A year ago, the strategic concept of building the Silk Road Economic Belt and Maritime Silk Road in 2 1 century was put forward, which immediately received great attention and enthusiastic response from the international community. This is both a realistic need and a cultural attraction.
The relationship between the Silk Road, a historical concept with peace and prosperity as its connotation, and China's future globalization development, as well as China's position in the Silk Road, can be found in Professor Liu Yingsheng's new book Silk Road.
"The Silk Road originated from the mutual attraction between centers of human civilization." This is the opening sentence of the book Silk Road. The four ancient civilizations of China, India, Babylon and Egypt are scattered in Asia and Africa. The arrangement of geographical location determines that the communication between ancient civilization centers is mainly the communication between eastern and western human cultures. This is the decisive factor of the Silk Road. In the thousands of years of human civilization, people of different civilizations conquered huge mountains and rivers, overcame huge natural and geographical obstacles, and established the Silk Road connecting East and West. Just like the glory of silk, the Silk Road is dazzling and brilliant in the history of human civilization.
Silk is an important contribution of Chinese ancestors to human civilization. This silk product, which originated from farming civilization, has irresistible attraction to nomadic people in Eurasia because of its lightness, softness and durability, which is the physical characteristic of silk being introduced to the west. With the progress of our ancestors' silk weaving technology, silk symbolizes brilliance, dignity and wealth. In the Middle Ages, aristocrats in Eurasia and even Europe became obsessed with and even worshipped silk, which was the cultural characteristic of silk spreading to the West. Silk, because of its material and cultural characteristics, has become a link and medium to communicate between eastern and western civilizations. Different civilizations and nations in the East and the West, with silk as the medium, have been communicating and blending with each other in thousands of years of history and in tens of thousands of miles of geographical areas. Today, a considerable number of people living in this world still enjoy the blessings brought by the Silk Road civilization.
Because the Silk Road is a channel connecting and communicating the East and the West, people living in different regions will take the most suitable channel. So the Silk Road is like a blood vessel connecting East and West. There are many arteries, but the main ones are land and sea, that is, the grassland Silk Road and the Maritime Silk Road. This constitutes two parts of the book. The first part is the Grassland Silk Road, and the second part is the Maritime Silk Road.
The Silk Road is the result of Liu Yingsheng's academic research and scientific investigation on the Silk Road, which constitutes the most prominent feature of this book. In his early years, the author studied under Mr. Han Rulin, a great historian of Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, and was familiar with more than a dozen languages, including the ancient languages of Eurasia. He has made internationally recognized academic achievements in the history of Mongolian Yuan Dynasty, the history of Sino-foreign relations, the study of Islamic culture in inland Asia and China. As the crystallization of long-term academic research and scientific investigation, this book is unique in its authority and cutting-edge among books on the Silk Road. The author's discussion on the combination of field investigation and documentary records can be seen everywhere, which has a strong sense of the scene, not to mention correcting the fallacy of the legend. Whether it is the Silk Road on the grassland or the Silk Road on the sea, the elements of China are everywhere. China has always been the protagonist of the Silk Road, with the richest records of ancient documents in China and the most precious works written by famous scholars in China.
The Silk Road is the product of mutual attraction between different civilizations. Throughout the ages, the Silk Road has always been associated with the "Chinese Dream" and the "World Dream". Under the new historical conditions, the ancient Silk Road will surely glow with new vitality, and Chinese civilization will surely make new contributions to the development of human civilization.
Model essay on the reading experience of the Silk Road II:
Noodles, that is, noodles, are the most common food in life. Noodles originated in China, and its history can be traced back to the Eastern Han Dynasty. Today, noodles are very famous at home and abroad. Noodles with gravy in Beijing, Yangchun noodles in Shanghai, Yifu noodles in Shandong, Daoxiao Noodles in Shanxi, noodles with minced meat in Shaanxi, Dandan Noodles in Sichuan, Regan Noodles in Hubei, Babao noodles in Fujian, shrimp noodles in Guangdong, Taishi noodles in Guizhou, clear soup beef noodles in Gansu, instant noodles in Japan, and spaghetti in Italy ... If all the noodles in the world are listed, it will take three days and three nights. And this trip to the northwest, the staple food that cannot be separated, will be forgotten.
