Construction project refers to an engineering entity formed through the construction of various houses and their ancillary facilities and the installation of supporting lines, pipelines and equipment. Among them, "building" refers to projects with roofs, beams and columns, walls, foundations and internal spaces to meet the needs of people's production, life, study and public activities. The following is the content of the graduation design thesis of architectural engineering that I recommend to you, hoping to help you. Welcome to read the reference.

1 Abstract: This paper mainly analyzes the strategies and skills that should be adopted in the bidding process of construction projects. Proper use of strategies and skills can improve the winning rate of construction enterprises and obtain higher expected profits.

Keywords: construction engineering; Bidding; Strategy; skill

introduce

Project bidding means that all bidders submit their bidding documents according to their own ability and management level, in accordance with the unified requirements stipulated in the bidding documents, in order to obtain the qualification for implementation. In order to standardize the tendering and bidding activities in China's construction market and realize the optimal allocation of social resources, the 11th Session of the Ninth National People's Congress passed the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on Tendering and Bidding on August 30th 1999, which indicates that the tendering and bidding of China's construction projects has entered the legal track.

This paper mainly analyzes the strategies that should be adopted in the bidding process. Bidding strategy refers to the means and methods used by construction contractors to achieve the goal of winning the bid in the bidding process, and is an important link in the bidding activities of construction projects. Using appropriate bidding strategies and skills can improve the winning rate of bidding and obtain greater expected profits.

A, bidding decision analysis

Enterprises may face bidding opportunities for multiple projects at the same time. Due to the limitation of construction capacity, it is impossible to practice all bidding opportunities, but they should choose from multiple projects. As far as a specific project is concerned, from the perspective of efficiency, there are profit targets and capital preservation.

Bidding and loss bidding, enterprises need to make bidding decisions according to the characteristics of the project and the actual situation of the enterprise in order to achieve the established goals of the enterprise, such as gaining profits, occupying the market and establishing a new image of the enterprise.

First of all, usually the following aspects should be considered comprehensively:

(1) Possibility and feasibility of contracting bidding projects. That is, whether it has the ability to contract projects, whether it can deploy management and technical forces to participate in project implementation, and whether competitors have obvious advantages.

(2) the reliability of the project subject to tender. For example, whether the examination and approval of the project urban planning permit and land use permit have been completed and whether the funds have been implemented.

(3) the contract conditions of the project subject to tender.

(4) The internal factors that affect the chances of winning the bid include the strength of the enterprise in technology, economy, management and reputation; External factors include the situation of the owner and supervision engineer, the strength and competition of competitors, laws and regulations, engineering risks, etc.

Secondly, if faced with the following circumstances, the bid should be abandoned:

(1) projects whose project scale and technical requirements exceed the technical level of the enterprise;

(2) Projects beyond the business scope and business capacity of the enterprise;

(3) At present, the contracting tasks of enterprises are full, but the bidding project is risky;

(4) The technical level, management and construction level of this enterprise are obviously inferior to those of competitors.

Second, the bidding strategy analysis

If enterprises decide to participate in bidding, they should adopt corresponding strategies to win the bid.

1. Grasp the information and the situation.

Information is the basis of formulating scientific and reasonable strategies. Enterprises must pay attention to the collection, sorting and processing of bidding information, and make a comprehensive analysis of bidding information to master its comprehensiveness, timeliness and accuracy. For example, the characteristics of the project, the market price of materials, the level of labor cost, the reputation of the owner, the degree of investment guarantee, the situation of supervision engineers, competitors who may participate in the competition, competition and risk issues.

2. It has long-term stability, with advantages and disadvantages.

Construction contractors should objectively analyze their own advantages;

First of all, in terms of technology: (1) there should be an organization composed of estimators, architects, engineers, accountants, engineers and management experts who are proficient in this industry;

(2) Have professional expertise in engineering project design and construction, and be able to solve technical difficulties and various technical problems in engineering construction. (3) Have the construction experience of the same type of project as the project subject to tender. (4) Partners with certain technical strength.

Secondly, in terms of economic reality, (1) has the ability to advance funds; (2) Having certain fixed assets, machinery and equipment and the funds needed for their investment; (3) There is a certain capital turnover to pay for construction funds; (4) the ability to pay all kinds of guarantees;

(5) Being able to pay all kinds of taxes and insurance; (6) Have a certain ability to undertake.

Risks caused by force majeure.

At the same time, in management, we should pay attention to cost control. Such as shortening the construction period, quota management, supplemented by reward and punishment means; Reduce management personnel and train workers to be versatile; Save materials; Adopt advanced construction methods, etc. We should have a sense of emphasizing quality and efficiency, and we should have practical measures.

