As a stellar sun, its overall appearance is luminosity of 38.3 billion watts and absolute magnitude of 4.8. It is a yellow G2 dwarf with an effective temperature of 5800 Kelvin. The average distance between the sun and the earth around it is 149597870km(499.005 light seconds or 1 astronomical unit). By mass, it is composed of 7 1% hydrogen, 26% helium and a small amount of heavy elements. The angular diameter of the circular surface of the sun in the sky is 32 minutes, which is very close to the angular diameter of the moon as seen from the earth. This is a wonderful coincidence (the diameter of the sun is about 400 times that of the moon, and the distance from us is just 400 times that of the earth and the moon), which makes the eclipse look particularly spectacular. Because the sun is much closer to us than other stars, its apparent magnitude reaches -26.8, making it the brightest celestial body on earth. The sun rotates once every 25.4 days (average period; The equator rotates faster than high latitudes) and revolves around the center of the Milky Way every 200 million years. The sun is slightly flattened due to its rotation, which is 0.00 1% different from the perfect sphere, which is equivalent to a difference of 6km between the equatorial radius and the polar radius (the earth is 2 1km, the moon is 9km, Jupiter is 9000km, and Saturn is 5500km). Although the difference is small, it is important to measure this flatness, because any slightly larger flatness (even 0.005%) will change the influence of solar gravity on Mercury's orbit, making the test of general relativity based on Mercury's perihelion precession unreliable.
Basic physical parameters of the sun
Radius: 696,295 kilometers.
Mass:1.989×1030kg
Temperature: 5800℃ (surface) 1560000℃ (core)
Total radiation power: 3.83× 1026 joules per second.
Average density:1.409g/cm3.
Average distance between the sun and the earth:1.500 million kilometers.
Age: about 5 billion years.
For human beings, the brilliant sun is undoubtedly the most important celestial body in the universe. Everything grows on the sun. Without the sun, there would be no various life phenomena on the earth, and of course there would be no human beings as intelligent creatures. The sun gives people light and heat, brings the cycle of day and night and seasons, affects the change of the earth's temperature, and provides various forms of energy for life on earth.
In human history, the sun has always been the object of worship by many people. The ancestors of the Chinese nation regarded their ancestor Yan Di as the sun god. In ancient Greek mythology, the sun god was the son of Zeus (the king of gods).
The sun, an awesome planet, is made of what material and what is its internal structure?
In fact, the sun is just a very ordinary star. In the vast star world, the brightness, size and material density of the sun are at a medium level. Because it is closest to the earth, it looks like the biggest and brightest celestial body in the sky. Other stars are far from us. Even the nearest star is 270,000 times farther away from the sun, and looks like flickering light.
Most of the substances that make up the sun are ordinary gases, of which hydrogen accounts for about 7 1%, helium accounts for about 27% and other elements account for 2%. From the center to the outside, the sun can be divided into nuclear reaction area, radiation zone, convection zone and solar atmosphere. The atmosphere of the sun, like that of the earth, can be divided into three layers according to different heights and different properties, namely, the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. The surface of the sun we usually see is the bottom of the sun's atmosphere, and the temperature is about 6000 degrees Celsius. It is opaque, so we can't directly see the internal structure of the sun. However, according to the physical theory and the study of various phenomena on the surface of the sun, astronomers have established a model of the internal structure and physical state of the sun. This model has also been confirmed by the research of other stars, at least in a big way, it is credible.
Although the core area of the sun is very small, the radius is only 1/4 of the radius of the sun, but it is the real source of the great energy of the sun. The temperature of the sun's core is extremely high, reaching 15 million℃, and the pressure is also extremely high, which makes the thermonuclear reaction of hydrogen fusion into helium occur, thus releasing huge energy. These energies can only be transferred through the matter in the radiation layer and troposphere, transmitted to the bottom of the solar photosphere, and then radiated through the photosphere.
