Orchids have set off a Mulan fever in overseas Chinese communities. The author recently explained to the local China Literature Reading Association.
"Mulan Poetry", so I searched some papers about "Mulan Poetry" in China in recent ten years and found several.
This problem is still unresolved in academic circles. In this paper, I try to sort out a clue among different opinions, and I will teach you a hole.
smart
First, the creation age of Mulan's poems
Now we can know that the earliest version of Mulan Poetry was recorded in Gu Yue Fu written by Jason Wu in the Tang Dynasty, and this book has been published.
Lost, but the Southern Song Dynasty Zeng Yi's "Lei Shuo" series has lost 31 articles, including "Mulan Poetry".
The full text is entitled "Mulan Promotes Weaving". Later, this poem was recorded in Yuefu Poetry compiled by Guo Maoqian in the Northern Song Dynasty, and it was classified as.
"The transverse angle of the beam promotes music"; Wen Yuan Huaying was edited by officials in the period of Taiping and Xingguo in the Northern Song Dynasty with the title Wei Fu Yuan, a poet in the Tang Dynasty.
(Wei Zengxu's Mulan Poetry, entitled Mulan Song, see the whole Tang poetry); Almost simultaneous flow
Ancient Wenyuan, compiled by Zhang Qiao in the Southern Song Dynasty, classified this poem as Yuefu in Han and Wei Dynasties and renamed it Tang Dynasty.
Work.
Most of the predecessors used this poem as a work of the Tang Dynasty. The current anthology and literary history works are generally considered to belong to the Northern Dynasties.
Apart from the characteristics of folk songs in the Northern Dynasties, the most important basis of the Song Dynasty is that this poem has been included in the Southern Dynasties.
Records of ancient and modern music compiled by eminent monks and craftsmen in Chen Dynasty. But in the 1980s, Qi [1, 2,3], Tang.
Mr. Chang Ru [4] and Mr. Huang Zhenyun [5] re-presented the Tang poetry according to the style and language of this poem.
Mr. Qi further proved that this poem was not recorded in Ancient and Modern Music Records. I've only seen Mr. Zhao Congren refute Mr. Qi.
Statement [6, 7], but focusing on the origin of the version of Mulan Poetry, it is difficult to speculate that no amount of words are convincing.
. After this debate, the academic circles seem to think that the theory of Tang poetry can coexist. "Ci Hai" and "Mulan Poetry" are both here.
In the version of 1980, it is also said that "the folk songs of the Northern Dynasties ... may have been written by descendants of the Tang Dynasty, which is inaccurate because the title has been included in the South.
In Chen Guang's Record of Ancient and Modern Music, compiled by a monk and wise craftsman in his sophomore year. But in the version of 1989, it changed its tune and said, ""
Folk songs of northern dynasties. Later generations also suspected that he was the author of the Tang Dynasty. "No longer mention the ancient and modern music record, admit that doubt is right.
Different people have different views on styles and terms, so it is difficult to draw a conclusion. Mulan's poems can be said to be classics even if they have Tang language.
After the changes in the Tang Dynasty, it cannot be concluded that it is a work of the Tang Dynasty. The key to this question is whether Mulan poetry ever
If you don't enter the record of ancient and modern music, it can't be regarded as a work of the Tang Dynasty. But if it has been entered,
It can be divided into works in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. Unfortunately, The Record of Ancient and Modern Music has long been lost, and it is believed that Mulan Poetry was recorded in.
The Record of Ancient and Modern Music is based on Guo Maoqian's Yuefu Poetry. Under the title of Mulan Poetry, there is such a comment: "Music."
Ancient and modern music records: Mulan is unknown. Cheng Weiyuan, an observer of Zhejiang West Road and an imperial advisor, continued to second the motion. "(《
Yuefu Poetry Collection contains two Mulan poems, and the last five sentences of "Mulan hugs me" are all regarded as Wei Yuan.
This annotation has been punctuated as: "The ancient and modern music records say:' Mulan is nameless. Zhejiang Province
Cheng Weiyuanfu, an observer and consultant of the West Road, continues to attach importance to it. Punctuated Edition of Yuefu Poetry by Zhonghua Book Company
That's punctuation. However, it was later discovered that Ancient and Modern Yuefu was the work of the Southern Dynasties, while Wei was from the Middle Tang Dynasty.
