First, the topic selection
Choosing a topic is the first step in writing a thesis, and it is also a very important step. Some people think that choosing the right topic in an academic paper is equivalent to completing half the work of the paper. How can I choose a good topic for my thesis?
1, scientificity Any scientific research should be carried out in accordance with scientific laws, so scientificity is the basic requirement of the topic selection. The topic selection should have sufficient theoretical and practical basis, conform to the objective laws of medical occurrence, development and change, and reflect the essence of objective things.
2. Innovative medical research should not only be good at inheriting and applying existing achievements, but also be innovative and developing. Therefore, the topic selection of the paper should focus on innovation, emphasize breakthrough and avoid repetition as much as possible. To do this, we must carefully investigate and study before selecting the topic, collect information extensively, and grasp the research trends and development level of this subject in time. We should dare to break through the forbidden area, be good at choosing doubts, difficulties and blank points, and be predictable, so that the topic selection has potential advanced value.
3. pertinence means that the purpose of the topic should be clear and specific. What problems the article wants to solve, why to solve this problem, and what conditions and requirements are there, we must know fairly well. Don't be general, empty and vague, which will lead to confusion in writing papers. According to the needs of medical development and medical practice, we should choose those topics with scientific value, topics closely related to people's health and topics that need to be solved urgently.
4, the feasibility of the topic should pay attention to reality, based on reality, fully consider the subjective and objective conditions. Subjectively, we should consider our own business expertise, business ability, technical level, breadth and depth of professional knowledge, and whether we can meet the requirements through hard work; Objectively, we should consider whether the business characteristics, technical conditions and equipment conditions of our unit can meet the basic needs of the subject experiment. Only by comprehensive analysis of these two factors can we properly determine the scale and scope of the subject, and then ensure the quality of the paper. Of course, the conditions are lacking, and we should do everything possible to create them so that they can gradually approach the requirements of the discipline.
When choosing a theme, the following factors should be considered as far as possible:
(1) actively strive for the approval of relevant state departments and units to carry out the project;
(2) The problems encountered in work practice have been improved and improved through research and analysis;
(3) according to the needs of professional development, through scientific research, make a breakthrough;
(4) reading the topics found in the literature and obtained through in-depth research;
⑤ A subject with unique views on a certain aspect based on my practical experience.
Second, collect information.
First of all, we should pay attention to the collection of literature materials: first, make full use of various retrieval tools and computer databases to expand the collection area, shorten the collection time and improve the collection efficiency; Second, pay attention to reading relevant professional journals in the near future to eliminate the time difference; Third, make full use of manuals, yearbooks and other related reference books to collect relevant information.
Secondly, collect clinical or medical records and experimental observation data.
Third, collect survey data and other physical data.
Third, reading materials.
1. Reading Strategies In order to improve reading efficiency, readers should adopt different reading strategies according to the purpose of reading, the nature, quantity and environmental conditions of documents. Reading strategies usually include the following points:
(1) Look at China literature with the same theme first, and then look at foreign literature. This helps to understand the content, especially some proper nouns and idioms, and also helps to speed up reading.
(2) Read the abstract first, and then read the original text. It can save time and energy to decide whether to browse the original text according to the information provided by the abstract.
(3) Read roughly first, and then read intensively. This is the most important strategy for reading literature. Rough reading focuses on selecting documents closely related to the subject for intensive reading on the basis of widely understanding the whole picture of information. Intensive reading should be carefully read sentence by sentence, paragraph by paragraph, and then you can think, master the spiritual essence of the literature and extract useful content.
(4) Read the comprehensive literature first, and then read the special literature. This will help to understand the subject content comprehensively and deeply.
(5) Look at this issue first, and then look at the next issue. This helps to understand the latest development level of discipline dynamics and achievements.
(6) Look at the core journals first, and then look at other journals. This will help to further expand the scope of knowledge on the basis of mastering key documents.
2. Reading procedural medical literature, as scientific and professional reading materials, has a certain format and structure. Reading medical literature should adopt reasonable reading procedures according to its characteristics.
(1) Select the document that meets the needs of the topic.
(2) Read the abstract to understand the main contents of the literature, further judge the close relationship with the topic, and decide whether to continue reading.