The photosphere of the sun is the round surface of the sun that we usually see, and the radius of the sun usually refers to the radius of the photosphere. The surface of the photosphere is gaseous, and its average density is only several hundred million times that of water, but due to its thickness of 500 kilometers, the photosphere is opaque. There is strong activity in the atmosphere of the photosphere. With a telescope, we can see that there are many dense point structures on the surface of the photosphere, which are very similar to rice grains. They are called rice grain tissues. They are extremely unstable, generally lasting only 5 ~ 10 minutes, and their temperature is 300 ~ 400℃ higher than the average temperature of the photosphere. At present, it is believed that this particle structure is caused by intense convection of gas under the photosphere.
Another famous activity phenomenon on the surface of the photosphere is sunspots. Sunspots are huge air swirls on the photosphere, most of which are nearly oval, which are darker against the bright photosphere background, but in fact their temperature is as high as 4000℃. If the sunspot can be taken out alone, a large sunspot can emit the light equivalent to a full moon. The appearance of sunspots on the surface of the sun is constantly changing, reflecting the change of solar radiation energy. The change of sunspots has complex periodicity, and the average activity period is 1 1.2 years.
The atmosphere near the photosphere is called chromosphere, which is not easy to be observed at ordinary times. In the past, this area was only visible during a total solar eclipse. When the moon hides the bright brilliance of the ball of light, people can find that there is a rosy brilliance on the edge of sun gear, that is, the ball of color. Chromosphere is about 8,000 kilometers thick, and its chemical composition is basically the same as that of the photosphere, but the density and pressure of matter in chromosphere are much lower than that of the photosphere. In daily life, the farther away from the heat source, the lower the temperature, but in the solar atmosphere, the opposite is true. The temperature at the top of the photosphere near chromosphere is almost 4300℃, but it reaches tens of thousands of degrees at the top of chromosphere, and then rises to several million degrees in the corona. People are puzzled by this abnormal warming phenomenon, and the exact reason has not been found so far.
People can also see many soaring flames on the color ball, which is the so-called "prominence" in astronomy. Prominence is a rapidly changing activity phenomenon, and a complete prominence process usually takes dozens of minutes. At the same time, the shape of prominence can be said to be varied, some like clouds, some like waterfalls and fountains, some like curved arch bridges, some like grass, and the list goes on. Astronomers classify prominences into three types according to the size and speed of morphological changes: quiet prominences, active prominences and explosive prominences. The most spectacular is the explosive prominence, which is quiet or active. Sometimes, it will suddenly become "violent", desperately throwing gas up, and then turning back to the surface of the sun to form a ring, so it is also called an annular prominence.
In the brief moment of total solar eclipse, you can often see a large white, blue, soft and beautiful halo around the sun, which is the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere-corona. The corona extends over the chromosphere and extends to several solar radii. The material in the corona is thinner, which will expand outward and make thermoelectric gas particles flow out of the sun continuously, forming the solar wind.
The sun looks calm, but in fact it has been moving violently. Active phenomena on the surface of the sun and the atmosphere, such as sunspots, flares and coronal mass ejections, will greatly enhance the solar wind, resulting in many geophysical phenomena, such as the increase of aurora, the changes of atmospheric ionosphere and geomagnetic field. Solar activity and the enhancement of solar wind will also seriously interfere with the normal work of radio communication and space equipment on the earth, damage the precision electronic instruments on satellites, cause chaos in the ground power control network, and even pose a threat to the lives of astronauts in the space shuttle and space station. Therefore, it is becoming more and more important to monitor solar activity and solar wind intensity and make "space weather" forecast in time.
Among the 1000 billion stars in the Milky Way, the sun is just an ordinary member. It is located near the symmetry plane of the Milky Way, about 26,000 light years away from the center of the Milky Way and 26 light years north of galactic plane. On the one hand, it rotates around the center of the Milky Way at a speed of 250 kilometers per second, and on the other hand, it moves near Vega at a speed of 19.7 kilometers per second relative to the surrounding stars.
The age of the sun is about 4.6 billion years, and it can still burn for about 5 billion years. In the last stage of its existence, helium in the sun will be transformed into heavy elements, and the volume of the sun will begin to expand until it engulfs the earth. After the red giant stage of 1 100 million years, the sun will suddenly collapse into a white dwarf-the last stage of the existence of all stars. After trillions of years, it will eventually cool down completely.