"Ancient and modern music records" can't predict Oracle Bone Inscriptions, so most people think that only the word "Mulan is unknown" is quoted from "
Ancient and modern Yuefu, the last sentence is Guo Jia's annotation, and the punctuation should be: "Ancient and modern Yuefu"
Said,' Mulan is nameless.' Cheng Weiyuan, an observer of Zhejiang West Road and an imperial advisor, continued to second the motion. "Mr. Qi is sure.
It is pointed out that this punctuation method is the wishful thinking of those who advocate that the ancient and modern music records the Mulan poem, but
Not in line with the habits of ancient China people. Because there were no punctuation marks in ancient Chinese, in order to avoid confusion between quotations and notes, it is customary to add them before notes.
The word "press" is found in all other annotations of Guo's Yuefu poems. Moreover, after that,
The world calls it the official title of the predecessors. If you don't crown the court, you can use abbreviation (such as "Wei Zhongcheng"). If you use the full name, you will be crowned dynasty.
"Zhejiang West Road Observer and Imperial Advisor Cheng Weiyuan Fu Xufu" was the keynote of the Tang Dynasty, which could not have been pressed by Guo.
Language, but can only be quoted; Since it is a quotation, it can't be from the records of ancient and modern music in the Southern Dynasties, so Mr. Qi recognized it.
Because Guo misquoted here. This is also one of the main reasons why Mr. Qi thinks it is unreliable. Another reason is:
The book "Music of Ancient and Modern Times" still existed at least in the Southern Song Dynasty, and both Song Dynasties discussed the writing age of Mulan's poems.
But apart from Guo, no one else mentioned the Record of Ancient and Modern Music. Most people think that Mulan Poetry is a Tang poem, if "
It's hard to know that Mulan Poetry is actually recorded in Mulan Poetry's Ancient and Modern Music, and there are no other contemporaries except Guo.
Letter, so Mr Qi thinks Zhu Guo is an unreliable orphan.
In fact, Zhu Guo is not alone. There is a Mulan ancestral temple in Yucheng, Henan Province, which was destroyed in 1943, and there is a filial piety.
The stone tablet "Zheng Zhengji" was established in the second year of Tongtong [8]. The inscription was written by Hou Youzao and contains the Shang Dynasty in the Qing Dynasty.
Volume 14 of Qiu County Records Miscellaneous Works mainly demonstrates that the "Little Lady Zhaolie" originally enshrined in the local area should be
Wei Mulan, the "filial general", should be ignored by scholars. But this inscription refers to Mulan Poetry.
",there is a paragraph worth noting:
"What's more, Wei's, our northern dynasties in the Tang Dynasty, started from the folk, and Khan's name also started from the Turks. There is sweat in this speech.
Such as language, meaning and rhyme are extremely ancient, and when it was written in the early Sui Dynasty, it was believed. My secretary's record of supervising ancient and modern music is also a cloud.
Just attached. "
"This statement was written by Wei, and it was made in Bei Tang, and it was only circulated among the people." Obviously copied the statements of Song and Huang Tingjian (see
Huang Tingjian's "The Queen of Yuefu Mulan Poetry" is the same as Wei's official position (Wei served as our ambassador in Huainan)
Non-Shuofang our time). It is not true that "Khan began in Turkic". At the latest, Xianbei monarch claimed to be Khan.
But none of this matters. What is important is Hou Shi's sentence as circumstantial evidence: "I am also a minister of the Yuan Dynasty."
Lu Le is also attached to Yun Fu Yuan. "This sentence conveys three important messages:
1. The Records of Ancient and Modern Music, which still exists in the Yuan Dynasty (The History of Song Dynasty, Art and Literature, compiled in the Yuan Dynasty, is also included in this book.
)。
Second, if he only said that "ancient and modern music records are also attached to clouds", we can still doubt that it is self-entertaining.
Fu's Poems, but since the emphasis on "I am Yuan Si Prison", there is no reason to be so skeptical, and I can only think that he is still the same.
There is indeed a record of ancient and modern music records in Shangshu, which is the circumstantial evidence of Guo's accuracy.
