1 topic selection of scientific papers
On the one hand, we should choose the subject to be solved in this discipline, on the other hand, we should choose the most advanced subject in this discipline. The topics are big and small, difficult and easy. Too big, because of lack of academic ability, can not go deep; It is too small. It's simple. When writing, we should determine the specific topics and argumentation angles of scientific papers, do what we can and seek truth from facts.
After the topic is determined, it is necessary to determine the topic.
The title should be accurate and appropriate, concise, eye-catching and standardized, and easy to retrieve.
A common and complicated topic is "Study on rapid analysis method of chemical composition of drinking water". In such topics, words such as "about" and "research" will not affect the expression if they are omitted. What research and research does the general contractor include in all the papers, so the above topic can be distilled as: "Rapid analysis of chemical composition of drinking water." After such a change, I feel clean, short and clear.
If the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of research, it can be solved by positive and negative titles, and the specific experimental materials, methods and contents can be supplemented by adding negative titles, so that the titles can be enriched and accurate, rather than generalized.
3 preparation of scientific papers
After determining the topic selection and argumentation angle of scientific papers, we should collect materials and try our best to understand the views and achievements of predecessors on this issue. Learn from the experience of predecessors and solve new problems that have not been solved by predecessors. In the process of collecting relevant materials, we should always think about these materials with our own topics as the center, distinguish between their right and wrong, find out the shortcomings of their arguments and the places that need to be supplemented and developed, and gradually form our own opinions in the process. The process of collecting materials is the process of investigating, thinking, studying and forming arguments.
Making an outline can help us to establish the overall concept, and from the overall point of view, test the status and functions of each part, whether there is a logical connection between them, whether the space occupied by each part is commensurate with its status and functions in the overall situation, whether the proportion between each part is appropriate and harmonious, whether every word, sentence, paragraph and part is needed by the overall situation, whether it is coherent and coordinated, and whether it can serve the theme.
4 Writing of scientific papers
Once the outline of a scientific paper is determined, the first draft should be written. In principle, we should be concise, point out problems, explain problems and analyze problems. The outline is only a preliminary outline, and it is impossible to consider every detail. When writing, follow the thinking of writing. For details such as arguments, examples and demonstration steps, it is likely that some ideas in the original outline are inappropriate and need to be revised and adjusted. It is found that some arguments, examples and arguments are not exact for the time being, so we should consult books again, think, consider, scrutinize and supplement them.
After the first draft is written, it should be revised repeatedly to check whether it meets the requirements.
A good scientific and technological paper is not only prominent in theme and clear in argument, but also rigorous in structure and distinct in levels. When arranging the structure, the following five principles should be followed:
First, around the theme, select representative and typical materials, and make appropriate arrangements according to the needs, so that the theme ideas can be clearly and prominently expressed.
The second is to clear our thinking and correctly reflect the laws of objective things, that is, we must reflect the actual situation of objective things and their internal relations, which is in line with people's cognitive laws.
Third, the structure should be complete and unified, in line with the actual situation of objective things; The development of objective things must go through three stages: beginning, middle and end. Similarly, every article has to go through three stages.
Fourth, we should have an orderly structure. The most important thing in the article structure is hierarchy. Hierarchy is the order of materials in an article. When writing an article, divide the selected materials into several parts, arrange them appropriately according to the needs of the theme, prioritize them, express them in turn, and express the theme coherently and vividly.
Fifth, it should be suitable for the genre of the article. Different genres have different structures. Each style has its own structural characteristics. Generally speaking, argumentative writing is arranged according to the logical relationship within things, so argumentative writing is mainly based on reasoning, which is the same as narrative writing. Things? Mainly different.
5 format of writing scientific papers
abstract
It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments and annotations, and it is a high summary of the content of the article. The main contents include:
1) The content, purpose and importance of this research work.
2) Experimental methods used.
3) Summarize the research results and highlight the author's new viewpoints.
4) Research conclusion and its significance.
Keywords: including narrative words and free words.
1) Description-refers to the standardized words or phrases that can be used to index the theme concepts of documents in China Thesaurus, mesh and other vocabularies.
2) Free words-new nouns and terms that reflect new technologies and disciplines in the theme of this paper are not included in the thesaurus or words that cannot be found in the thesaurus.
The main content of the introduction
1) briefly explain the main purpose and scope of the research work, that is, why to write this paper and what problems to solve.
2) The work done by predecessors in the related fields of this topic and the remaining knowledge gaps, that is, a brief historical review and a horizontal comparison of the current situation at home and abroad.
3) Theoretical basis, technical route, experimental methods and means of the research, and reasons for choosing specific research methods.
4) Expected research results and their significance.
Writing requirements of introduction
(l) The introduction should be concise, the content should not be lengthy, and the text should not be lengthy, and it should attract readers. The introduction of academic papers depends on the size and content of the papers, generally 200-600 words, the short one is no more than 100 words, and the long one is about 1000 words.
(2) Can shorter papers not be listed separately? Introduction? In the first section, just write a short paragraph before the text of the paper to play the role of introduction.
(3) The introduction should not be the same as the abstract, nor should it be written as a note of the abstract. Some knowledge in general textbooks need not be described in the introduction.
(4) In order to show that the author has a solid theoretical foundation and systematic professional knowledge, and has a broad scientific research vision, the paper fully demonstrates the research scheme. Therefore, if there is a historical review, a comprehensive review of predecessors' work and theoretical analysis, the introduction can be written in a separate chapter and described in detail with enough words.
(5) The purpose of introduction should be to provide readers with enough background knowledge, not to give them suspense. In the introduction, the author doesn't have to be too modest about his research work or his own ability, but he can't brag, raise himself and belittle others.
main body
Scientific papers are the core part of proving arguments and expressing scientific research achievements with arguments. It mainly includes the following parts or contents: the object of investigation, basic principles, experimental and observation methods, instruments and equipment, and raw materials. Experimental and observation results, calculation methods and programming principles, data, processed charts, formed arguments and conclusions, etc.
The text can be divided into several paragraphs, and the title of each paragraph has no fixed format, but it can be divided into the following parts (taking the experimental research report paper as an example).
1) theoretical analysis. Including the theoretical basis of demonstration, the explanation of hypothesis and its rationality, and the explanation of analysis method. Its main points are hypothesis, premise, analysis object, applicable theory, analysis method, calculation process and so on. When writing, we should pay attention to distinguish what is known (what are the predecessors), which is put forward by the author for the first time and which is improved by the author, and we must explain it clearly.