The source of all things-the sun
In the morning, when the sun bursts out from the rosy clouds all over the sky, sprinkling golden light on the earth, a vigorous passion will come out of generate. Seeing this vibrant world, people can't help loving and praising the sun, which is the master of all things and gives us life and strength.
The ancestors of the Chinese nation regarded their ancestor Yan Di as the sun god. In colorful Greek mythology, the sun god is called "Apollo". He holds a lyre in his right hand and a golden ball symbolizing the sun in his left hand, which makes the light shine on the earth and sends warmth to the world. He is the god that everyone worships. In astronomy, the symbol "⊙" of the sun is very similar to our hieroglyph "Sun", which symbolizes the egg of the universe.
The mass of the sun is more than 330,000 times that of the earth, its volume is about 1.3 million times that of the earth, and its radius is about 700,000 kilometers, which is more than 1.09 times that of radius of the earth. Even so, she is just an ordinary star in the universe.
The interior of the sun, from the inside out, consists of nuclear reaction area, radiation zone and convection zone.
-
Sun sun
Commonly used acupoints. It belongs to the strange point outside the meridian. The international standard code is EX-HN5.
The midpoint of the line between the brow tip and the outer corner of the eye is about 1 inch backward.
Acupuncture can be used to obliquely stab the back 0.3 ~ 0.5 inches, or to bleed in the middle; Generally, moxibustion is not needed.
Indications: headache and red eyes (dispelling wind and relieving fever, clearing away heat and improving eyesight).
Legends about the sun
Greek sun myth
Apollo, the sun god, was the son of Zeus and Leto. Hera, the queen of God, was jealous of the love between Zeus and Leto and brutally persecuted Leto, making her wander around. Finally, Leto was taken in by a floating island named Dros, where she gave birth to the sun god and the moon god with difficulty. So Hera sent Python Pito to kill Leto's mother and son, but it didn't work. Later, Leto's mother and son were lucky. Hera was no longer their enemy, and they returned to the ranks of God. In order to avenge his mother, Apollo shot Pito, a python that brought infinite disaster to mankind, with his own arrow, so as to save the people from harm. Apollo was very proud after killing the python. When I met eros Jr., the god of love, I laughed at his little arrow for its powerlessness, so eros hit Apollo with an arrow burning with the flame of love, and hit Daphne, the fairy, with an arrow that could dispel the spark of love, making them miserable. In order to get rid of the pursuit of Apollo, Daphne asked her father to turn herself into a laurel tree. I didn't expect Apollo to still have a crush on her, which moved Daphne very much. After that, Apollo used laurel as an ornament, and laurel became a symbol of victory and honor. Every day at dawn, Apollo, the sun god, will board the golden chariot of the sun, pull up the reins and hold high the whip to patrol the earth, bringing light and warmth to mankind. Therefore, people regard the sun as a symbol of light and life.
Nordic sun myth
Frey is the god of abundance, prosperity, love and peace, and also the king of Alfei, a beautiful fairy tale country. He and Walder are both gods of light, or sun. His elves do good deeds all over the world. He often rides a wild boar with a golden mane to go out for inspection. Everyone enjoys the peace and happiness he gives. He has a sword, which is radiant and can walk on clouds. He also has a pocket magic ship, which can carry all the gods and their weapons when necessary.
China sun myths and legends:
There are many myths and legends about Hou Yi. According to legend, Hou Yi was a natural archery genius. When he grew up, his arm strength was amazing and his archery was superior. There are 10 suns in the sky. Strong sunlight scorched the earth, crops died, even stones melted, and the sea boiled like boiling water. People can hardly breathe in the scorching sun, and vicious poisonous snakes and beasts take the opportunity to come out and harm human beings. You are very sympathetic to the people in pain and suffering, and you are determined to risk your life to eliminate pesticides for the people. This hero, who is good at archery, chose a highland, bent his bow and took an arrow and shot an arrow at the sky. He only heard a loud noise and a sun was shot out. Hou Yi shot nine arrows in a row, and nine suns set one by one. When he wanted to shoot again, it suddenly occurred to him that without the sun, the earth would be dark and it would be difficult for human beings to survive, so he left the last sun for the benefit of human beings.
