The first poem was written by Richard Corey by Edwin Arlington Robinson:
Every time Richard Corrie walks into the city,
We, the people in the street, opened our eyes wide:
He is a real gentleman from head to toe,
Delicate and slim, personable.
His clothes are always simple and elegant,
He always speaks softly,
When he greets people, people can't help it.
Charming, he walks brilliantly.
He's rich-yeah, richer than the prince-
Read all kinds of knowledge admirably,
In a word, he is everywhere,
Everyone wants his blessing.
We work hard and wait for good luck,
There was no meat to eat for a whole month, and bread was annoying.
Richard colley, on a quiet summer night,
Go home and shoot you in the head.
This poem has no discussion and no lyric, but only depicts the suicide of a man who has no worries about food and clothing and is regarded as happy by people. "We", having no meat to eat and disgusting bread, didn't die, but the rich and powerful man committed suicide. What is all this about? The poet didn't say that the whole poem has a strong drama direction: the drama came to an abrupt end with a sentence "Go home and shoot you in the head", and the drama conflict reached its climax here.
The second poem is william carlos williams's "Tramp":
Their most precious asset—
Their freedom—
back of a hand
After a shiny green coat. Too high, eyes.
Hanging down—
Sunshine filtering
Wet clouds, thick grass—
Oriole!
Hungry as an oriole.
At the beginning of this poem, it seems to appreciate the life of a tramp, but it shows ambition. The last five words "hungry as an oriole" dramatized the description of the whole poem at once. Five words write the essence of the tragedy of tramp life.
The third poem was written by Rachel Lindsay. He is a modern poet. He recited poems along the way and set music for them. His poems are closer to the masses and drama. Please read his What Does the Moon See:
Two politicians met in the moonlight,
This kind of relaxation is mostly fake.
They looked around the grassland,
His face is tense.
Over the years, their methods have been different.
But it is also a disaster for the country and the people.
But they are very polite,
All people are great men in their eyes.
They sat under the fence,
Without a word, just smoking,
A small bag was handed over, and the next day,
The political deadlock has disappeared.
In this poem, we see two clowns performing an ugly play. American politics may be made up of such ugly dramas. The filth of "democracy" in American politics is self-evident.
The fourth poem was written by Xu. Xu, former Deputy Secretary of State in Roosevelt's administration, opposed fascism and did some good things in his political career. He won the American Poetry Award three times in a row. The name of the dramatic poem he wrote is "Contemporary Major Discoveries":
Writer: We will die.
Reader: Not bad!
Writer: We
Get up, get out of the bedroom and get out of the chair.
Nobody remembers us.
Reader: Maybe. It's been a long time.
People found a mirror in the cupboard—
Whose? She? Memories jingle ...
Writer: We can't leave any memories.
Reader: Son? Daughter?
Writer: They will die, too, one by one. house
Take the furniture away and plant it in the yard when you sell it.
Different flowers.
Reader: Then God, God remembers us.
Writer: How does he remember? Think about this earth.
This is a land of bones. Next to human teeth
This is a spike. No bone deposits can be seen.
Reader: But we have lived. We abandoned life.
Writer: What is a person's life like? A ridiculous joke—
An incomprehensible sob.
Reader: Absurd? Our whole lives?
Writer: Because we will die.
Reader: But sir, sir, that's why we love life.
Writer: Why?
Reader: Because we will die!
Writer: That's true.
This poem simulates a dramatic dialogue between a reader with common sense and a writer who shows off tragedy, and expresses the poet's thoughts. Due to the dramatic treatment of this poem, a boring proposition has become much more vivid.
The other two poems, The Event and The Night Is Mine, were written by novelist and poet Robert Pan Warren.
event
Nigger; Old, one
Woman, as if this is not bitter enough, this is another one.
Poor man, there is a big hole in the sole of his shoe.
(I see very clearly, you
Lying on the ground, right foot); add
Loneliness (daughter in the distance)
Detroit, I haven't heard from you in three years. son
In the prison upstream of the river, at least I know
Where is he? ) No friends or relatives, plus.