On the train, the most popular food is instant noodles. Dry bread, washed with boiling water, added with seasoning packets, and served with a few side dishes, will be done in one lunch. Every time I eat, the compartment is filled with the aroma of instant noodles. Although I know it's useless to eat more instant noodles, I often forget my health when I smell this attractive aroma. I admit that I can't control my mouth.
After eating countless packets of instant noodles on the train, we came to Lanzhou, the holy land of Lamian Noodles. Lamian Noodles, the beef here, is famous. Angelica beef soup, soaked in a slender Lamian Noodles, sprinkled with a handful of coriander and chopped green onion, and then covered with a layer of beef, a bowl of delicious beef noodles is served. I've heard that Lanzhou Lamian Noodles is delicious for a long time, and today I finally get a glimpse of its beauty. "Shuashua shua", a large bowl of noodles was all "killed" under our fleeting attack, but we didn't even let go of the soup and continued to taste the delicious angelica beef soup. The noodles here are very long and strong, so it is difficult to break them with chopsticks. If you want to cut it shorter, I'm afraid it will take some effort.
Because the food in Lamian Noodles was delicious, we ate beef and Lamian Noodles for almost every meal until we arrived in Dunhuang.
Dunhuang's special snack is "yellow noodles with donkey meat", which is similar to our zhajiang noodles. Stir-fry vegetables such as donkey meat into sauce, and then pour it on the cooked and cooled Lamian Noodles, and you're done. The yellow noodles of donkey meat are spicy, which is different from the delicious soup in Lamian Noodles.
In this way, we can't live without each other. First, eating noodles is comfortable for the stomach and helps digestion. Second, Lamian Noodles is also a specialty here. But if you eat too much noodles, sometimes you will feel weak, and the whole person is as soft as noodles.
Over time, although Lamian Noodles is delicious, it can't resist our daily eating. Gradually, Lamian Noodles is not as strong as before, and beef soup is not as delicious as before. I seem to have lost the taste of Lamian Noodles. However, we are still eating noodles, and three meals a day are noodles. Finally, I couldn't help it. I patted chopsticks in a ramen restaurant and shouted, "Ah! I can't stand it, I won't eat noodles anymore! "
That night, I really didn't eat anything. I secretly swore that I would never eat noodles for two weeks! However, the next day, when we passed Xi 'an by train, I couldn't help but take the initiative to lead other traveling companions to travel by car four years ago. I can't forget "the best noodle restaurant in the world": Qishan spoon noodles, dipped in water, oil-sprinkled noodles ... once again, I said while eating: well, noodles are delicious, or the taste of four years ago!
Now, at home, when my father or grandfather brings a bowl of homemade noodles, I can't help laughing, but I can't stop. In life, the face is very ordinary. But without it, I'm afraid life is like a world without laughter-even less!
Reading experience of model essay 3 on the Silk Road;
In 138 BC, Zhang Qian was ordered by Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to go to Dayue's home, but was detained by Xiongnu on the way, and did not return until 126 BC. In 65438 BC+065438 BC+09 BC, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian West to contact Wusun in the Ili River valley, and at the same time to Dawan (now Fergana Valley), Kangju (about between Lake Balkhash and Aral Sea), Da Yue (middle and upper reaches of Amu Darya), Daxia (Bactria), Rest in Peace (Parthia) and Titi. Sima Qian's Biography of Historical Records in Dawan called his two missions "hollowing out", which means that he embarked on a road that has never been opened up for the first time. From the 2nd century BC, during the Western Han Dynasty in China, according to the Records of Hanshu Geography, the Silk Road had two roads, north and south. Before the 3rd century AD, there were two roads to the south of Tianshan Mountain, and the road to the south was more prosperous. From the 3rd century to the 5th century, during the Jin and Southern and Northern Dynasties, the passage to the north of Tianshan Mountain was the most prosperous. According to the Records of Geography of Hanshu, there was also a westward Maritime Silk Road in the Han Dynasty.