Myths and legends about the sun in Shan Hai Jing
In the far southeast overseas, there is a country called He. There is an unusually beautiful woman in the country named He. She washes the sun in Gan Yuan every day. The sun will be polluted after dark. After he finished washing, the polluted sun will still be as bright as before when it rises the next day. This one is actually the wife of the legendary ancient emperor. She gave birth to ten suns and let them take turns to be on duty in the air, sending light and warmth to the world. The starting point of these ten suns is desolate and remote. There is a mountain in that place. There is a hibiscus tree on the mountain, 300 miles high, but its leaves are as big as mustard seeds. There is a deep valley under the tree called Tanggu, where the sun bathes. When they finished taking a bath, they hid in the branches and wiped themselves. Every day, the top one flies around in the sky riding a bird, and the others board the ship in turn, ready to go. ...
sun spot
Observing the sun through ordinary optical telescopes, we observe the activities of the photosphere (the innermost layer of the sun's atmosphere). You can often see many black spots on the photosphere, called sunspots. The size, number, location and shape of sunspots on the sun's surface are different every day. Sunspot is a local strong magnetic field formed by the violent movement of photosphere, and it is an important symbol of photosphere activity. Long-term observation of sunspots will show that there are many sunspots in some years, few sunspots in some years, and sometimes there are no sunspots in the sun for several days or dozens of days. Astronomers have long noticed that there is an interval of 1 1 year from the year with the most (or least) sunspots to the next year with the most (or least) sunspots. In other words, the average activity period of sunspots is 1 1, which is also the activity period of the whole sun. Astronomers call the darkest year of the sun "the peak year of solar activity" and the year with the least sunspots "the quiet year of solar activity".
sun
The central celestial body of the solar system, the star closest to the earth. From the center to the outside, the sun can be divided into nuclear reaction area, radiation zone, troposphere and atmosphere. What we directly observe is the solar atmosphere, which is divided into three layers from the inside out: the photosphere, the chromosphere and the corona. The nuclear reaction area radius is about 1/4 of the sun's radius, during which hydrogen fusion provides the energy of the sun's persistent huge radiation. In the radiation area, the high-energy γ -rays emitted by nuclear reaction area are converted into low-energy visible light through multiple absorption and re-emission of photons, and transmitted to the troposphere in other forms. Convection, turbulence (and noise generated by turbulence) and large-scale material circulation in the troposphere transfer the energy inside the sun to the surface of the sun and radiate it through the photosphere. Many phenomena on the surface of the sun, such as rice grains, super rice grains and sunspots, are all produced in the troposphere. Some violent activities in the outer atmosphere (flares, surfing, prominence changes, etc. ) and solar wind are also driven by the troposphere.
The sun is a glowing plasma ball. About 5 billion years ago, he is currently in "middle age". The average distance from the sun to the earth is 1.49598× 108 km. The main parameters of the sun are: radius 6.96× 105km, mass1.989×1030 kg; The effective surface temperature is 5770K, and the center temperature is about1.5×107 K; The average density is 1.409× 103 kg/m3, and the center density is about 1.6× 105 kg.
The sun is the central celestial body in the solar system, the only star in the solar system and the closest star to the earth. The sun is located near the symmetry plane of the Milky Way, about 33,000 light-years away from the center of the Milky Way and 26 light-years north of galactic plane. On the one hand, it rotates around the center of the Milky Way at a speed of 250 kilometers per second, and on the other hand, it moves near Vega at a speed of 19.7 kilometers per second relative to the surrounding stars.
The diameter of the sun is 1.392 million kilometers, which is 1.09 times that of the earth. The volume of the sun is 14 1 100 million cubic kilometers, which is10.3 million times that of the earth. The mass of the sun is about 200 billion tons, which is 330 thousand times that of the earth. It concentrates 99.865% of the mass of the solar system and is the absolute supreme "king". However, in the universe, it is just an ordinary star of medium mass.