Be fired (today,
This is so unfair, damn it
Jewish woman-I can't say it at all.
Why did I open the damn thing?
Wallet, just look at my skin color.
I feel like I) have become such a person.
It's really hard (yes, it's sixty-eight,
What does it have to be?
That's it. Yes, look at it.
Mirror, that's it.
Yourself, how many years?
No prayers? ) Just live.
That's enough.-Oh, my God,
Living alone is enough, why do people have to pee (indeed!
What's going on) from your body
Press out with 1957 yellow car.
Cadillac, by a man
Puerto Rican, he's from
New jersey?
Why is he not white?
This poem uses the protagonist's psychological monologue to write a tragedy: the protagonist in the poem is a black old woman who tries to get herself injured by a car and get compensation. As a result, she was disappointed that the driver was not "pure white" (that is, he was unlikely to have money).
The night is my own.
The night is my own. This day belongs to everyone. sky
Like a pair of pants, you can buy them everywhere. You bought a pair.
After a day's mistake, you put your pants
Hanging on the back of the chair, it shines in the small room of the hotel.
But it won't keep you awake. Jack woke up. Ah, warden,
Give me some more morphine, you and me
It's all meat. Your office is dark and your phone is on.
Just like if you have something to say, it will say.
It doesn't like you, because every night has its own story, and it is very happy.
There is always pain. Jack is considering his own happiness. He's moving.
Khan, oh warden
Give me some more morphine. What did I feel
As soft as a feather, I said to myself, and
Blood cells grind in the blood stream like pebbles.
In the stream, use this, I know.
Comets are having a meeting. They use cold blue fingers.
Comb their hair, their tears are very precious, so
My head exploded like a robber's funeral, but it was noisy.
It's no use. Jack is awake anyway. Oh, warden, give me some more morphine,
Your wife will cry when you come home tonight. herself
I don't know why I cried, but the spider's compound eye saw it.
How many times has the world shed blood? Spiders are hairy, just like Jesus the Jew.
It's like a peach being smashed, you've tasted the blood of spiders, and
The spider is still smiling. It can understand. Jack woke up, oh, warden,
Another shot of morphine. Your father is not dead.
He's crawling out of the coffin, beside your bed, in the dark,
Your old dog is sighing, and its tail is beating painfully like a conscience. It wants to
Find an old friend, even if you take him to the vet now.
He will forgive you, too, because the time has come and he has had enough. Oh, warden,
Have another morphine. This summer is so scary and sweaty.
Bite my eyes, pills are useless, and there is a fire on the mountain at night. manager
There must be a little change here. Jack's case is fair.
One of many. I'll look into it, I'll tell you. anyway/no matter what/ in any case
The night is your own, the night is your own. Many nights, warden,
Don't think the law can't control you.
This poem is a dramatic monologue about an old prisoner, Jack, who is very ill and in pain and needs morphine. Through the constant demands of the old prisoners, I wrote the painful feelings of the old prisoners. This kind of dramatic monologue poem has a sense of rhythm and internal structure, which makes the expression of the poem restrained and powerful.
The poems quoted here are all overall drama poems, and then look at the poems that use drama as part of rhetoric.
Regarding the local drama of a poem, Taiwan Province poet and critic Li Yinghao said: "The repetition of sound and meaning, the change of grammar, the contradiction and contrast between one part of the poem and another part or the whole, and the appearance of each other are all ways to enhance the tension in the poem. Connotation and extension are equally powerful, just like a sun, which contains all the sources of light and heat and radiates in all directions at the same time. It is because of this dramatic tension that poetry is rigorous, profound and powerful. " "Tension constitutes the' drama' that must exist in poetry (only depends on quantity). "Dramatic" does not necessarily mean conflict. Contradictions and conflicts are only one factor that constitutes drama. The so-called "drama" in modern poetry is a combination of elements with different trends. " As an example, Li Yinghao quoted Fang Xin's silent song Narcissus as proof:
..... Winter science paradise is carved glass in Zhang Jingliang;
A cluster of daffodils is burning in the back with a hot cold flame.
