xiongnu and other northern nationalities who migrated early disappeared in the Central Plains and merged with the Han nationality. However, some Tuguhun who moved south and west gradually merged with the Han nationality. Since the Eastern Jin Dynasty and the Southern Dynasties, the barbarians in the south gradually moved out of the valley and lived among the rivers, Huai, Ru and Ying, while the mountains, Yue and Liao lived on the flat land. In the process of living with the Han nationality, these ethnic groups have a level of social development. As Geography of Sui Shu said, Jingyang Prefecture is different from other countries if it is mixed with Xia people. We can see from historical records that there were 2.45 million households in Taikang in the Western Jin Dynasty, 5 million in Zhengguang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, 3.59 million in elephants in the Northern Zhou Dynasty, and 8.9 million households in the five years of Sui Daye. It is also closely related to the integration of a large number of ethnic minorities into the Han nationality. This ethnic integration, which began with ethnic migration, not only injected a lot of fresh blood into the Han nationality, making it full of vitality and creativity, but also enriched its own material culture and spiritual culture. One of its manifestations is to introduce the varieties, technologies and even some agricultural products of minority animal husbandry into the Central Plains. Jia Sixie, an outstanding agricultural scientist in the Eastern Wei Dynasty, recorded the feeding and management methods of cattle, horses, mules, sheep and other livestock, as well as veterinary techniques, horse riding and processing techniques of livestock products, such as felting, cheese making and crisp making. Many of these methods and technologies come from ethnic minorities. Hu Gu and Lu Mai were also introduced into agriculture. The second performance is the language, literature and art of the Han nationality.
During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, the great ethnic migration made China's economic region expand. At the same time, the northern economy has revived and the southern economy has developed obviously. Since Wei and Jin Dynasties, the Han nationality in the Central Plains moved to the border areas such as Liaodong and Hexi to avoid the disaster of war, which greatly increased the local labor force. Even the flow of people is ten times more than "old-fashioned". Han laborers who moved to the frontier also spread advanced production tools and farming techniques to the frontier. Thanks to their joint efforts with the people of all ethnic groups, the remote areas in the northeast and northwest have developed and played an important role in the economic development and social changes in the border areas. Frequent wars have seriously damaged the economy in the north. Although Schleswig explicitly used coins in sixteen countries, "money will never work." After the transition from ethnic minorities to agricultural production, the northern economy began to rise. In order to adapt to the new trend of economic development, in the middle of the Northern Wei Dynasty, Emperor Xiaowen began to coin coins, which made the commodity economy active, and the ancient economic base of the Central Plains recovered its vitality. During this period, a large number of Han people moved south, which increased a lot of labor force and brought more advanced production technology to the economically backward Jiangnan area. This will undoubtedly accelerate the development of Jiangnan. At the same time, the society in the south of the Yangtze River is relatively stable, and the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Liu Song Dynasty and other dynasties also adopted some measures conducive to the development of production. Therefore, it is possible for the Han people who moved south to make use of the unique natural resources to promote the social, economic and cultural development of the south together with the indigenous people in the south of the Yangtze River and the ethnic minorities such as Shanyue, Barbarian, Liao and Xian. Not only agricultural production has improved, but also handicrafts such as textile, mining and metallurgy, paper making, shipbuilding, salt making, porcelain making, tea making and lacquerware have developed significantly. Commercial trade is also very active, especially in Jiankang, the capital of the Southern Dynasties, and in the southeast coastal areas. With the development of the southern economy, the Han culture in the Central Plains combined with the original culture in the south, and gradually formed the "Six Dynasties Culture" with the characteristics of the times. All this is for the later Sui and Tang Dynasties.