(A) What is a full argument
In the composition writing test, the requirement of "sufficient arguments" often appears. When correcting candidates' compositions, it is found that many candidates can give clear arguments and provide some relevant arguments, but the arguments are not strong enough. The following two examples are mainly found from students who participated in marking papers, so that candidates can more intuitively understand the requirement of "sufficient argumentation": (20 13 National Civil Service Examination (sub-provincial level) real question)
Student a answers
Increase investment and combat cultural destruction. For the protection of intangible cultural heritage, on the one hand, we should increase the investment of people, money and materials to ensure sufficient funds; On the other hand, cultivate experts in the protection of intangible cultural heritage and record and preserve folk culture and local art completely; At the same time, we will intensify law enforcement against illegal demolition and theft of cultural relics and severely crack down on illegal acts that undermine protection.
Student b answers
Strengthening the protection of intangible cultural heritage requires the government to go deep into it. Many officials spared no effort to "apply for the legacy" for performance indicators, but later they became superficial and ignored the protection and development after the application. Intangible cultural heritage is a continuous process and needs scientific and reasonable long-term planning. This requires us not only to do a good job of "face" project, but also to do a good job of "lining" construction in the protection of intangible cultural heritage. It is necessary to improve laws and regulations so that the protection of intangible cultural heritage can be based on laws; Strengthen the law enforcement of illegal demolition and theft of cultural relics, and severely crack down on illegal acts that undermine the protection of intangible cultural heritage; Increase financial and human investment in the protection of intangible cultural heritage; Pay attention to the publicity, education and promotion of intangible cultural protection. Only in this way can the intangible cultural heritage be deeply protected.
Student A's answer: The first sentence puts forward a sub-argument, which is well done and concise. Next, it is mainly proposed to increase the input of human and material resources, train experts in the protection of intangible cultural heritage, and strengthen the punishment for the destruction and theft of cultural relics. These three points belong to specific countermeasures. From the whole paragraph, there is basically no debate. After putting forward a sub-argument, many candidates began to list countermeasures in one, two and three, keeping specific explanations and arguments in the middle, which is why they put forward this sub-argument. Therefore, when writing an article, we should pay attention to strengthening the argument, making the sub-argument more convincing and the article more substantial and powerful.
Student B's answer: This paragraph is still written around the protection of cultural heritage. At the beginning of this passage, a sub-argument is put forward, which emphasizes the deep protection and construction of intangible cultural heritage by the government. The second sentence points out that at present, government officials have a serious view of political achievements, and only attach importance to the application for World Heritage, ignoring the protection and development after the application for World Heritage; The third and fourth sentences emphasize the significance and necessity of deep protection of intangible cultural heritage; Finally, some concrete countermeasures are put forward. The whole article has clear logical thinking and sufficient arguments.
(B) How to fully demonstrate
Through the above analysis and case review, we know what is "argumentation" and what is "sufficient argumentation". Then the most important thing is to provide candidates with some effective argumentation methods.
1, sample demonstration
Illustration refers to the method of proving the argument with typical examples, and enumerating conclusive, sufficient and representative examples can enhance the persuasiveness of the article. Explanatory argument is widely used in composition, and it is also a way of argument that many candidates like to use and easy to master. However, candidates should pay attention to the following points when using this argument: first, examples should be targeted and can be put forward according to arguments or arguments; Second, the examples should be concise and clear, and avoid lengthy narration.
Sample article
The system of immunity should be abolished. The "Big Head Doll" incident and the "Sanlu" milk powder incident have brought Chinese people's attention to food safety to the extreme, and food safety has become the most concerned, direct and realistic interest issue for the people. As a special phenomenon in China, it is often not unqualified and unknown black workshops that make the problem products, but only some famous enterprises with the brand of "exemption from inspection". Therefore, the cancellation of the food inspection-free system is undoubtedly a major project related to the people's livelihood of the whole country, and it is a constraint and warning to every food enterprise, which will surely urge it to strictly implement the rules at all times and enhance its sense of responsibility and crisis. At the same time, it means that the supervision and inspection of quality supervision, industry and commerce, food and drug supervision and other departments must be all-round and all-weather. Only when their sense of responsibility is improved can the people eat with confidence.
Through the "Sanlu" milk powder incident, this paper reveals the disadvantages of the exemption system and demonstrates the necessity and feasibility of the exemption system. On this basis, it is suggested to cancel the inspection-free system and strengthen the restraint and warning to the food industry. At the same time, the cancellation of the inspection-free system can also strengthen the supervision and inspection of relevant government departments, which is conducive to the formation of a good food safety production and circulation link, so that people can rest assured to eat.
How to find appropriate and accurate examples in article writing for corresponding argumentation? Mainly through the following two forms, these two forms are also applicable to the following demonstration methods:
(1) Borrow application materials.
There are many words in the application materials, including a large number of examples. Therefore, the application materials are the main source of case selection. In the application materials, there may be many examples to prove this point. When everyone chooses the same example to prove the same point, the exemplary role of the example is weakened. Therefore, it is necessary to skillfully use the application materials and use them flexibly. Clever use of materials, here "clever", mainly refers to finding the right angle of using materials. No matter how good the example is, if it is not used properly, it will not play a role in argument. The same case often has different sides, which can explain different problems. When using it, we must pay attention to finding the angle consistent with the center, and try to combine the case with the argument to make it closely related.
(2) Mining from their own knowledge reserves.