Echo, your name is a pair of beautiful new shoes.
Let me embark on a painful and happy journey every morning. ...
Boiling cold is a strange maze.
Every step I take breaks a box of novel mistakes.
Echo, your eyes are a translucent mirror.
When I turned around, I saw that I was walking in my own ignorance.
I walk with my head.
As far as contradictory grammar is concerned, Ye's so-called "absurd and true feelings", such as "cold flame", "painful joy", "boiling cold" and "walking on the head", have a kind of drama and a tension that supports the whole poem. This is Li Yinghao's point of view.
Regarding the drama of poetry, another poet's poem written by Li Ying is Roman's poem. He believes that the tension in his poems lies not in the contradictory situation, but in the high imagery of his tragedy (the existence of various people), which is not only tense (emotional tension, more than language tension), but also deep pressure (pressure):
No one knows that the sun will die on that day.
People can't call themselves out when they lie on overlapping negations.
(See Death of the City)
His poetic mood is full of tragic tension. Driven by the tragic consciousness, the creators combine different elements, which is the creative spirit and style that Li Yinghao thinks should be paid special attention to.
From the above poetics of Li Yinghao, we can find that the skills of modern poetry and the tragic consciousness of modern poets are prone to tension, which constitutes the drama of poetry.
As for creating "poetic tension" with local drama in poetry, Paine Warren, a novelist, poet and new criticism poetry critic, pointed out that tension exists between poetic rhyme (referring to the melody of poetry) and pronunciation (this is Li Yinghao's annotation). In my understanding, when rhyming sentences refer to poetry, rhyming poetry breaks the rhythm, which forms irregularity, thus forming a gap with readers' expectations and creating tension. -Chen Jianping's note), there is tension between rhyme and language (here refers to the change of rhyme position of poetry. In English poetry, in addition to the rhyme of the foot, the rhyme of the last word of a sentence, there is also the rhyme of the waist, the rhyme of a certain position in the middle of the poem, so there is the change of rhyme and the arrangement of the poem, that is, the change of language. The two are not synchronized, resulting in changes and tension. -Chen Jianping); It exists between the special and the general, between the abstract and the concrete, and even between the simplest metaphors. Exists between beauty and ugliness; Irony and mutual forgiveness between the lines; Exists between prose language and arranged poems. ...
In this regard, Li Yinghao added.
Tension also exists in:
Especially ironic between;
Between contradictory modification methods;
The paradox between absurdity and truth (the so-called Zen master Ye said, "Look at the sun in the rain, and think of a clear spring in the fire") (Chen Note: here refers to absurd language)
Between repetition and sentence variation;
Between a condensed image and other images of poetry;
Between the ambiguity and borrowing of a word (that is, "flying white" and homophonic and borrowing techniques in rhetoric)
Between countless columns of themes and whole poems;
Between animation and appearance;
Between the chain and omission of events in poetry (in metaphysical poetry, the chain of events in poetry tends to be in different secret realms);
Perfect combination of form and content;
Between inner connection and flow ... and so on.
It can be seen that the means of local drama creation of poetry are very rich.
4. The artistic advantages of drama poetry and the development and contribution of Chinese and foreign poets and literary critics to the theory of drama poetry.
The first advantage of drama poetry is that it has an internal structure, which makes the poem have a dynamic plot and a growing direction.