Third, since Fu Yuan Xu Fu is quoted from Gu Jin Yue Lu, Mulan Unknown should also be quoted from Gu Jin Yue Lu.
The Book of Music, that is to say, The Book of Ancient and Modern Music originally recorded Mulan Poetry, which was later attached.
Work.
But why did the name of Hou in the Tang Dynasty appear in the Chronicle of Ancient and Modern Music of Chen Dynasty? Actually, this
This problem is easy to explain: when the Tang Dynasty reprinted the Record of Ancient and Modern Music, the proofreader attached Hou's sequel.
Go ahead and add a note on it: "Mulan is unknown, and Cheng Weiyuan, an observer and adviser of Zhejiang West Road, continues."
, attached. "Since we say" attached ",we can see that there was" Mulan Poetry "at that time. Because of this note,
Huang Tingjian mistook Mulan Poetry for Wei's discovery, and Song people mistook this poem for Tang poetry.
I have been talking about this for thousands of years.
Second, the Mulan era
The strange thing about Mulan's poems is that Khan and Tian Zi are mixed together. Ancient note writers,
Many people think that Khan and Tian Zi are two people. Contemporary scholars who advocate that Mulan Poetry was written in the Tang Dynasty also agree with this statement.
Because the emperor refers to the Sui and Tang emperors, Khan refers to the leader of the Turkic or Tuguhun tribes under his command, and the emperor China refers to it.
It is only possible to sweat during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, so this is considered as evidence that this poem was written in the Tang Dynasty. visual angle
Mulan was a scholar of folk songs in the Northern Dynasties, but he thought that Khan and Tian Zi should be the same person, which reflected the Northern Dynasties.
When aliens are emperors; But why shouldn't Khan and Tian Zi be regarded as two people? Is there any historical evidence to prove that the Northern Dynasties?
There is no convincing explanation for the combination of Emperor Tian Zi and Khan.
Judging from the tone, Khan and Tian Zi are different names of the same emperor. "Go back to see the son of heaven, and the son of heaven sat down.
Tang Ming. Policy 12 turn, before reward 100. Khan asked him what he wanted, and Mulan didn't need Shang Shulang. "Sit by" the son of heaven.
Tang Ming and Xun and Shang are composed of Xun and Shang, and Khan asks what he wants, with a coherent tone and no turning point.
Khan asked him what he wanted, and it should be the son of heaven sitting in the hall. If Khan is regarded as the leader of the Turkic or Tuguhun tribe, there are
There are three shortcomings: first, the poem describes Mulan's family living in the south of the bustling Yellow River and in the city.
Living in a castle, killing pigs and sheep, wearing red clothes, dresses and yellow decals, calling the enemy in the north "Hu", and so on,
All these reflect that Mulan family belongs to the Han nationality or a complete minority in China, but it can't be a northern desert inhabited by Han people.
Turks and Tuyuhun people with relatively low civilization; Second, "quotient" may not be specific, but if it is general,
At least it should also refer to the senior officials of the court. Khan of Turkic and Tuguhun obviously has no right to seal ribbons, only the son of heaven has it.
Possibility; Third, the name "Shang" was only used before the Sui Dynasty. "Official List of Past Dynasties" quoted from Tongdian
He said, "(Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty) appointed Yuan Wailang three years after he opened the emperor. From then on, Yuan Wailang of Shangshu was called Shang Shulang.
Author: Zhuge Qinyong 2007- 1-9 20:23 Reply to this speech 3 "Mulan Poetry", or Assistant Minister. "If this poem was written in the Tang Dynasty, Syria, Sui and Tang Dynasties, it would be impossible to use the outdated official title. Du Shi said
"Old Confucians don't need to be good at Shu Lang", noted in Du Shi Jing Quan, which is an idiom from Mulan Poetry (Lao Du is in "
Under "father, mother, son, wife, staring at you" in "Military Vehicle Shop", the cloud says: "The ancient Yuefu cloud says,' If you don't smell Ye Niang crying, you are right.
Smell the flowers of the Yellow River. It can be seen that Du Fu's poems are really influenced by Mulan's poems. )
Since Khan and Tian Zi refer to the same person, it can only be changed from Khan to Tian Zi's foreign emperor.
