Optimizing economic structure is the essential requirement of modern economic development. On the standard and path choice of optimizing economic structure. It includes optimizing industrial structure, optimizing regional economic structure, melting urban-rural dual economic structure and optimizing product structure, each of which has its own internal standards. According to these standards, the essence of continuously promoting and realizing economic structure optimization is to promote the rational allocation of resources and improve economic quality.
Keywords: optimizing economic structure, industrial structure and product structure
The development and upgrading of economic structure has inherent regularity. With the development of social economy and the progress of science and technology, it constantly evolves from low level to high level and from low benefit to high benefit. Therefore, according to the requirements of objective laws, this is not only the objective need of the development and change of the economic situation, but also the essential requirement of modern economic development. The optimization of economic structure ultimately restricts the degree of sustainable economic development.
The main content of optimizing economic structure Economic structure refers to the internal forms and ways of mutual connection and interaction among various components of the national economy, that is, the quantitative proportion and quality relationship among all parts, links and levels that constitute the whole national economy. Economic development includes both quantitative change, that is, economic growth, and qualitative change, that is, economic structure optimization.
Optimizing the economic structure is determined by the current international economic development, the objective need of the domestic economic situation and the inherent requirement of rational allocation of resources. Its main contents are: optimizing industrial structure, optimizing regional economic structure, dissolving urban-rural dual economic structure and optimizing product structure.
(A) optimize the industrial structure
This is the core content of optimizing the economic structure. Optimizing the industrial structure is the process of promoting the rationalization and upgrading of the industrial structure. The former is mainly to adjust the uncoordinated industrial structure, rationally allocate the production factors in the process of industrial development, promote the effective utilization of various production factors, and lay the foundation for improving the quality of economic growth. The latter refers to the dynamic process of industrial structure development from lower level to higher level, that is, the dynamic process of industrial structure development to high technology, high knowledge, high capital-intensive, high processing and high added value. It is based on the premise of increasing the proportion of emerging industries, and its important symbol is that the technical level of various industries is constantly improving, and emerging industries are constantly becoming leading industries.
(B) Optimize the regional economic structure
Regional economic structure is an important part of national economic structure. Optimizing regional economic structure is conducive to giving play to regional comparative advantages and promoting the coordinated development of regional economy, which is an important content of optimizing economic structure. Optimizing the regional economic structure should be combined with developing the regional economy with its own characteristics, with the overall goal of optimizing the economic structure and narrowing the regional gap. At the same time, guided by market demand, give full play to the role of enterprises as market players in optimizing the regional economic structure.
(C) the integration of urban and rural dual economic structure
The urbanization process in China obviously lags behind the industrialization process. While the proportion of agricultural output value decreased, the proportion of agricultural labor force remained at a high level. Urban and rural economic development is extremely unbalanced, and the income gap is too large. Optimizing the economic structure is to melt this state.
(D) Optimize the product structure
Product structure refers to the combination of various products and the proportional relationship of quantity. Optimizing the product structure is to adjust the production and business activities of enterprises according to the product life cycle and strengthen the cooperative relationship between products. From a macro point of view, it is to make full use of various resources and scientifically allocate production factors, thus improving economic benefits. From the microscopic point of view, it belongs to the strategic transformation of enterprises in order to maintain the priority position of enterprises in technology or to catch up with leading enterprises in technology.
The intrinsic standard of optimizing the economic structure The essence of optimizing the economic structure is to promote the rational allocation of resources and improve the economic quality. Generally speaking, there are mainly the following criteria: whether the economic structure is suitable for the needs of domestic economic development; Whether to make full use of all conditions at home and abroad; Whether human, financial, material and natural resources are used reasonably and effectively; Can we ensure the coordinated development among all sectors of the national economy? Whether it can effectively promote scientific and technological progress and improve labor productivity; Whether it can promote the short-term growth of production is conducive to the long-term development of production. Specifically, there are different standards for optimizing industrial structure, regional economic structure, product structure and melting urban-rural dual economic structure.
(A) standards for optimizing the industrial structure
First of all, from the standard of rationalization of industrial structure, it mainly includes two aspects: First, the standard of demand structure. That is, the degree to which the industrial structure adapts to the demand structure is taken as the criterion to judge whether the industrial structure is reasonable. The higher their adaptability, the more reasonable the industrial structure. The second is whether the proportion between industries is balanced. That is, whether the proportion of labor force and output value between industries is balanced is the standard to judge whether the industrial structure is reasonable. It is scientific for the above two standards to examine whether the industrial structure is reasonable from different angles, and they also have their own limitations. The demand structure standard takes the adaptability of supply and demand as the only standard, while the inter-industry proportion balance standard ignores the positive influence of economic growth imbalance on inter-industry proportion. Therefore, one of the standards should not be regarded as an absolute standard to judge whether the industrial structure is reasonable, but should be comprehensively investigated and applied.
Secondly, from the standard of industrial structure upgrading, the upgrading of industrial structure is realized through the change of leading position among industries. There are three main standards to measure the leading position of the industry: first, the level of added value. High value-added industries are the leading industries. The second is the proportion of industrial output value. The industries with significant output value ratio are advantageous industries. Third, the industrial correlation effect. An industry that is greatly influenced by the supply of raw materials has an advantageous position if the backward correlation effect is great, and an industry that is greatly influenced by the final demand has an advantageous position if the forward correlation effect is great. On the standard and path choice of optimizing economic structure.