Regarding the internal structure of poetry, the famous poet Zheng Min said: "Only structure can guarantee a poem to stand up and survive." "In poetry, the arrangement of thoughts and images (that is, the internal structure and soul of poetry) determines the beginning, development and end of a poem's life. In the expansion type, the poem is expanded vertically; In the high-level style, poetry is spread in the horizontal direction at multiple levels. Poetry must be moving and unfolding in order to bring epiphany to readers. "
Yuan Kejia, a translator, critic and poet, said when talking about the benefits of dramatization of new poetry: "It is to express the will and feelings in the drama as much as possible and avoid the bad tendency of preaching or sentimentality." Professor Yuan means that the dramatization of poetry can avoid empty preaching and vague lyricism. ) "Try to avoid direct positive statements and entrust the author's will and emotion to considerable external things: the first principle of dramatic effect is the objectivity and indirectness of performance. In modern poetry, the singular and plural of the third person tends to generally replace the singular and plural of the first person. " "We believe that the dramatization of poetry has at least three different directions: there is an introverted author who tries his best to pursue his own heart and express his thoughts and feelings by understanding the spirit of objective things. Such writers can be represented by Rilke. The dramatization of the second kind of poetry is often adopted by more extroverted poets, and Auden is a prominent example. His usual method is to write the objects in his poems on paper through psychological understanding, and use the poet's wit, intelligence and special ability to use words to write them vividly, while the poet's sympathy, disgust, hatred and irony for dealing with the objects are only partially expressed through tone and metaphor, and never naked. " The third is to write poetic drama, which is a great project for the poet to express his views on the whole world, but only a few poems can't express his complete life feelings, thoughts and emotions. It is an epic work, so I won't say it here.
In The Classification of Poetry, belinsky put forward the concept of dramatic poetry in The Classification of Poetry, and well explained the functions and advantages of dramatic poetry: "Drama presents completed events to readers or audiences as if they are happening at present. Drama combines epic and lyric, which is neither the former nor the latter, but a special organic whole. Drama doesn't allow any lyrical expression (belinsky made an absolute mistake here, not that he doesn't allow any lyricism, but that he expresses himself with restraint and wit), and the characters should express themselves through actions (plots): this is no longer a feeling or intuition, but a character. The lyrical part in drama is nothing more than the power of a very excited character. Its passion involuntarily causes colorful words, or hidden thoughts in the hearts of characters on the stage. This kind of thinking is what we need to know. It is the poet who makes the characters on the stage talk to themselves. "
With regard to the origin, use and development of the term dramatic poetry, as well as the theory of dramatic poetry, I would like to summarize the following according to the information collected at hand:
The formal use of drama poems as titles began with Diderot. But Diderot, like western literary theorists before him, discussed drama instead of poetry. Belinsky realized that "dramatic poetry" should be juxtaposed with narrative poetry and lyric poetry, but from his example, he still used the example of Shakespeare's poetic drama. His definition of "dramatic poetry" is still drama itself, but he found poetry in ancient Greek drama. In other words, belinsky is repeating the concept of Diderot, and his dramatic poems are the same thing as Diderot's. In domestic poetry circles, only Mr. Hu, Yuan Kejia, raised the issue of drama poetry and advocated "dramatization of new poetry", which can be regarded as cutting into the topic of drama poetry. However, the scientific definition and interpretation of drama poetry are still lacking. Although the quoted poet Auden has made great achievements as a practitioner of drama poetry, the novelist as an example seems unable to explain the characteristics of drama poetry. As a prescription for poetry, he thinks that reciting poetry and yangko is a good way to dramatize poetry.
To truly contribute to drama poetry, Browning, a great poet in the19th century, was the earliest in foreign countries. He is a master of psychological poems, with more than 87,000 lines, most of which are drama poems with the theme of psychological exploration. After writing a series of poetic dramas, he developed and perfected a unique dramatic dialogue. His masterpiece is my former duchess.
Lost lover, bishop of St. plessy's Church tells about funeral, confession, etc. In China, The Sea of Poetry-An Outline of the History of World Poetry edited by Professor Bai Fei listed drama poetry as a branch born from the school of poetry and drama. But unfortunately, there is a lack of more explanations.
Other than that, everything is gone.
On the basis of predecessors, I try to sort out the proposition of drama poetry, mainly about the definition and technical operation of drama poetry. Being in a corner and ignorant, there is a serious shortage of data collection on the subject of opera poetry; Inevitably, academic theory is not refined and full of fallacies. I am willing to throw a brick to attract jade, waiting for the advice of the Fang family.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) My attempt in the creation of dramatic poems
My research on drama poetry began in the middle and late 1980s. 1988 Poetry magazine held the "First Grand Prix of Exploratory Poetry", and I sent out drama poetry papers and several experimental drama poems. The last few poems won the "Excellent Works Award". At that time, there were grade awards, such as "Good Works Award", as comfort and encouragement. Later, under the circumstance of karma, I wrote several opera poems. Today, I recorded several songs, thinking that they were confirmed by the same people-
The story about Artie
1
On a calm day, I made a gesture.