This was only found in the Northern Wei Dynasty established by Tuoba Xianbei. Is there any historical basis? 1980 was issued in Daxinganling.
Now the inscription [9] engraved in April of the fourth year (443) of Xianbei Shishi and Wei Taiping Town Army can be found. this
The Book of Rites of Wei has been extracted, and this time it is unearthed. Tuoba Wei Taizu
Tao claimed to be "the son of heaven, a Taoist minister", but called his ancestor "the emperor can be cold" and the son of heaven mixed with sweat (cold).
It's just a proof of comparison with Mulan's poems. Emperor Daowu of Wei established the State of Wei in 386 AD (Deng Nian), that is, in 3 AD.
1998 was renamed Tianxing, and at this time he proclaimed himself emperor, claiming to be the son of heaven. But people may still be used to being called Khan.
Only on formal occasions do you formally address the son of heaven. Mulan in Mulan Poetry and Family Questions and Answers (Last night
See the post, Khan suited more ") and when answering questions with the emperor, they all called it Khan, but when it came to the Tang Ming ceremony, it was renamed.
The Emperor can be said to be a reflection of the transitional period from Khan to the Emperor. Wei xiaowen emperor after the restructuring, real
It is forbidden to use Xianbei language, Khan's name, and no one dares to use it again. This poem should be written by Wei Dao.
Seventy or eighty years between Liang Wudi and Emperor Xiaowen.
At that time, the biggest threat of the Northern Wei Dynasty was the nuisance from the north. In these 70 or 80 years,
There have been many wars between the two sides, which are recorded in the official history (Shu Wei Volume 103, Northern History Volume 98).
Yes, there were 20 times: Tianxing five years (402), Tianci three years (406), Yongxing first year (40
9), two years (4 10), Shen Ruiyuan year (4 14), the first year of Shiguang (424), two years (4
25) Taiyan first year (428), two years (429) and two years (436).
), four years (438), five years (439), Zhenjun four years (443) and five years (444).
Twice in ten years (449), four years in Tai 'an (458), five years in peace (464) and four years in Emperor Xing.
(470) Sixteen years of Taihe (492). At the same time, there must be more border frictions that have not been recorded in official history.
A lot. The marching routes described in Mulan's poems include Montenegro and Yanshan. Where are these two places?
It's different. Some say it's from Hebei and some say it's from Mongolia, but Hebei and the ancient capital of Mongolia were crawling at that time.
In Xixi, it can be seen that this poem is set in the battle between the Northern Wei Dynasty and Xixi. It is precisely because wars are so frequent that they need
It takes a long time to defend the border and fight, and Mulan has to walk for twelve years. (Mr. Qi said: "To Yanhe for three years (AD 4
34 years), the Northern Wei Dynasty was related to creeping. From then until AD 449, there was no war between the two countries. "No.
That's true. )
One of the bases for the Tang literati to write Mulan Poetry is "I would like to be a pommel horse in the city and settle down from now on."
The "conscription system" is a portrayal of the government's military system, which existed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. In fact, during the Sui and Tang Dynasties, the system of officers and men participating in agriculture,
It is only practiced in the residential areas of Han nationality, but it has never been practiced in Turkic and Tuguhun. It is said that Mulan's poems reflect the soldiers in Sui and Tang Dynasties.
This system contradicts the statement that Mulan belongs to Turkic and Tuguhun tribes. The key to the government soldier system is that soldiers who join the army should bring their own soldiers.
Don't bring your own pommel horse. The government military system began in the Western Wei Dynasty and the later Zhou Dynasty. "Every soldier only has a bow and a knife, and the month is short."
One. A crossbow, and an official one. "(Appendix to Biography of Northern History, Li Bi, etc.) only talks about weapons, not about them.
Horses. The system of officers and men in the Tang Dynasty was very detailed. Not only should you bring your own armor and weapons, but you should also bring your own varieties.
Life must be better. As for horses, it means "ten people are born with fire, and the fire is long." Light a fire for six horses. "("New Tang Book "
10 Six horses for one person is not what everyone needs. Let's look at the description in Mulan Poetry: "Buy a gentleman in the East City.
Ma, go to the west market to buy a saddle. Buy halters in the south and whips in the north. "Take the trouble to repeat, but all said.