Examples of self-provided funds are also an important source of case selection. Using the examples you know and master can not only reflect the breadth of candidates' knowledge, but also enhance the persuasiveness and readability of the article. Call your own reserves, pay attention to the accuracy and typicality of examples, strive for perfection, and avoid duplication with other candidates. For example, in the process of correcting, when encountering articles with the theme of "sincerity", a large number of candidates are quoting the example of "Shang Yang's political reform", which lacks freshness.
2. Reasoning and argumentation
Rational argument refers to using rational arguments to prove one's point of view. Usually, the theories used in this paper mainly refer to some macro policies and ruling ideas of the Party and the government, such as harmonious society, Scientific Outlook on Development and service-oriented government. Candidates should read more current political hotspots and policy documents in their usual study and review, such as the report of the 18th National Congress and the government work report. Only when they have a deep understanding of government documents and ruling ideas can they use them freely in article writing. This way of argument can make the argument more substantive, authoritative and convincing.
Sample article
Scientific Outlook on Development's fundamental method tells us to coordinate the current and long-term interests and realize the harmonious development between man and nature. Developing economy at the expense of lakes is killing the goose that lays the golden egg, which not only poses a serious threat to our current ecological environment, but also is irresponsible to future generations. This is a one-sided development and an idea to encourage development. Therefore, to solve the lake crisis, we must make overall planning. We can't just pay attention to local economy and ignore lake ecology; Can't just look at the present, regardless of the long-term; Not just GDP, not mountains and rivers.
Here I use Scientific Outlook on Development's theory to prove my point. Scientific Outlook on Development's fundamental approach is to make overall plans. Using this theory to demonstrate their own views, respondents need to make clear the meanings of "Scientific Outlook on Development" and "five overall plans" in their daily study, so as to use this knowledge reasonably and flexibly.
Then there are two main ways or methods to use reason argumentation in the article: one is to find relevant reason argumentation from materials; The second is to use it flexibly in combination with its own knowledge reserves.
3. Quote arguments
Citing argument, as its name implies, is an argument method to prove the argument by quoting classic quotations, proverbs and common sense of life. Using citation method can make the reasoning of the article more profound, thorough and convincing, and pay attention to embodying the strength of theory and the ideological depth of the article. The commonly used citation methods in applied article writing are: quoting famous sayings and epigrams; Authoritative data; Quote the speeches of leaders, scholars and experts.
Sample article
Young people should be rational and have lofty ideals and ambitions. What is the so-called "the person who gets the most is also small"? The world is big, the country is rich and strong, the society is civilized, and the people are happy; What is small? Personal growth and progress, personal desire satisfaction are small. There is no end to personal desires. Some people's wages have increased, but their happiness has not increased. It is because they have not set up a correct value pursuit, are enslaved by material desires, and have not gained spiritual freedom. John rawls believes that public rationality is citizen rationality, which is shared by people with equal citizenship, including the mainstream values shared by a society. Public reason requires people to balance personal interests and overall interests, and the "Chinese Dream", as the mainstream value of contemporary China, requires every young person to take the dream of the country as his own dream, take the joy of the people as his own happiness, take the small as the big, and take the small as the big, so that he will not lose his way and feel real happiness.
This is a model essay to answer the real questions of the 20 14 national examination. At the beginning, it gives a sub-argument, and then quotes the famous aphorism "He who gets more is also small", and points out what is big and what is small in combination with the theme of the article, which can be closely analyzed and demonstrated. In the middle, john rawls's viewpoint is quoted, that is, "public rationality is citizen rationality, and it is the rationality that people enjoy civil rights equally, including the mainstream values recognized by a society" to further illustrate that young people should have public rationality and have lofty ideals and ambitions.
When using citation argument, we should pay attention to the correctness and rationality of citation. Not only must we ensure that the quoted famous sayings are correct, but also the sources cannot be wrong; At the same time, we should also pay attention to the quoted sentences and opinions should be closely combined with the context and article views.
4. Metaphorical argument
Metaphor argument is a kind of argument method to prove the argument vividly by analogy, also called metaphor proof method. "Clever metaphor, strong logic", because this method uses easy-to-understand and simple things to explain things that are difficult to understand and profound, and the image is vivid. It can concretize abstract truth, make it simple, simple and vivid, thus strengthening the proof of the argument.
Sample article
Credit and trust are the cornerstones of financial security. The financial system is like a skyscraper, which is composed of various financial institutions and financial products interconnected through the financial market, forming a complex and exquisite organism. In addition to the tangible building body, this skyscraper also has intangible cornerstones, that is, good credit and firm trust. The collapse of a single financial institution will not affect the stability of the whole financial system, just as the breaking of a window will not affect the stability of a building, but the breaking of the cornerstone will lead to the overturning of the whole building. The financial crisis is like the collapse of a building, its cornerstone has been shaken, trust no longer exists, and credit is gone. It can be said that the financial system is the core of modern economy, and firm and good credit is the core of modern financial system.
This passage uses metaphor to demonstrate that the financial system is a skyscraper, and credit and trust are the cornerstones of financial security, emphasizing the importance of credit and trust to financial security.
When using, we should pay attention to the appropriate metaphor. Generally speaking, metaphor argument is not suitable as the main method of article argument. Many candidates use a lot of figurative arguments when answering their compositions, which makes the arguments of the articles not profound enough and lack convincing and theoretical support. Therefore, this argument must be adopted moderately.