Silk Road and Sino-Western Trade
China not only exports silk in large quantities, but also exports iron, nickel, precious metals, bronzes, lacquerware, apricots and sugar cane to Central Asia, West Asia and even Rome. China imports woolen goods, glass, precious stones, agates, spices and cosmetics from the west of Central Asia, especially Dawan. Plants from Central Asian countries, such as grapes, alfalfa, broad beans, pomegranate, crocus, sesame, carrots and cucumbers, have all spread to China. From the Western Regions and Iran, other musical instruments, such as Zan, Pipa and Zan, as well as painting, sculpture and pattern design techniques were introduced to China. Rest and Roman wool and glass also come from the East.
Silk Road and Sino-foreign Friendship
After the opening of the Silk Road, China's friendly exchanges with various ethnic groups in Central Asia, West Asia and Southern Europe have been endless and increasingly close.
Zhang Qian is in the western regions.
In BC 138, Zhang Qian was ordered to send people to the Western Regions to find and contact the Yue family who had been driven away by the Huns and jointly attack the Huns. Zhang Qian and his party set out from Chang 'an and went west via Longxi. After they came to the Hexi Corridor, they were discovered by tarquin in the occupied area. Zhang Qian and his party were all captured.
After the Huns Khan knew the purpose of Zhang Qian's Western Expedition, he dispersed them to herd sheep and release horses, which was strictly controlled by the Huns. Back in Zhang Qian, I married a Hun woman, one to spy on him, and the other to induce him to surrender. However, Zhang Qian is unyielding.
Eleven Spring and Autumn Periods passed, and Zhang Qian took the opportunity to escape from the Xiongnu territory with his personal entourage Gan Fu, and continued the Western Expedition. After going through all kinds of hardships, I finally crossed the desert Gobi, crossed the snow-covered green ridge (now Pamir Plateau) and came to Dawan State (now Fergana). The king warmly received Zhang Qian and helped him to Kangju (now Samarkand), Da Yue and Daxia. However, Da Yue lived and worked in peace and contentment in the upper reaches of Amu Darya, and did not want to crusade against Xiongnu in the east. Zhang Qian failed to complete the mission of forming an alliance with Dayue family to attack Xiongnu, but he gained a great deal of knowledge about human geography of western countries.
Zhang Qian was captured by Xiongnu again on his way back to the East, and then he designed to escape. 13 later, return to Chang 'an. This trip to the Western Regions made people living in the hinterland of the Central Plains understand the reality of the Western Regions, inspired the ambition of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty to "expand the territory" and launched a series of wars against the Huns.
In BC 1 19, in order to further contact with Wusun, the Han Dynasty broke off the "Xiongnu's right-hand man" and sent Zhang Qian to the Western Regions again. This time, Zhang Qian took more than 300 people and arrived in Wusun smoothly. He also sent envoys to visit Kangju, Dawan, Da Yue, Daxia, Rest in Peace (now Iran), Body Poison (now India) and other countries. However, due to the civil strife in Wusun, the purpose of the alliance was not achieved. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty sent Huo Qubing to attack the Xiongnu with heavy troops, wiped out the Xiongnu occupying Hexi Corridor and Mobei, established four counties and two customs in Hexi, and opened the Silk Road.
Zhang Qian braved difficulties and obstacles, sent two missions to the western regions, communicated the traffic arteries in the interior of Asia, officially started friendly exchanges with western European countries, promoted extensive economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West, and opened up the Silk Road, making him the first person in China to go to the world.
Ban Chao joined the army.