The sun is a hot gas planet without a solid star or core. From the center to the edge, the sun can be divided into nuclear reaction area, radiation zone, convection zone and atmosphere. 99% of its energy is generated by thermonuclear reaction in central nuclear reaction area. The density and temperature in the center of the sun are extremely high. The main components of the solar atmosphere are hydrogen (about 7 1 mass%) and helium (about 27 mass%). The sun's atmosphere can be divided into three layers: photosphere, chromosphere and corona.
The internal structure of the sun
The interior of the sun can be divided into three layers: core region, radiation region and convection region.
The energy of the sun comes from its core. The core temperature of the sun is as high as 654.38+05 million degrees Celsius, and the pressure is equivalent to 250 billion atmospheres. The gas in the core area is extremely compressed to 150 times the density of water. Nuclear fusion is taking place here, and 700 million tons of hydrogen is converted into helium every second. In this process, about 5 million tons of net energy (about 3.86 trillion megajoules, followed by 26 zeros) is released. The energy produced by fusion is transferred by convection and radiation. The energy generated by the core takes millions of years to reach the surface.
The radiation area is wrapped outside the core area.
The gas in this layer is also in a state of high temperature and high pressure (but lower than that in the core region), and the frequent collisions between particles make it take a long time (millions of years) for the energy generated in the core region to pass through this layer and reach the convection region.
Outside the radiation zone is the convection zone.
The energy transfer in convection zone is much faster than that in radiation zone. A large amount of gas in this layer transports energy by convection. It's a bit like boiling water, where the heated part rises and the cooled part falls. The bubble-like structure produced by convection is the "granular structure" we see in the photosphere of the solar atmosphere.
The sun is a hot gas planet, and it glows and heats itself. Its surface temperature is about 6000 degrees Celsius, and its center temperature is as high as150,000 degrees Celsius. The radius of the sun is about 696,000 kilometers, which is about 109 times that of radius of the earth. Its mass is 1.989× 1027 tons, which is about 332000 times that of the earth. The average density of the sun is1.4g per cubic centimeter, which is about 1/4 of the density of the earth. The average distance between the sun and the earth is about1.500 million kilometers.
The sun is an ordinary star in the Milky Way, located on the spiral arm of Orion, north of galactic plane, about 2.3 light years away from the center of the Milky Way. It rotates around the center of the Milky Way at a speed of 250 kilometers per second, and it takes about 250 million years to make a revolution. The sun is also rotating, and its cycle is about 25 days in the equatorial belt; The polar region is about 35 days.
Through the analysis of the solar spectrum, we know that the chemical composition of the sun is almost the same as that of the earth, but the ratio is different. The most abundant element in the sun is hydrogen, followed by helium, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and various metals.
The structure of the sun
From the inside out, the structure of the sun is mainly divided into: the central thermonuclear reaction zone, the radiation layer outside the core, the troposphere outside the radiation layer and the solar atmosphere outside the troposphere.
Inferred from the theory of nuclear physics, the center of the sun is a thermonuclear reaction zone. The central area of the sun accounts for 1/4 of the entire solar radius, which is about half of the entire solar mass. This shows that the material density in the central region of the sun is very high. It can reach 0/60 grams per cubic centimeter/kloc. The central area of the sun is in a state of high density, high temperature and high pressure under the attraction of its own strong gravity. It is the birthplace of the great energy of the sun.
The energy generated in the central region of the sun is mainly transmitted by radiation. Outside the central area of the sun is the radiation layer, which ranges from 0.25 solar radius at the top of the central area of the thermonuclear to 0.86 solar radius, and the temperature, density and pressure decrease from the inside out. In terms of volume, the radiation layer accounts for the vast majority of the whole solar volume.
