Keywords: migrant workers; Returning home to start a business; Transfer of surplus labor force; policy support
1 analysis of the characteristics of migrant workers' returning home to start businesses
(1) The investment direction is mainly to develop the industrial and commercial economy.
At present, the first and second generation migrant workers are the main farmers who return home to start businesses, and most of them are engaged in manufacturing and service industries. Therefore, with the support of the government, they use the knowledge, skills, capital, information and social capital gained during their working hours to develop industrial and commercial services and agricultural operations with the nature of investors, mainly through the establishment of large-scale planting, breeding and agricultural product processing industries. Establish secondary and tertiary industries.
(2) Most people choose to live in small towns.
Migrant workers returning to their hometowns to start businesses are not simply returning to their original rural household registration. Most entrepreneurs start businesses in their hometown towns and counties, and nearly 70% live in small towns.
(3) Some migrant workers are enriched to rural grassroots organizations.
Migrant workers who return home to start businesses actively participate in cooperative organizations and intermediary organizations, become brokers or leaders in establishing farmers' cooperative economic organizations, and some serve as village cadres or participate in villagers' councils and villagers' financial groups.
Because of the natural connection between migrant workers and rural areas and agriculture, migrant workers' return to their hometowns plays an active role in driving farmers to move nearby, promoting the development of modern agriculture and the construction of new countryside, accelerating the development of county economy in underdeveloped areas, and promoting the urbanization process in the central and western regions. We must change our ideas, look at the problem of migrant workers returning home to start businesses from a strategic perspective, and create an atmosphere that attracts migrant workers to return home to start businesses in the whole society.
2 Analysis of the reasons why migrant workers return to their hometowns to start businesses
2. 1 Returning home to start a business is an advanced stage of the development of labor economy.
Migrant workers' returning home to start businesses is an advanced stage of the development of labor economy. As a unique economic and social phenomenon, China's "migrant workers' tide" and labor economy have roughly gone through three stages: in the first stage, migrant workers jumped out of the agricultural gate and went to large and medium-sized cities and developed areas to work or do business. Solve the problem of food and clothing; In the second stage, in the process of working or doing business, some migrant workers become managers or bosses; In the third stage, more and more migrant workers began to return home to start businesses, and a large number of them changed from "migrant workers" to "entrepreneurs".
2.2 The long-term existence of the dual structure of urban and rural economy and society
Since the reform and opening up, due to the opening of coastal special economic zones, migrant workers have formed a one-way "outward" flow, further widening the existing regional gap and urban-rural gap. There is an invisible gap between urban and rural areas and between citizens and farmers. This gap is not only reflected in the economic system and policies, but also in the spirit and psychology, which increases the cost of migrant workers' stable settlement in cities. Migrant workers can't get stable employment in cities, coupled with the discrimination and exclusion of rural people by urban people and unfair economic treatment, which makes migrant workers choose to return home for development.
2.3 Return to China to improve the investment environment of venture capital.
In 2004 and 2005, the central government issued two "No.1 documents" for two consecutive years, which provided a policy basis for fundamentally solving the "three rural issues" and created a good environment. In particular, many hard measures to "benefit farmers" have made the entrepreneurial environment in rural areas more stable and optimized, attracting migrant workers to return home to start businesses. With the development of the western region, the improvement of rural infrastructure, the acceleration of the construction of small towns, the implementation of specific measures to build a new socialist countryside, the preferential conditions for attracting investment from governments at all levels, and the increase of investment risks and entrepreneurial costs, a considerable number of migrant workers who are willing to start businesses are willing to choose to return home to start businesses.
2.4 local concepts and "root" cultural needs
A large number of migrant workers have hometown complex and emotional needs for their hometown. A large number of entrepreneurs are willing to work hard and contribute to the development and honor of their hometown, actively donate money to public welfare undertakings, and respond to the call of the hometown government to invest and set up enterprises in their hometown, lead villagers to become rich, and attract local migrant workers to find jobs nearby. These migrant workers are familiar with the resources, personnel relations and investment environment in their hometown. He also mastered the market information inside and outside his hometown, which helped him succeed in starting a business.
2.5 Migrant workers have their own entrepreneurial conditions.
After several years of going out to work. The average migrant worker can earn tens of thousands or even tens of thousands of yuan every year. In addition, they have made more friends abroad, seen the world and learned a skill, so their ideas will naturally change and their entrepreneurial awareness will be enhanced. These migrant workers have accepted advanced science and technology culture through "working university", and they have the impulse and belief to develop modern industry. The promotion of economic foundation and human capital is the basis for migrant workers to return home to start businesses.
3 difficulties faced by migrant workers returning home to start businesses
3. 1 Lack of entrepreneurial resources
The first is the shortage of funds, and the difficulty of financing is the primary problem reflected by many returning entrepreneurs. At present, the loan threshold of state-owned commercial banks is high, the loan procedures are very complicated and the cycle is very long, so it is difficult to solve the financing thirst of returning entrepreneurs. Followed by land restrictions. With the increase of migrant workers returning home to start businesses in recent years, the land supply index in some places has also begun to be stretched, which has become a major constraint for many enterprises that want to further expand their scale. Finally, there is a shortage of talents. Many returnees entrepreneurs graduated from junior high school and high school. They run their own businesses blindly, and their management knowledge is relatively weak. It's hard to attract talents, and they urgently need guidance. In addition, due to the poor living and cultural environment and underdeveloped service industry in underdeveloped inland areas, many young laborers tend to go out to work in economically developed coastal areas even at the same salary. 3.2 the lack of government support policies
Some entrepreneurs who returned to China reported that the government was inefficient. Although many local leaders attach great importance to it, in the process of implementation, some departments and individuals have some deviations in implementing policies and their service awareness is not in place. There are even cases of eating cards and delaying work, which is not conducive to enterprises to start businesses better. For example, tax relief is not obvious in starting a business, and even most inland areas have not implemented the tax relief policy for migrant workers to return home to start businesses. Migrant workers who have seen "the world" return to the local area, which may conflict with the habits of local bureaucrats and their disregard for market rules. However, the process of conflict resolution actually promotes the optimization of the local investment environment. Migrant workers who return home to start businesses appeal that the state can solve the problems encountered by migrant workers in starting businesses in the future. Introduce relevant policies and give more policy support to migrant workers' entrepreneurship.