(3) Read the preface to further understand the author's writing intention and the significance of the question. If readers think it is exactly what they need, it is necessary to master the full text in depth and read the full text; If the reader thinks that he only needs to know the argument of the article, he will read the conclusion directly; If the reader thinks that the content described in this document is his master, he can read it after reading the preface.
(4) Read the conclusion and master the arguments and conclusions. If these contents are not very different from what you already know, you can stop reading them without reading the full text. If you have doubts about the correctness of an argument, are interested in an argument, and some arguments, analytical methods or data are really valuable for reference, you should read the text as appropriate.
(5) Reading the text can master the author's basic viewpoints, analytical methods and various experimental data. Read the text intensively, think while reading and extract useful content.
3, reading essentials Reading general medical papers should pay attention to the following points:
(1) Understanding the concept: ① Understanding the definition, revealing the connotation and extension of the concept in concise language, and understanding the essence and characteristics when reading; (2) Interpretation is a brief summary of the status, nature, characteristics and causes of the concept, which is generally flexible and natural, but not necessarily complete; (3) Comparison, through the comparison of two or more interrelated things, explain the nature and characteristics of concepts in comparison, and pay special attention to the similarities and differences of * * * when reading; (4) digital description, with the concept of digital description, we only need to grasp the range and quantity of its numbers and understand its general trend; ⑤ Give an example. Some documents illustrate difficult concepts. This is an intuitive explanation of abstract concepts, which is conducive to understanding concepts.
(2) Pay attention to charts and data: charts and data play a great role in understanding and consolidating the knowledge learned. Pay attention to the source of the chart, whether it is experimental or statistical; Pay attention to the time, whether it is too far away from the writing time of the thesis and whether it is outdated; Pay attention to whether the unit is consistent with the conclusion unit, whether the units between coordinates are comparable, and whether they are unified by the state; Pay attention to the picture and the effect. The author introduces this diagram to illustrate whether the problem is achieved. For data, we should pay attention to its scientific nature and its source, whether it is experimental or statistical. Whether the data type is relative data or absolute data, probability, distribution or divisor, we should see clearly.
(3) Distinguish between experimental reports and cases: In medical literature, experimental reports and cases account for a large proportion, which is a necessary supplement to theoretical exposition, evidence of a certain medical achievement and law in laboratory and medical practice, and one of the most important scientific judgments. Therefore, we should pay attention to the following points when reading the experimental report: ① Whether the experimental design is rigorous. For example, whether the sample is representative and whether the measurement index is meaningful; Whether the plan arrangement of the comparison group is reasonable; ② Whether the experimental observation method is accurate and perfect; ③ Whether the experimental conditions are strictly controlled; ④ Whether the observation record is objective; ⑤ Whether the experimental results are credible, repeatable and the number of repeated experiments is reasonable. Reading case analysis should pay attention to the following points: ① Whether the theme of the case is consistent with the conclusion; Whether the objective factors such as environmental conditions, time and drugs of the case are consistent with the conclusion; ③ Whether the clinical results are accurate and credible, and whether there are other forms of circumstantial evidence (such as pictures, X-rays, laboratory tests and patients' self-reports). ).
Fourth, accumulate information.
The useful information obtained through reading should be accumulated for writing papers. There are many ways to accumulate data, and the following are common methods:
1, the common types of notebook accumulation are:
(1) Extract notes: usually include extract notes, that is, useful notes on the original text; Abstract, that is, write down the main points in the article, such as arguments, arguments, conclusions, important data, etc. Index, that is, only keywords or keywords are extracted.
(2) Brief notes: On the basis of reading the full text, after thinking, write the basic contents of the literature in a general way. It also includes outline type and abstract type.
(3) Annotate and mark notes: Annotate and mark the contents of the read document, sketch it on the document with specific symbols, and mark the key points and difficulties. Of course, this method is forbidden in public documents. It also includes eyebrow approval and side approval.
2. Editing accumulation According to the needs, the documents and materials in newspapers and magazines saved by individuals are cut or copied, and posted on edited books according to categories.
3. Computer information accumulation This is the most advanced information accumulation method at present.
No matter which method is used for data accumulation, we should pay attention to the following issues:
(1) must indicate the source of accumulated literature, and the name, year, month, volume, issue and start and end pages of the journal (book) published in the original text cannot be ignored. Otherwise, once you want to quote, you will be in trouble if you can't find the source.
