Content exists independently of the main text, and its main function is to provide convenience for readers' reading and information retrieval. The quality of writing will directly determine whether the paper can be read, quoted and included. The paper should include four elements: research background, research methods, research results and conclusions, which correspond to the preface, experimental part, results, discussion and conclusions of the text respectively. It should be self-evident, and you can get the necessary information from the abstract without reading the full text. The common problem in writing is that the four elements of abstract are incomplete, which are as follows: ① lack of research background, or excessive description of research background; ② Lack of research methods; (3) The experimental results are described directly, and the experimental system and conditions are not clearly given; (4) Lack of specific experimental results and direct statement of conclusions.

(2) Preface.

The preface needs to provide enough research background to make readers understand why this topic is chosen and the innovation and importance of this research, which is an important part of scientific and technological papers, mainly including research background, research status and shortcomings, as well as the research purpose, new viewpoints and main research contents of this paper. Preface writing should come straight to the point and briefly explain the ins and outs of this study to readers. The main problems in preface writing are: ① focusing on what to do and how to do it, but rarely explaining why to do it; (2) The research background is described too much, too far-reaching, and even describes some common sense contents familiar to peers or textbooks; (3) Lack of necessary literature review; (4) The piling up of a large number of cited documents is not problematic and lacks logic; ⑤ Write the detailed research results into the preface.

(3) Problems in the experimental part.

The experiment part is to let readers know what materials, instruments and methods the author used for experiments and test analysis, and should explain the physical characteristics, experimental conditions and test indicators of the experimental materials in detail. The main problems in the writing of the experimental part are as follows: ① The format of the article is a technical report, and the experimental part is missing; (2) Write the experimental part into the results and discussion part; (3) The experimental materials are not clear, some only have functional names without specific brands, and some even give brands, but they are inaccurate and lack a complete definition of important reagents; ④ The experimental conditions are not clear, and the specific steps of the experiment are not clearly described; ⑤ Describe other people's methods or related standards in too much detail, without citing references.

(4) Results and problems discussed.

The results and discussion are the key parts of the paper, and it is required to report the results truthfully. In order to explain the problem comprehensively, the experimental results can be analyzed rationally with charts, tables and other attachments. The common problems in this part are: ① the experimental system and experimental conditions corresponding to the experimental results are not clear; (2) The original data given in the chart is disordered and lacks comparability and persuasiveness; ③ Only the research results are given, or only the superficial analysis of data trends is made, without in-depth theoretical discussion and analysis of the research results; ④ The text analysis is inconsistent with the data in the chart; ⑤ The ordering among the parts is illogical, and the overall structure is scattered, which can't explain the theme well.

(5) Conclusion question

The conclusion is the conclusion of the whole article, indicating the writing purpose of the paper, and clearly answering "what did you study" through this article. Therefore, the conclusion should be based on the experimental phenomena, data, analysis, calculation and deduction in this paper, with emphasis on the principles and laws drawn from the research results; Similarities and differences with previous studies; Problems existing in this technical research; Problems that need further study in this technology; Make important and valuable suggestions. The common problems in this part are as follows: ① simply repeating a short paragraph in the article, without a description of the principle or regularity drawn from the results; (2) only pay attention to what work has been done, lacking the support of concrete results; (3) There are data and opinions that are not in the article; (4) Have a large and broad general statement.

(This answer comes from the Academic Hall)