Finally, in terms of reputation, enterprises should abide by laws and regulations, conscientiously perform their duties, and ensure construction safety, construction period and quality. Establishing a good reputation is an important criterion for winning the bid.

Only under the premise of clearly grasping one's own advantages can we achieve long-term success.

Step 3 improvise and take the initiative

The construction market belongs to the buyer's market and the competition is fierce. Bidders should prepare various schemes and measures according to the internal and external conditions of the enterprise, weigh the advantages and disadvantages, be far-sighted and take the initiative to attack.

Third, the tender offer skills analysis

1. unbalanced quotation method

Unbalanced quotation refers to adjusting the quotation of internal subprojects under the premise that the total price is basically determined, so as not to affect the total quotation, and the bidder can recover the funds advanced in the project as soon as possible after winning the bid and obtain better economic benefits. Usually used unbalanced quotation has the following situations:

(1) unit price of the project (such as earthwork, foundation, etc.). ) Those who can settle accounts early can quote a higher price and make use of capital turnover; For later projects (such as

Decoration, electrical equipment installation. ) The unit price can be reduced appropriately.

(2) It is expected that the unit price of projects that may increase the engineering quantity in the future can be increased, and the unit price of projects with incorrect engineering quantity in the early stage can be reduced. But the above two points should be considered as a whole. For the prophase projects with wrong quantities, if the quantities in the bill of quantities cannot be completed, and the unit price cannot be raised blindly, it needs to be determined after specific analysis.

(3) If the contents of the drawings are not clear, it is estimated that the revised quantities will increase and the unit price can be increased.

(4) The unit price is higher for projects with no engineering quantity but only unit price. This will not affect the total bid price, but also get more profits.

(5) For exploratory projects, projects with high implementation possibility can be priced at high prices; It is estimated that the project may not be implemented at a low price.

2. Increase the quotation of sporadic employment

If sporadic employment is not included in the contract price in the bid evaluation rules and there is no specific amount of employment in the list, then sporadic employment (daily employment) can generally be slightly higher than the wage unit price in the project unit price table, because sporadic employment is not within the scope of the total contract price and can be reimbursed more profitably when it occurs.

3. Multi-scheme quotation method

Multi-scheme quotation method is a quotation method which uses the fuzziness of engineering design documents, drawings or contract terms to modify engineering specifications and contracts. This quotation method can reduce the bidding risk and avoid the inevitable price increase.

The forecast fee made the quotation too high and was eliminated. The specific method is to quote the unit price of two prices in the tender, one is to quote a price according to the original contract terms of the engineering specification, and the other is to put forward an opinion, "If the engineering design documents, drawings or contract terms can be modified", how much can be reduced to make the quotation the lowest, thus attracting the owner to modify the specification and contract terms.

4. Sudden price reduction method

Sudden price reduction refers to a competitive method used to confuse competitors. Usually, in the process of compiling bidding quotation, the extent of price reduction is considered in advance, and then false information is intentionally spread, such as planning to abandon the bid, quoting according to the general situation or preparing to quote a high price. Near the deadline for bidding, I suddenly want to bid and lower my offer in order to beat my competitors.

5. lose first, then win

In order to enter a certain area or a certain field, some construction enterprises rely on their own strength to adopt a low-cost bid-winning scheme at all costs, only seeking to win the bid. Once winning the bid, we can undertake more engineering tasks in this area or in this field to achieve overall profits. When bidding for a project, the construction contractor should pay attention to mastering other skills besides bidding quotation.

6. Hire a bidder.

The bidder shall employ an agent in the place where the project subject to tender is located to make suggestions for himself and assist in winning the bid.

7. Seek joint bid

Contractors with insufficient strength can join other enterprises in bidding, especially the company where the joint project is located or the famous company with advanced technology and equipment.

8. Commitment to preferential terms

If a bidder has preferential conditions such as lowering the price or payment conditions, improving the project quality, shortening the construction period, proposing new technologies and new design schemes, providing supplementary materials and equipment free of charge, and training personnel for it, it shall put them forward in the bidding documents. When organizing bid evaluation, the tenderee should generally consider factors such as quotation, technical scheme, construction period and payment terms. Therefore, the preferential conditions attached in the tender documents are conducive to winning the bid.

9. Actively carry out public relations activities

Public relations activities are important activities for bidders to publicize themselves, communicate with each other and establish a good image. But you can't cheat the bid by illegal means.

Concluding remarks

The basic principles of bidding are openness, fairness and justice, and the procurement behavior should be placed in a transparent environment. Therefore, in the bidding process, we must follow the relevant laws and regulations of the country and make a good plan, so that we can operate freely and win the bid.

