Paper Keywords: social security level, total social security expenditure GDP
This paper will evaluate the level of social security in China by analyzing the current situation and indicators of social security in China. To maintain the moderate level of social security in China, we should correctly handle the relationship between social security and economic development; Increase the proportion of social security expenditure to GDP; Focus on the establishment of rural minimum living security and new cooperative medical care, and comprehensively promote the construction of rural social security system; Reform and improve the urban social security system and adhere to the principle of "up and down".
The level of social security is one of the key elements of the social security system, which is of great significance to the establishment, perfection and operation of the social security system. A moderate level of social security plays a positive role in the development of national economy, society and social security itself. This paper will evaluate the current level of social security in China by analyzing the current situation and indicators of social security in China.
I. Levels and indicators of social security
The level of social security refers to the level of social security enjoyed by members of a country or region in a certain period of time. Western countries generally regard the proportion of total social security expenditure to GDP as the main index to measure the level of social security. Among them, the total social security expenditure refers to the sum of various social security expenses actually spent by a country or region in a certain period of time. The proportion of total social security expenditure to GDP reflects the degree to which the economic resources of a country or region are used to improve the social security treatment level of residents.
There is no single standard to judge whether the level of social security is appropriate. The factors to be considered are: whether the social security system guarantees citizens a certain level of economic life and can resist irresistible social risks; Whether the social security expenditure is compatible with the level of national economic and social development, and whether it is compatible with the affordability of all aspects of society; Whether the social security structure is compatible with the industrial layout of the national economy; Whether the level of social security helps to promote employment and the formation of a unified labor market; Wait a minute.
Second, a moderate analysis of the level of social security in China
(A) domestic scholars on the level of social security in China.
For a long time, China's social security has been decentralized, and the statistics of social security level lack a standardized index system, and different experts have different calculations of China's social security level. Taking 1994 as an example, Professor Zheng Gongcheng calculated that the social security level in that year was 7. 13%, and with other non-statistical factors, the social security level was 10% ~ 12%. Professor Mu Huaizhong's small caliber is 5.09%, the medium caliber (including residential investment) is 1 1.53%, and the large caliber (including residential investment and price subsidy) is as high as 12.73%. According to Professor Mu Huaizhong's calculation, although China's per capita GDP is lower than that of western industrialized countries in the 1960s, China's medium-sized social security level (including housing investment but excluding price subsidies) is not inferior to their level in the 1960s.
(B) China's international comparative study of the level of social security.
Taking the developed countries of market economy as reference, it is generally believed that the current level of social security in China is low. For example, 199 1, the social security expenditure of Sweden, Britain and the United States accounts for 56.4%, 3 1.8% and 28.7% of the central fiscal expenditure respectively. However, China's social security expenditure in 200 1 year only accounted for 8.34% of the central fiscal expenditure.
Compared with countries with similar GDP per capita in China, in 2002, China's GDP per capita was close to $65,438+0,000, and the proportion of social security expenditure in GDP in that year was 5.47%. In countries close to China's GDP per capita, such as Bolivia, Kazakstan and Russian, the proportion of social security expenditure in GDP is 5.5%, 8.49% and 9.55% respectively. Therefore, the level of social security in China is neither too high nor too low.
(C) Comparative analysis of urban and rural social security level
Due to the long-term implementation of the dual social structure between urban and rural areas in China, cities and towns have almost formed a relatively independent system, which has a welfare system similar to that of western developed countries and enjoys relatively perfect social security services characterized by high employment, high subsidies and low income. However, rural residents only have social security based on rural collective economy, with social relief, "five guarantees" support and cooperative medical care as the core, but they do not enjoy social security in the real modern sense, and the level of social security is low. To a certain extent, the higher social security level in cities and towns is at the expense of the rural security level.