Sima Qian believes that the fate of the rise and fall of history lies in the fact that heaven helps the virtuous and abandons the virtuous. For example, Tian Chang was ruled by Qi State because his ancestor Yu Shun had "supreme virtue", and the more savage he was, because his ancestor Dayu "made great contributions to the people", so he was able to reign from generation to generation. At the beginning of praise, two kinds of rumors are listed, namely, Yu Shun's heavy pupil and Xiang Yu's heavy pupil; Then ask: Is Xiang Yu a descendant of Shun? This openness is actually a combination of idleness and gloom. It is Sima Qian's pursuit of historical roots. Its subtext is: Xiang Yu has risen so suddenly that his ancestors must be virtuous. Even if Xiang Yu is not a descendant of Yu Shun, he must be a descendant of other great ancestors.
However, for Sima Qian. It is not only fate that determines the rise and fall of history, but also the realistic time, location, harmony and transcendence of personal limitations. When Qin Zheng was tyrannical and ruthless, Chen She was the first to be brave, and countless people competed for the Central Plains. Xiang Yu thought that his rise was favored by "the right time", but he only started from Long Mu with the general trend of the world, but he didn't really get "the right time". Xiang Yu's soldiers should have built their capital here to seek hegemony, but he was concerned about the hometown of Xi Chu, thinking that "wealth does not return to his hometown, like a night trip", and finally built his capital as Pengcheng; Guanzhong is the old capital of Qin, surrounded by mountains and rivers, with fertile land and Pengcheng in the east, which can be described as self-abandonment. Xiang Yu divided the king into vassals, "addressed" the king as the righteous emperor, exiled Changsha, and ordered Qing Bu, the king of Jiujiang, to pursue the righteous emperor in Chen County, so the vassals betrayed him. Xiang Yu was disgusted with this. In fact, he abandoned "human harmony". In addition, Xiang Yu made a big mistake in his life, that is, relying on martial arts, pretending to be smart, not drawing lessons from the past, and trying to rule the world by force. It can be said that Xiang Yu can almost compete with the world on his own.
With the vision of a wise historian, Sima Qian not only affirmed Xiang Yu's great achievements, but also seriously criticized Xiang Yu's fatal mistakes. Firstly, it describes the sudden emergence of Xiang Yu, and then lists his impetuousness, mistakes and absurdity. One yang and one suppression; A sigh of admiration shows Sima Qian's infinite regret for Xiang Yu. The article describes the disputes between heroes, and it is calm; Explain that Xiang Yu started in Long Mu, effectively pulling the momentum of Akiyama; "Difficult" and "absurd" several layers, commenting on Xiang Yu's gains and losses, is deeply touched, with three sighs and lingering echoes. Throughout, the word "violence" is the bone, and the word "rise and fall" is the clue, which is confirmed by praise and criticism. However, a period of feathering is written about the violence of its prosperity, which praises Xiang Yu, is difficult to feather, and is a great shame; Self-esteem is too strong, which is the second degeneration; This is a fallacy, and it is a three-fall. It takes three years and five years to respond to those violent words. Singing three sighs will completely end the whole history, which is really a stroke of genius. Especially at the end of the article: "It is a mistake to quote' Heaven kills me, not a war crime'!" No mercy. It was in this idle place that I started writing, just like a sudden storm, when Yu Xia crossed the sky.
Generally speaking, the root cause of Xiang Yu's demise lies not in God's will, but in himself. Although the comments in Historical Records have obvious historical limitations, they also show Tai Shigong's extraordinary knowledge. Praise is less than 200 words, but it is a very refined comment on Xiang Yu's attack and success in his life. There are narratives, discussions, layers of transmission, both praise and criticism, which are extremely gorgeous and circuitous. Gui Youguang's Comments on Historical Records in the Ming Dynasty quoted Liu Chenweng's comments: He was fascinated by strange news and praised his ups and downs.
Zhu Mingzifan's "Biography of 100 Historical Records: Volume II": "The number one scholar wrote Zhu's comments: from' I have heard of it' to' I have never heard of it since ancient times', I have not heard of it (also)', and there are praises; "He Yu came back to care about Chu" to "not ridiculous", and all the words were suppressed.
Wu Jiansi's "Historical Records Papers" in the Qing Dynasty, Volume I: A five-layer turning point of praise, endless sigh, and a hundred years of expression.
Qing Jin Shengtan's "Talented People in the World Must Read" Volume 7: This broke the situation that Xiang Yu did not learn ancient times and died a fair death, but he just started running wildly, but why? Anyone who engages in one yang and three restrains pays attention to the invincible hero, and the words are even more unreasonable.
Lin Qingyun-ming's Interpretation of the Significance of China Ancient Literature Volume 8: Drinking the word "violence" with open hands is a critical comment on Xiang Yu's life, and the whole article takes this word as the bone. It is not gossip that attracts people's eyes, but is compared with violent people by a kind Lord.
Qing Guowen's Complete Notes on China Ancient Literature Volume 4: It is Tai Shigong's lifelong proposition not to talk about heroes by success or failure. Although the article is half-toned, it is not a crime to regret its ignorance. Look at its name, Bangui, ranking first in the Han Dynasty, depending on why it is human!
Qingpu Qilong Interprets Ancient Chinese Eyebrows Volume 18: Dot dyeing is a theory of praise.
Cai Shiyuan's Gu Wenya Zheng Zheng in Qing Dynasty, Volume I: The situation is broken and the style is clean.
Qing Niu Yunzhen's Comments on Historical Records Volume 2: Praise the heroic, ups and downs, which is very commensurate with this subject. But when he uses a pen, he can reduce it to an ancient story, and he can study it vertically. You know, people who treat arguments as words in Tang and Song Dynasties are very different.
A comment on Li Jingxing's Draft of Qing History: the discipline has practical strength. Therefore, compliments are only written in my spare time, just like a storm. A few days later, Yu Xia streaked across the sky.