References:

[1] Zhao Laibin, Jia, et al. Bidding and contract management of construction projects [M].

Beijing: People Communications Publishing House, 2009: 102- 108.

[2] Liu Qin. Project bidding and contract management [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press, 2008:113-116.

[3] Luo Jinsong. Analysis of bidding strategy for construction projects [J]. Sichuan Architectural Science Research, 2005,31(4):159-160.

Abstract: Material is an integral part of the main building, which runs through the whole process of engineering construction, occupies an important position in the construction business activities and has a great influence on the engineering cost. It is an effective measure to control the material management cost and financial cost to reasonably determine the material entry time and purchase quantity. This is the fundamental way to reduce the project cost; It is the main method to improve the efficiency of the use of construction funds.

Keywords: material cost; Bulk purchasing; Management; profit

Materials are the basic premise of all production and business activities and the material conditions of engineering construction. Without materials, no project can be built. Correctly handling the matching relationship between material bulk purchase and project cost is an important problem to be solved urgently in the construction industry.

First, strengthening the accounting and management of building materials has important practical significance.

Materials refer to all kinds of raw materials, main materials, auxiliary materials, outsourced semi-finished products (outsourced parts), repair spare parts, packaging materials, fuels, etc. Changing the shape or nature due to processing in production and business activities. Material account ranks in the front of assets according to liquidity, and its importance can only be seen from its order in the balance sheet. It is not only a current asset, but also an inventory, and it has two conditions at the same time: first, the economic value contained in the material can flow with the changes of production and business activities, and it will bring changes in the cash flow of enterprises; Second, the cost of materials can be measured reliably, and with the progress of production and business activities, changing its own form and value will affect the economic interests of enterprises to a certain extent, and will inevitably affect the final profit of enterprises.

Building materials are the entities that form architectural achievements; It is the main body of project cost; It is the main force to form building products; As an important part of assets, it is highly liquid and can be realized at any time. If accounting and management are not correct, it will not only reduce the efficiency of fund use, but also increase the deviation between accounting records and market prices, leading to errors and distortions in accounting information. The backlog of materials will not only increase the occupation of funds, but also lead to the loss and damage of materials, and will be "retired" because of the emergence of new products. Therefore, strengthening the accounting and management of materials is of great economic value and practical significance to both construction enterprises and construction units.

Second, materials should be purchased and managed according to different varieties.

There are many kinds of materials, different access channels, and different departments have different management and accounting methods. The daily accounting of materials can be calculated according to actual cost or recorded according to historical cost. As the material price of the construction industry, it is generally calculated by stages according to the actual procurement cost under the specific guidance of the Information Price of Building Materials published by the local construction management department on schedule. The actual cost method is used to send and receive materials and record books.

With the continuous transformation of high-tech achievements in the construction industry, new materials are constantly introduced, and more and more old materials are backward because of monotonous functions, and their use is restricted because they do not meet the requirements of the new specifications; Due to the continuous development of mechanization and industrialization in the construction mode of the first warehouse network, the previous raw materials have entered the market and become the semi-finished products procurement now; From the original on-site workshop to modern factory operation. This not only brings new problems to material procurement, but also poses new challenges to the cost accounting department. Is it to purchase raw materials for on-site processing or to purchase semi-finished products for direct installation? In what way can procurement reduce the project cost? What kind of scheme can be more conducive to construction? This requires management accountants to analyze and compare the costs of various schemes in detail before choosing the best scheme.

Third, the basic methods of classified management of building materials

1 quota formulation and calculation, and indicative quota management. In the process of construction, we should conscientiously implement the quota management of various materials consumption. First of all, the formulation of consumption quota should have an objective and fair attitude and scientific basis, and must not be fabricated. Secondly, the formulation of consumption quota should be serious and authoritative, and professional and technical personnel with rich practical experience should be organized to make careful analysis and careful calculation, and personal intentions or hints should not be used as technical basis. Thirdly, the formulation of consumption quota should be based on normal construction conditions and conform to advanced and reasonable scientific level. Finally, the formulation of consumption quota should be universal and should follow the principle that universal experience is applicable to individual cases, and should not be pushed from individual cases and special cases to the comprehensiveness of the project. After the quota is formulated, it should remain relatively stable and shall not be changed at will.

