This paper discusses the changes brought by the development of materials and structural technology in ancient Greece, ancient Rome, Byzantium and Gothic architecture to the external modeling and internal design of buildings. Ancient Greek architecture used stone, and the structure was a beam-column structure system, which led to underdeveloped indoor space and more outdoor activities in ancient Greek architecture. The appearance is characterized by columns. Ancient Roman architecture used concrete materials, and arch coupon technology was introduced into the structure, which greatly increased the indoor space and had a magnificent appearance. Byzantine architecture adopts masonry structure, and invented sail arch technology in structure, that is, the technology of erecting dome on regular polygon (mainly square), forming indoor space and appearance image centered on dome. Gothic architecture is made of masonry, and its structure is similar to that of a frame, with skeleton coupons, pointed coupons and flying buttresses. The appearance is towering, the side wall is not stressed, and transparent stained glass is used, which adds mystery.