In addition to radiation, the energy inside the sun spreads outward, and there is also a convection process. That is, from the solar radius of 0.86 to the bottom of the solar atmosphere, this interval is called the troposphere. The properties of this layer of gas vary greatly and are unstable, forming obvious up-and-down convection movement. This is the outermost layer of the inner structure of the sun. Outside the troposphere is the solar atmosphere. The solar atmosphere can be divided into photosphere, chromosphere and corona layer from inside to outside. What we see is the dazzling sun, which is the intense visible light emitted by the photosphere in the solar atmosphere. The photosphere is located outside the troposphere and belongs to the lowest or innermost layer of the solar atmosphere. The thickness of the photosphere is about 500 kilometers, which is like the ratio of human skin to muscle relative to the radius of the sun of about 700 thousand kilometers. When we say that the average temperature of the sun is about 6000 degrees Celsius, we mean this layer. Beyond the ball of light are colored balls. Usually, due to the strong photosphere scattered by the earth's atmosphere, chromosphere is submerged in the blue sky. Only during the total solar eclipse will you have a chance to directly appreciate the red appearance of the colored ball. The solar chromosphere is a plasma layer full of magnetic field, about 2500 kilometers thick. Its temperature rises gradually from the inside out, the part connected with the top of the photosphere is about 4500 degrees Celsius, and the outer layer reaches tens of thousands of degrees Celsius. The density decreases with the increase of height. The whole structure of chromosphere is uneven. Due to the instability of the magnetic field, the upper atmosphere of the sun often explodes and flares occur.
The corona is the outermost layer of the solar atmosphere. The material in the corona is also plasma, the density is lower than that of chromosphere, and the temperature is higher than that of chromosphere, reaching several million degrees Celsius. During the total solar eclipse, very bright silvery white light can be seen around the surface of the sun, which is the corona.
The energy of the sun
Apart from atomic energy, volcanoes and earthquakes, solar energy is the total source of all energy on the earth. So, how much did the whole earth receive? The sun emits a lot of energy? Scientists imagine putting an instrument to measure the total solar radiation energy outside the earth's atmosphere. The total energy of solar radiation received per square centimeter per minute is 8.24 Joules. This value is called the solar constant. If the sun constant is multiplied by the spherical area with the radius of the average distance between the sun and the earth, the total energy emitted by the sun per minute is about 2.273× 1028 joules per minute. The earth only receives 2.2 billion of this energy. The energy that the sun sends to the earth every year is equivalent to 654.38+000 billion kWh. Solar energy is inexhaustible and pollution-free, and it is the most ideal energy source.
sun spot
Observing the sun through ordinary optical telescopes, we observe the activities of the photosphere (the innermost layer of the sun's atmosphere). You can often see many black spots on the photosphere, called sunspots. The size, number, location and shape of sunspots on the sun's surface are different every day. Sunspot is a local strong magnetic field formed by the violent movement of photosphere, and it is an important symbol of photosphere activity. Long-term observation of sunspots will show that there are many sunspots in some years, few sunspots in some years, and sometimes there are no sunspots in the sun for several days or dozens of days. Astronomers have long noticed that there is an interval of 1 1 year from the year with the most (or least) sunspots to the next year with the most (or least) sunspots. In other words, the average activity period of sunspots is 1 1, which is also the activity period of the whole sun. Astronomers call the darkest year of the sun "the peak year of solar activity" and the year with the least sunspots "the quiet year of solar activity".
solar flare
Solar flare is one of the most intense solar activities. It is generally believed that it happened in chromosphere, so it is also called "color ball explosion". Its main observation feature is that the rapidly developing bright spot suddenly appears on the surface of the sun (often above the sunspot group), and its life span is only a few minutes to tens of minutes, and its brightness rises quickly and declines slowly. Especially at the peak of solar activity, flares appear frequently and become stronger.
Although it is only a bright spot, once it appears, it is simply an earth-shattering explosion. The energy released by this brightness enhancement is equivalent to the total energy of 6.5438+million to 6.5438+million strong volcanic eruptions, or equivalent to the explosion of tens of billions of 100-ton hydrogen bombs; However, a large flare burst can release a huge energy of 10 ~ 25 Joules within 120 minutes.
In addition to the local sudden brightening of the solar surface, the flare is mainly characterized by the sudden increase of radiation flux from radio band to X-ray; Flares emit a wide range of radiation, including ultraviolet rays, X-rays and gamma rays, infrared rays and radio emissions, shock waves and high-energy particle streams, and even cosmic rays with extremely high energy.