According to the size of economic weight, classified management. Building materials are divided into three categories: A, B and C. Category is mainly managed by A, while category is generally controlled by B, and the total amount is flexibly controlled. According to the economic weight of building materials, adopting key, general and flexible management methods can achieve the purpose of key control and overall grasp; It can also make building materials procurement flexible. Class A materials: large quantity, but few varieties, such as elevators, pumps, etc. The number of varieties is small, but the unit value is quite large, which has a certain impact on the project cost. Class B materials: the unit price is average, and there are many varieties, such as steel bars and cement. Although the unit value is small, the number of varieties is relatively large and the total amount is huge, which plays a decisive role in the project cost. Class C materials: many varieties, small dosage, small unit value, such as nails, sawdust, etc., are very messy and occupy a small amount, which cannot have a significant impact on the project cost. Therefore, Class A materials are easy to control because of their high monomer value and few varieties. Class B materials are relatively few in quantity, more in variety and higher in total value, which should be managed emphatically; There are many kinds of material C, but the amount is very small, and the amount used is very small. As long as we grasp a total amount, we can achieve our goal.

Fourth, the purchase of materials can not simply compare prices.

The price of building materials is the main factor that restricts the project cost, but the purchase of materials is not a simple price comparison. Different materials, different brands, different prices; The attitude of after-the-fact service is different, and the quality assurance system is different, that is, the content and scope of the price are different; Different degrees of market recognition, different supply and demand relationships and different demand seasons will lead to different material prices. Therefore, the price determination of materials can not simply be based on grades, but should pay attention to the dialectical relationship between quality and quantity. Durable and high-quality products, products with high reputation and products with guaranteed quality cannot be eliminated because the price is slightly higher. Although it is a factor that increases the cost, it will also bring a "qualitative" leap to the construction project. Improving the quality of construction projects and prolonging their service life is to improve the use value of construction funds.

Five, material procurement should not be blind bidding.

Of course, we should pay attention to the legal way to buy materials. At present, the popular procurement bidding is a legal form, but it is not the only form of material procurement. Building materials procurement bidding can give full play to the advantages of demand-side market, let suppliers come to bid, and reflect price priority through competition. Correct and fair bidding can indeed reduce the price of building materials, but it also has some disadvantages. If you don't fully understand the brand, quality and price of materials, control the supply channels and links, and make careful preparations for the early bidding work, it will easily leave a loophole for bidders to speculate, which will not only reduce the purchase price of materials, but also bring a passive situation to the project construction management after winning the bid, and even restrict the future work.

Not all materials are suitable for bidding, and it is obviously unnecessary to bid for materials with one yuan; Unique materials, bidding can not solve the problem of price reduction; For materials that are in short supply in the market, suppliers do not need to take the form of bidding and sales. Bidding for purchasing materials will also bring unfavorable situation to the tendering units. The purpose of issuing tender documents is to expose the purpose of procurement, that is, to tell the other party the secret of the materials they need; The effective scope of information release and the openness of bidding contents are limited, so not all suppliers can see it in time, and it is impossible to know in advance whether bidders adopt the "joint guarantee" method. Once the bidding credibility is out of control, it means that the winning bid price is no longer reliable.

Six, the best economic batch selection and management

The construction of a project costs hundreds of millions of yuan and lasts for several years. If you can buy the required materials at any time, you don't need to store raw materials, you can reduce financial costs, revitalize construction funds, and reduce the cost of construction projects. In the actual construction process, it is difficult to ensure that all building materials can be used and purchased at any time. Moreover, most materials are only allowed to be used after inspection. Even if the market supplies sufficient materials, there may be faults or problems in transit because of the distance of the supply location, which will bring uncertainties to the smooth progress of the project and lead to shutdown and extension of the construction period. In order to ensure the smooth construction of the project, it is necessary to purchase materials in batches and store them in a planned way. Considering the influence of material promotion on procurement cost, sporadic procurement, high material price and bulk procurement may get preferential treatment from suppliers; Considering the influence of material management cost on the comprehensive cost of materials, too much material inventory will occupy more purchasing funds, increase warehouse management and increase expenses.

The funds occupied by material procurement have to pay an economic price. The more materials are overstocked, the more funds are occupied, and the more financial expenses are incurred. The purchase and management of building materials should not only deal with the dialectical relationship between the bulk purchase of materials and the actual cost of materials, but also make the comprehensive cost of materials more compatible with the efficiency of capital use. The best economic batch can bring the highest economic benefits to the use of construction funds, determine the final construction cost and affect the final construction results and profits.

The procurement and management cost of building materials is the direct cost of construction projects, which directly affects the cost of construction projects. Perfecting the control system of material procurement and management expenses, strengthening and improving the cost consciousness of material managers, exploring and finding the best way to reduce the cost of material procurement, correctly handling the matching relationship between material bulk procurement and construction cost, and rationally using the financial management tools of cost-benefit analysis can achieve the ultimate goal of reducing the project cost and improving the efficiency of capital use.

;