Gaze at the sky
For a long time, motionless as a memory, and then
Sudden crying, sudden loud noise.
Scared the cat and hurried to bask in the sun.
Apply for asylum
sun
warm
wind
Slowly
Glancing at the roof, Wafi blossomed, so
The sun enters the fifth season.
Someone is thinking about you. Mom stopped sewing socks and said with a smile.
I'm wearing a leather jacket.
I walked from east to west several times.
And then suddenly stand on a blank wall-
Who's thinking about me?
The signal came again in a distant and itchy way, and I looked up again.
looking at the sun
Someone is thinking about you, someone is thinking about you, someone is thinking about you. ...
* * * thought about it five times.
2
This person really wants to! The old lady's eyes are subtly.
From above the reading glasses, again.
Observe the reaction quietly.
Artie? She got married last winter ... Xiao Lu told me.
He, I, she
They are all classmates.
Rivers pass through trees, farmhouses, fields and rivers.
Sails are slowly passing by memories.
Swallows flew over the green wheat fields in pairs.
The light wheel of sunshine. The bow is looming.
When far away, when near. ...
Raise the laughter like an apple blossom and a silver bell in silence!
However-
She got married last winter! !
three
When father went out
Look at me:
-Why are you crying?
I feel scared!
As if to testify
Auntie! Auntie! Auntie! I screamed five times in a row.
Just take APC.
Father is gone.
After my father left,
Auntie!
Tears filled her eyes again.
Someone must be thinking about you.
Mother said this sentence again. what about you
Lingling, you came to ask me for the fourth time.
pace ...
Auntie! Auntie!
1987 September
What happened afterwards?
I watched the sunset when the crows at dusk crossed the leaden sky of the building.
Sunset and clouds are so beautiful that I am ridiculous.
So I got on the bus.
Set out for your city.
When the bus came into town, the lights were on at the same time.
Step into a strange night scene as soon as you step on the pedal.
Know that you live there with a man you met halfway.
But the scenery and description have been separated by time.
In two centuries and two countries, we are all strangers.
I seem to have come on a steam locomotive with Sicilian lemons.
I can't bring a 24-inch color TV into your Kochi suite.
If you put on the professor's wife's robe and treat me to yogurt.
I will step on the third floor and roll like a football.
Anticipating all this, I gave up marching on Jerusalem.
Break into a small hotel full of inferior cigarettes
Drink draft beer and bitter coffee
Appreciating the songs of vagrants, I found that
The violinist is covered with gypsy beards.
Wandering among girls again and again tonight.
Whistling a strange and sweet whistle
Let the girl's bright eyes fall on my carved face again and again.
They wear plaid skirts and beautiful shawls, and their posture is elegant.
People in red shirts kidnapped them one by one.
Leaving only the street lamp standing beside me
So quiet and gentle
Accompany me
Midnight. I walked street after street, black and white.
The street passes through the buildings in the street garden.
Finally, that's it.
Park opposite your building.
The stars looked at the wandering lonely tree silently.
The wind serenaded the sadness weakly, blowing off the tears on the tree.
The tree sighed silently, that tone
That smell made the whole building and the whole city shake-
The wind is strong again.
At 6: 30 the next afternoon, I sat in front of my house and watched the sunset again.
While laughing and talking about interesting things in the city, I carefully ate hundreds of fruit moon cakes.
At this time,
At this time, my sister eats watermelon loudly, and Zhou Bochun is a one-man show.
Suddenly it was turned to the maximum volume.
-My eyes are like black metal.
Erase all colors and sounds. ...
-I became deaf and blind from that day on!