3.3 The high cost of venture capital
The problem of poor infrastructure construction generally exists in underdeveloped inland areas of China, especially at the county and township levels. Basically, there are problems that urban infrastructure construction such as roads, water, electricity, communications, transportation and energy cannot keep up with the development needs of enterprises. Some local governments even set up obstacles in land use, water use, electricity use, and accreditation for enterprises, which makes it difficult to implement some investment projects. The additional investment cost, transportation cost and product trading cycle directly lead to the return of migrant workers to start businesses.
4 Policy recommendations for migrant workers to return to their hometowns to start businesses
4. 1 Provide financing preferential policies for returning home to start businesses.
Accelerate the pace of credit reform and innovation. First of all, encourage and guide the development of small and medium-sized financial institutions in rural areas and urban communities, and provide loan services to rural small and medium-sized enterprises as the main target customers. Secondly, insist on supporting other commercial banks to set up business outlets in rural areas or consolidate existing business outlets to provide credit services for returning home to start businesses. Thirdly, consider setting up an industry association fund guarantee company.
The government should provide credit guarantees and credit subsidies for migrant workers to start businesses in their hometowns. Set up a special support fund for migrant workers to return home to start businesses, and provide credit guarantee for returning home to start businesses. At the same time, cooperate with financial institutions to provide low-interest or interest-free loans for returning home to start businesses, and the interest difference is subsidized by the state finance.
4.2 Provide preferential policies for resource utilization for returning home to start a business.
The state can refer to agricultural countervailing measures and increase financial subsidies for returning home to start businesses. The government should give some preferential policies in terms of land use, water use and electricity consumption to start businesses back home, especially to establish economic entities that are environment-friendly, resource-saving and technologically efficient, and agricultural industrialized enterprises that have made great contributions to solving the problems of local employment, "left-behind children" and "left-behind wives". For example, we can consider providing migrant workers with land resources and hydropower facilities below the market price, and the difference will be subsidized by the state finance.
4.3 Enrich resources such as talents who return home to start businesses.
The state financial allocation will provide free training for entrepreneurs returning home and their employees, strengthen the construction of training bases, broaden the training fields, and further enrich and improve the training faculty. In addition, we can actively adopt the extension development model. Mainly through cooperation with social practice in colleges and universities, we can attract college students to enter enterprise practice, actively attract talents and guide the better development of enterprises. For example, through the coordination between government departments and universities, students can get practical training opportunities, and enterprises can get human resources in a cooperative way. At the same time, they can cooperate with all sectors of society to make use of foreign resources to make up for their urgent scarce resources.
4.4 Provide preferential policies for tax reduction and exemption for returning home to start businesses.
When migrant workers return to their hometowns to start businesses, the government should implement a tax reduction and exemption policy for a certain period of time, base itself on reality and focus on the long-term. First, it should guide and help as many migrant workers as possible to set up as many economic entities as possible, support and encourage enterprises with great development potential and good prospects to become bigger and stronger, and insist on encouraging migrant workers to return to their hometowns to start businesses. When these economic entities develop to a certain stage and have the ability to bear the tax burden, they will be taxed according to the national standards, so that their tax paying ability can adapt to the income level.
4.5 Create a good hardware environment for returning home to start a business.
The state should increase financial investment in infrastructure construction in underdeveloped inland areas, and pay special attention to the construction of infrastructure and supporting facilities such as transportation, roads, water, electricity and communication in small towns, such as actively building entrepreneurial bases such as "industrial parks", "returning business parks" and "returning commercial streets", constantly enhancing the carrying capacity of entrepreneurial projects in small towns, alleviating the extra investment pressure of returning entrepreneurs and lowering the threshold of living in parks.
According to the statistics of relevant departments, 7% ~ 10% of the total number of migrant workers in China has basically completed primitive accumulation of capital, and140,000 ~ 20 million people have entrepreneurial ability. It can be seen that there is great potential to attract migrant workers to return home to start businesses in the future, and establishing a system to attract migrant workers to return home to start businesses will help realize the sustainable development of new rural construction. Comprehensively explore the system of attracting migrant farmers to return home, deepen the understanding of the strategic thinking of labor economy, and change "exporting labor services to earn money" into "bringing back talent development". In addition, China should issue the Law on the Promotion of Migrant Workers' Returning to their Hometown for Entrepreneurship and other relevant laws and regulations, guide and standardize them from the legal level, and gradually establish a development mechanism for migrant workers' returning to their hometowns that combines policy attraction, market operation, government guidance and legal protection, so as to explore institutional options for realizing agricultural modernization, rural urbanization and farmers' citizenization.