"Ban Chao is not ambitious and often wants to serve Zhang Qian in a foreign country and serve the battlefield, so he voted for the army." (Biography of Ban Chao in the Later Han Dynasty)
Xiongnu is a nomadic people in northern China. They are good at riding and shooting, brave and good at fighting. They fly like birds, arrive instantly, retreat like smoke, and disappear instantly. When the autumn is crisp, the horses are fat and plundered everywhere, and the Central Plains region is unbearable. There are more than 50 small countries in the western regions, all controlled by Xiongnu. To effectively resist the invasion of Xiongnu, we must control the countries in the western regions and cut off the Xiongnu's arms.
In 73 AD, Dou Gu, the conductor of Ban Chao, attacked the Xiongnu and asked Ming Di to send him to the Western Regions. We arrived in Shanshan first, and the king followed respectfully. Ban Chao concluded that the Huns also sent messengers. The situation is critical, so it is better to strike first. Ban Chao concentrated his entourage of 36 people, and burned down the residence of Xiongnu messengers at night, killing more than 30 people and burning 100 people. Shanshan shocked the whole country and was first returned to Han. Then, Ban Chao sent non-stop missions to Khotan and Shule to subdue the two countries, crushed the attack of Yanqi and Qiuci commanded by Xiongnu, and restored the relationship with the Han Dynasty, which had been interrupted for 65 years.
Ban Chao is determined to stay in the Western Regions for a long time. Since 87 AD, the rebellion in shache and other countries has been put down successively, and the attack of 70,000 people of Da Yue Dynasty has been repelled, thus protecting the security of countries in the southern part of the Western Regions and the smooth flow of the Silk Road. In 9 1 ~ 94, Qiuci, Gu Mo, Wensu, Yanqi, Yuli, Shu Wei and other countries surrendered to the Han Dynasty, and all 50 countries in the western regions belonged to the Han Dynasty. Zhang Han named Ban Chao as Dingyuan Hou. Since then, the western regions have been stable, and the Huns dare not go south.
Ban Chao's 32-year mission to the Western Regions has integrated the Western Regions with the Mainland and made great contributions to the founding of the Chinese nation.
Xuanzang, a Buddhist monk.
Xuanzang was a famous monk, a devout Buddhist and an outstanding translator in the Tang Dynasty. He is also a world-famous traveler and a great writer who describes the situation along the ancient Silk Road in the most comprehensive way. After three years of zhenguan, I deeply feel that Buddhism and Taoism are different and it is difficult to draw a conclusion. He vowed to go to the west and learn from the Buddhist scriptures in Tianzhu (ancient India) to "dispel doubts". In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan, he returned to Chang 'an with 657 classics and was warmly welcomed. Emperor Taizong placed him in the Gianji Translation Temple built by Prince Li Zhi, and built a pagoda in the temple to collect the scriptures he brought back, which is now the Xi 'an Wild Goose Pagoda.
Xuanzang went abroad from the middle line of the Silk Road in the Western Regions and returned home from the southern line of the Western Regions. It lasted 17 years and traveled to more than 30 countries with a journey of more than 50,000 miles, which greatly promoted the cultural exchanges between the Central Plains and the Western Regions, and between China and India. His "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang" recorded the experiences along the way, which provided us with extremely valuable information about the historical situation of the western regions, Central Asia, Pakistan and India and the face of the Silk Road. It is a world-famous historical and geographical masterpiece with great scientific value. Xuanzang was proficient in Sanskrit and Chinese, and his translation was accurate and informative, which created a new generation of translation style and trained many translation elites, which made the translation level in the prosperous Tang Dynasty reach a considerable height. Xuanzang has relations with Buddhist scholars in Japan and Silla (North Korea) and has great influence in the world.
The story of his journey to the west to learn from the scriptures was widely circulated among the people and became a myth. Later, Wu Cheng'en, a writer in Ming Dynasty, wrote the novel The Journey to the West. The Monkey King, Pig Bajie and Friar Sand, Tang Priest's disciples, became well-known literary images. Xuanzang is an ancient historical figure in China and enjoys a high reputation in world history and international communication.
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