65438+4-5 September, 0987
theme
When I was walking in the street, I suddenly met my old lover.
A peach tree full of fruits is lush.
Memories are broken by snow and slowly sawed off in my heart.
Look up
The annual rings made me think deeply and began to enter the rainy season.
High-rise buildings are lined with pigeon whistle
It always reminds people of something outside the gray sky.
Such as white clouds or blue sky.
An apple
The fields are already golden, longing for the sickle river to flow in the east.
I want to cross the street and continue that year with her.
On the topic of May
Suddenly I heard the cuckoo calling me.
I wet my eyelids for the first time.
Think of that night
You said to me.
Never part.
126 May 987
take part in a funeral procession
The trumpeter's cheeks are bulging.
Many metal pigeons can fly.
No one will turn over for me
Many familiar face holes
So solemn and sad, so calm and strange
They use eye-to-eye codes.
Exchange comments on my life.
Good and bad hard door panels are uneven.
My waist is sour and tired, something is wrong.
Because there is a beautiful daughter-in-law in a red coat, a drummer.
Blow more happily.
-Don't they think my death is a happy event?
This class of trumpeters played exclusively for me.
They sent me on my way, and this exercise has already started.
This should be the most brilliant moment of my life-
Trumpet clarinet and drum set
Come with me today.
play
Dongfeng-12 walking tractor braving black smoke.
The deafening sound will give me a concussion in my next life.
The car is coming in
On the way to the funeral
It was a beautiful day.
My colleague was in obstetrics that day.
I went to bed that day.
Never see anything I don't want to see again.
So I went into the fire to appreciate the magic of this red-haired demon.
And then rise in the chimney
Walking through the clouds, walking through every inch of air.
After that, I want to visit my old friend again.
It's a pity that I was rejected by all the doors.
65438+August 0987
Stone carrier
His fingers became stiff in winter, and he was shoveling stones with a cold one.
The dump truck always seems to be full of discontent, and he begins to feel that the hour hand is turning too slowly.
All kinds of stones stood in front of him defiantly, deliberately picking on the shovel.
These stones come from different mountains and have different stories.
Now we are all together. The stone was silent. But he still felt it.
Provocative.
He gritted his teeth and kept fighting. But the limbs seem to disobey orders on purpose.
A stone jumped on my toe, jumped heavily and rolled away.
He began to feel a stabbing pain in his back.
The little toe sends out.
He sighed and began to stare at the stone seriously. He finds
One of the stones also has a college diploma from the self-study exam and worked as a soldier.
I can also write poems, but I also have no formal job as a village hukou, so
He bent down and talked to Si Tong about Eliot's Quartet.
Yubei Island ...
soon
The second stone truck came and found only one empty car left.
Where people should stand, there are two stones that are close together.
"Where are people?" He muttered casually.
Throw two stones into the dumper and transport them with other stones.
Shop, road, go!
Since then, whenever the cars of government personnel officials drive on the newly-built S highway.
There is always a sharp jump when turning a corner.
Like a fierce horse that doesn't want to control!
"What is this?" The officials looked at each other inexplicably
-Year after year, day after day.
1987165438+1October 30th
The following are five Chinese opera poems I wrote during 1987. Tragedy, comedy, drama, absurd drama, people and events, all of them. I think this treatment of the theme does not affect the lyricism of the poem, and may give people a deeper impression. These drama poems are more complete and rigorous than the psychological drama poems (monologue drama poems) of American poets such as Browning and Auden. Most of the poems listed here are one-act plays, and the scenes are also concentrated accordingly. You can also try multi-scene drama poetry, which is equivalent to three-act drama and four-act drama in drama. Not bad-as long as its length is not redundant and its theme is consistent, it will not cause mutual digestion of meaning, which is conducive to the expression of ideas and lyrical poetry.
Drama poetry creation is a neglected field in poetry creation. I hope more people will care about this kind of poetry creation, enrich its theory and prosper its creation, so that it can truly become a poetic style that can keep pace with narrative poems and other lyric poems.
Thus, Chen Jianping's understanding of drama poetry is very insightful.