(B) the criteria for optimizing the regional economic structure
To measure whether the regional economic structure has been optimized, there are mainly the following criteria: whether the advantages of natural resources and socio-economic resources in this region have been fully exerted and whether the best economic benefits have been achieved; Whether the industrial departments in the region can coordinate and promote each other, and whether the industrial structure relationship with leading industries as the main body is formed; Whether the regional economic structure is conducive to promoting the overall optimization of the national economic structure; Whether the regional economic structure has the ability of self-adjustment and renewal and whether it can adapt to the requirements of social and economic development inside and outside the region is relatively advanced.
(C) standards to resolve the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas
Whether the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas will melt depends mainly on the following criteria: changing the concept of urban-rural differences, that is, truly eliminating the differences in urban-rural identity between "farmers" and "citizens" from people's minds; The proportion of industrial and agricultural labor force is consistent with the industrial and agricultural output value; Urban and rural areas enjoy the same social security benefits.
(4) Standards for optimizing product structure
The criteria for optimizing product structure are: the marketability of products, the higher the marketability, the better the product structure; Whether to adjust the product promotion strategy and development plan in time according to the product life cycle stage.
The Path Selection of Optimizing Economic Structure (I) The Path of Optimizing Industrial Structure
Optimizing industrial structure is the main line to improve economic quality. The optimization of industrial structure not only refers to the improvement of the internal coordination of various industries and the expansion of the output of various industrial departments, but also refers to the transformation of industrial structure, so that the social production capacity and the satisfaction of social needs reach a new level. The rationalization and upgrading of industrial structure are all around improving economic quality, and improving economic quality is the main line. Optimizing industrial structure can realize sustainable economic development and improve the quality of economic growth. The concrete measures are: changing the leading direction of optimizing industrial structure, taking increasing residents' income and improving residents' consumption structure level as the leading direction of optimizing industrial structure; Optimize the industrial structure by optimizing the consumption structure; Taking the cultivation and development of industrial chain as the main line of industrial structure adjustment will further optimize and upgrade the existing comparative advantage industries.
(B) the path to optimize the regional economic structure
Optimizing the regional economic structure is to optimize the industrial structure and employment structure in the region, realize the rational allocation of resources and elements in the region, improve the economic quality, and thus promote the rapid development of the regional economy. Specific practices are as follows:
First of all, vigorously develop the characteristic economy and improve the regional economic competitiveness. The characteristic is the competitiveness and vitality of regional economy. In the adjustment of regional economic structure, it is necessary to develop and expand the regional economy with the cultivation of characteristic economy as the main line, give full play to comparative advantages, vigorously develop characteristic industries, actively cultivate leading industries, and strive to cultivate unique market "bright spots" and improve regional economic competitiveness in accordance with the principle of doing something and relying on local natural resources and social and economic resources.
Secondly, in the region, vigorously develop industrial clusters. Industrial clusters and their inertia promote enterprises to gather in a spatial range, and enterprises gather in a limited geographical range, especially those of the same industrial type and its related industries, which are easy to realize economic externalities. The network formed between enterprises can produce many effects, such as the flow and diffusion of knowledge, information and technology; Save the transaction cost between enterprises; Reduce the uncertainty of the market; Reduce the occurrence of opportunism, etc. Industrial agglomeration is conducive to cooperation, competition and innovation among enterprises, and improves industrial competitiveness and regional competitiveness.
(C) the path to resolve the dual economic structure between urban and rural areas
The existence of urban-rural dual economic structure is seriously detrimental to the development of China's national economy. Farmers' income can't go up, rural purchasing power can't go up, rural surplus labor force can't be transferred smoothly, the proportion of industrial and agricultural labor force is inconsistent with industrial and agricultural output value, and economic quality can't be improved. The feasible paths to melt the dual economic structure of urban and rural areas are: vigorously develop modern service industry, comprehensively improve urban and rural service facilities and environmental construction, improve the supply level and service awareness of service facilities, and revitalize the service market; Unify urban and rural factor markets, including labor market, capital market and land circulation market; Determine the object, scope and level of national basic security, unify management standards, and establish a social security system covering urban and rural areas and enjoyed by the whole people.
(D) the path to optimize product structure
Optimizing product structure means constantly adjusting the production of different varieties and grades, which is the breakthrough to optimize industrial structure. From a macro point of view, it requires the state to strengthen the macro-control of product structure and use the national industrial policy to curb adjustment. Optimizing product structure is a long-term and complex system engineering. We must stand at the height of the whole national economy, take the total balance and structural coordination as the main goals, and rationally adjust the product structure of various regions, departments and enterprises on the basis of national industrial policies and macro-planning, so as to achieve overall optimization.
In the micro field, it requires enterprises to continuously strengthen internal management and establish a set of decision-making procedures and institutions that adapt to the market economy. Optimizing product structure is the forerunner of optimizing enterprise structure and the requirement of market competition and economic law. It is necessary to line up and classify the existing products of enterprises with market demand as the axis, and make adaptive adjustments around the market. Besides the product itself, the price, quality, performance, function and service of the product should meet the requirements of the market. Optimizing product structure should be guided by product life cycle theory and combined with scientific product development technology. Product life cycle theory is a science that studies the changing law of products from birth, growth, maturity, aging to death.
Generally speaking, the product life cycle is divided into four stages: introduction period, growth period, maturity period and decline period. The product life cycle reflects the changing law of enterprise products in the market. According to the product life cycle, enterprises should strive to shorten the investment period, enter the growth period as soon as possible, maintain and extend the product growth period, switch production as soon as possible in the mature period, and decisively withdraw from the product market. The specific methods are: extending the life cycle of existing products, developing new uses and markets, improving appearance, increasing varieties, improving structure and increasing functions; Paying attention to product upgrading is an important part of optimizing product structure, and enterprises should "
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