(2) The accumulated documents should be classified (by subject, thing, theme and viewpoint) and numbered in sequence.
Five, conception, outline.
1. Elaborate conception means that the author is familiar with and grasps all the collected materials, and makes clear the writing requirements and purposes.
The thinking process of arranging ideas and materials reasonably. When conceiving, we should consider the layout of the whole article, determine the hierarchical structure and the methods of arguments, arguments and argumentation according to the purpose and scope of writing, and outline an orderly and complete outline of the article in our minds.
2. The quasi-outline is the basic framework of the article, and the quasi-outline is the written expression and further completion of the idea.
Oh, my god With the outline as the basis, the author can finish the paper in an orderly and step-by-step manner. If the outline is well drawn up, the written article will be focused, clear-minded, and fully and accurately reflect the author's intention. The basic contents of the outline include: ① tentative title; (2) Put forward the central idea (argument); ③ Elaborate the sub-arguments (subheadings) of the central argument from different aspects; (4) Arrangement and layout of materials (arguments) at hand; ⑤ Conclusion. The outline can be written as a short title outline or a detailed introduction outline.
Sixth, complete the first draft.
Once the outline is drawn up, you can write the first draft. Writing is the process of adding flesh and blood to the skeleton of the outline. That is to say, enrich the rich experimental data, observation data and literature data that you have mastered into the corresponding part of the outline as arguments to demonstrate each argument, and then demonstrate the central argument through each argument, so that the central argument is established. We should focus on the creative part, write new theories and discoveries, and enrich and develop the achievements of predecessors. In the process of argumentation, we should properly use various argumentation methods according to the characteristics and needs of each part. When writing the first draft, you can write out your writing intention and the content materials that need to be demonstrated as much as possible, without thinking too much about length or rhetoric. The words are fluent and clear. There are generally two orders for writing the first draft of a paper: one is to write it according to the process of thinking, that is, from beginning to end, follow the trend and do it at one go. Generally short papers are written like this; The second is to start with the words, and when the words are finished, the conclusion will naturally come out. At this time, write a preface and abstract, and finally extract the title. This method is suitable for writing long papers.
Seven, repeated revisions
It is not easy for an article to reflect an original scientific research achievement. Without repeated thinking and revision, it is difficult to make an argument clear and arrange the rich materials properly. Therefore, any article must be revised three times and five times. Even the first draft of an experienced author cannot be guaranteed to be perfect, and it has to go through the process of repeated deliberation, deliberation and revision. This is the truth of "never getting tired of changing the text" and "changing more Chinese chapters" After the completion of the first draft, we should first read the whole article several times and consider whether the argument is correct, whether the thinking is clear, whether the structure is reasonable and whether there are obvious mistakes. And then elaborate. The revision of the article can start from the following aspects.
1, content modification First, check whether your writing intention, basic arguments and sub-arguments are expressed accurately; See whether the contents and materials to be demonstrated are used and whether the arguments are sufficient; Also check whether there is anything irrelevant or irrelevant in the article. Inaccuracy in content should be corrected, omissions should be supplemented and redundancies should be deleted.
2. Structural modification On the whole, we can see whether the structure of each part and paragraph of the article is reasonable, whether the cohesion is balanced, whether the arrangement order and affiliation are clear, and whether the logic is tight. We should strive to make the whole article structured, focused and clear.
3. Text modification checks whether the language is concise, whether the technical terms are used accurately, whether the syntax is complete and rigorous, whether it conforms to the norms of modern Chinese, whether the references are wrong, whether the charts and photos are clear, and whether the punctuation marks are used correctly. , and review and revise sentence by sentence.
4. Modify the title according to the written text, and consider whether the initial title accurately reveals the central content of the article and whether the styles of the big and small titles are consistent.
When writing the first draft, the length of the draft is rarely considered. Generally, there are many contents, complicated words and long space. However, various journals and academic conferences have certain regulations on the length of papers. This requires the author to modify the length according to the different requirements of different uses, delete the complexity and simplify it, and sometimes he has to bravely give up what he wants. In the process of revision, the paper can also be sent to tutors or peer experts for review, with an open mind to solicit their opinions.