Flare has a great influence on the space environment of the earth. When the chromosphere exploded, the earth's atmosphere immediately echoed. When a flare breaks out, when a large number of high-energy particles reach the earth orbit, it will seriously endanger the safety of astronauts and instruments in the spacecraft. When the flare radiation approaches the earth, it will collide violently with atmospheric molecules, destroying the ionosphere and making it lose the function of reflecting radio waves. Radio communication, especially short-wave communication, as well as television and broadcasting, will be disturbed or even interrupted. The high-energy charged particle stream emitted by flare interacts with the upper atmosphere of the earth, producing auroras, disturbing the earth's magnetic field and producing magnetic storms.
In addition, flares have direct or indirect effects on meteorology and hydrology to varying degrees. Because of this, people pay more and more attention to the detection and prediction of flare bursts, and try to uncover the mystery of flare maze.
Legend has it that during World War II, one day, the war in front of Germany was tight, and the operator in castle wolfenstein in the rear was busy manipulating the radio and delivering orders. Suddenly, the sound in the earphone disappeared. He checked the machine and the radio station was intact; Turning the knob to change the frequency still doesn't help. As a result, the front line advanced contact and fell into leaderless chaos, and the battle ended in failure. Brooke was sentenced to death by a military court. He shouted "wronged! Hey! " Later, it was found out that the "culprit" of the radio interruption was a flare. Brooke's death is really wrong. He died because people didn't know the flare at that time.
Spot (spectral spot)
Spotted tissue on the photosphere of the sun that is brighter than the surrounding area. When observing with an astronomical telescope, it is often found that the surface of the photosphere is bright and dark. This bright and dark spot is formed because of the different temperatures here. The darker points are called "sunspots" and the brighter points are called "sunspots". Sunspots often "perform" on the edge of the sun's surface and rarely appear in the central area of the sun's surface. Because the radiation in the central area of the sun's surface belongs to the deep gas layer of the photosphere, and the light at the edge mainly comes from the higher part of the photosphere, the light spot is higher than the sun's surface and can be regarded as a "plateau" on the photosphere.
Sunspots are also strong storms on the sun, which astronomers call "plateau storms". However, compared with the ground storm with dark clouds rolling and heavy rain and strong winds, the character of "plateau storm" is much gentler. The brightness of the light spot is only slightly stronger than that of the quiet photosphere, generally only10%; The temperature is 300℃ higher than that of the quiet photosphere. Many sunspots have an indissoluble bond with sunspots, and they often "perform" around sunspots. A small number of sunspots have nothing to do with sunspots, and are active in the 70 high latitude area, with a relatively small area. The average life span of spots is about 15 days, and the life span of larger spots can reach three months.
The light spot not only appears in the photosphere, but also has its activity place in chromosphere. When it "performs" on the color ball, the position of the activity is roughly the same as when it appears on the light ball. However, what appears on the color ball is not a "light spot", but a "spectral light spot". In fact, the light spot and the spectral spot are the same whole, just because their "resident" heights are different. It's like a building, where the light spot lives downstairs and the spectrum spot lives upstairs.
Texture structure
Texture is a kind of solar surface structure on the solar photosphere. It is in the shape of polygonal particles, which can only be observed with astronomical telescopes. The temperature of granular tissue is about 300℃ higher than that of intergranular region, so it is bright and easy to see. Although it is a small particle, the actual diameter is 1000 km-2000 km.
The structure of bright particles is probably a hot air mass rising from the troposphere to the photosphere, which does not change with time and is evenly distributed, showing violent fluctuation. When the texture rises to a certain height, it will soon become cold and immediately drop along the gap between the rising hot air currents; Life expectancy is also very short, and it comes and goes in a hurry. From appearance to disappearance, it is almost faster than clouds in the earth's atmosphere, with an average life span of only a few minutes. In addition, the super-granulation discovered in recent years has a scale of about 30,000 kilometers and a life span of about 20 hours.
Interestingly, while the old rice tissue disappeared, the new rice tissue quickly appeared in the original position. This persistent phenomenon is like the hot bubbles rolling up and down on the boiling rice porridge we see every day.