Is to prepare horses, not to mention bringing your own weapons. Therefore, the pommel horse alone cannot be judged as a government soldier. The so-called "south"
At that time, it was necessary for northerners to travel far away, let alone join the army. The system of officers and men in the Western Wei Dynasty and the Later Zhou Dynasty was different.
Asking for horses must mean that it is a matter of course to arm horses in the north, and there is no need for hard and fast rules. then
The military system of the Sui and Tang governments was implemented throughout the country, and horses should be prepared.
Third, "confusion" and "confusion"
Author: Zhuge Qinyong 2007- 1-9 20:23 Reply to this speech 4 "Mulan Poetry" is a variety of poems about poetry. The language of "Mulan Poetry" is popular and fluent, with little controversy, except for the last paragraph: "
The male rabbit's feet are confused and the female rabbit's eyes are blurred. When two rabbits walk side by side, can I tell if I am a male or a female? "
There have been different opinions about what is confusing. Chinese reduplicated adjectives often
Semantic ambiguity is not surprising. Fortunately, the words "feet" and "eyes" are used in the poem to let us know that no matter what we do,
What does fuzzy mean? Both describe feet and eyes respectively. Put aside the specific meaning of complexity and chaos.
Needless to say, the meaning of this poem is not difficult to understand, but it says: on the whole, on business.
Rabbit feet and female rabbit eyes have their own characteristics (true or false is another matter), which is easy to distinguish, but if
When the male rabbit and the female rabbit run together, it is not easy to see their feet and eyes clearly, and they can't tell the male from the female. Generally used as a metaphor.
There are differences between men and women in different situations, so it is difficult to distinguish them in war, which can be described as ingenious. The fourth discount of the zaju "Female Champion"
In other words, express this meaning more clearly: "The two rabbits are very close to the ground and it is difficult to separate."
However, when Mr. Yu Guanying annotated this poem in Yuefu Poems, he thought that "the male rabbit fluttered his feet and the female rabbit's eyes shone."
Blurred "is intertextual, that is to say, male rabbits are confused with their feet and eyes, while female rabbits are confused with their eyes and feet."
That's why it's difficult to distinguish between men and women. Later, most note-takers also adopted Mr. Yu's statement. According to this statement, Pushuo,
Confusion is not a characteristic that distinguishes men from women, but a symbol of the consistency between men and women. People usually don't come through their feet or eyes.
Distinguish between males and females, if there is no difference between the feet and eyes of male rabbits and female rabbits, why bother to bring it up as proof that males and females are inseparable?
According to? And according to this statement, it is difficult for rabbits to distinguish between males and females under any circumstances. As a metaphor, isn't it male?
Women are hard to distinguish under any circumstances. Such notes are really confusing, and the more you remember, the more confusing it becomes.
Tu.
1June 28th, 998, at the hourglass garden in San Diego, California.
[1] On the Description of Mulan Poetry and Its Times, Literary Heritage Supplement,No. 1 issue.
The fourth stage
[2] Qi, Description of Mulan Poetry and Continuation of the Times, Literary Heritage 1984.
First phase
[3] Qi's conclusion should come from reliable materials —— Re-answer the description and times of Mulan Poetry.
Mr. Zhao Congren, Journal of Xinyang Teachers College (Philosophy Edition), 1 No.9871issue.
[4] Tang' Supplement to Mulan Poetry',' Jianghan Forum' 1986 No 9.
[5] Huang Zhenyun's Textual Research on the Author of Mulan Poetry', Journal of Xuzhou Education College (Philosophy Edition), 198.
The fourth period in eight years
[6] Zhao Congren's Mulan Poems and Their Times, Zhongzhou Academic Journal, 1985.
The fifth stage
[7] Zhao Congren, "An Analysis of the Origin of the Inscriptions of Mulan Poems", "Journal of Xinyang Normal University" (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), p. 1 period.
1986 Phase I
[8] Wang Daliang's "Several Questions about Mulan Ci and Mulan", "Central Plains Series" magazineNo. 199.
1 year, issue 1
[9] How was the Xianbei Stone Chamber in Daxinganling discovered by Mi Wenping? "and" Heilongjiang Cultural Relics Series "were published.
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