Style refers to an independent text style (or style and system), which is the norm and mode of text composition, a unique cultural phenomenon and the product of long-term accumulation of certain historical content. It reflects the overall characteristics of the text from content to form and belongs to the category of form. The composition of style includes superficial textual factors, such as expression techniques, theme nature, structural type, language style, morphological format, and deep social factors, such as the spirit of the times, national tradition, class imprint, writer style, communication context, reader experience, etc. The characteristics and division of style often depend on the strengthening, prominence or variation of some factors in its hierarchical structure. (Jin Zhenbang's Stylistics, Northeast Normal University Press, 1994) Stylistics usually refers to the relatively stable text structure and overall speech style due to the differences in communication environment and communication purpose. As a concrete program, it can not only become an important object of concern in the theoretical system of disciplines, but also provide the most practical example of rules for people's application. Because of this, related disciplines, such as writing, literature and art, philology, grammar, rhetoric, article study and so on. , mostly to discuss this content. (See Misunderstandings in Style Classification and Applied Writing, No.9, 2003) The objective existence of style is a social and cultural demand, but more importantly, it depends on its own unique function. Hans Robert Jauss, a German, thinks in "Towards Reception Aesthetics": "The formal type of literature is neither a writer's subjective creation nor a reflective concept of order, but mainly a social phenomenon. The existence of types and forms depends on their functions in the real world. " Each style has functions and aesthetic effects that cannot be replaced by other styles. As Lessing said in Hamburg Drama Review: "Poetry of various genres can't improve everything, and at least two genres can't produce exactly the same perfect effect; But each school can do its best to improve itself within its own scope and do better than other schools-this is its specific purpose. (Jin Zhenbang, Stylistics, Northeast Normal University Press 1994)

Edit the meaning of this paragraph.

In a sense, style can also be said to be expression, choice, style and even an emphasis. Every style has a certain function of expressing real social content, which is the essential feature of style and the premise of its emergence and existence. When expressing the same ideological content, it can choose among various reciprocal ways, that is, choose the most appropriate formal coat to reproduce the ideological content. In the process of conception and creation, writers always choose the genre structure and its provisions that best meet their creative intentions and goals. Because some people regard style as the selectivity of artistic creation. It is often based on the possible richness of genres that have always been presented to writers. It can represent a writer, a certain period, a certain ... anywhere, only in the text character of the text, or in the words of D.H. Lawrence, in his' struggle for language consciousness'. "From the perspective of reception aesthetics, style is a focus of readers. Dacre Rifatelle said in the Standard of Stylistic Analysis: "Stylistic style is regarded as an emphasis (expressive, emotional or aesthetic) attached to the information conveyed by the language structure without changing the meaning. In other words, language expression and style emphasis. "The meaning of a style does not mainly come from its own attributes, but fundamentally depends on the characteristics of a non-verbal individual or culture, and it can also be said that it depends on the deep structure of a national culture, such as thinking mode and psychological mechanism. In the final analysis, the latter is restricted by a nation's living conditions, as well as its productivity level and production relations. Each style can only exist when its preconditions and culture have gained its status. Therefore, style is essentially a relative concept restricted by culture. (Jin Zhenbang, Stylistics, Northeast Normal University Press 1994)

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Style is the unity of content and form. The content of the text determines the genre form, and the choice and use of which style depends on the characteristics of the object of expression and the specific way reflected by the author. Any style is adapted to its certain expression content, and the emergence of new styles depends on the new historical environment. However, once the style is formed and determined, it will react to the expression content, with certain restrictions and requirements. At the same time, the style itself has the essence of content. There are no forms that have nothing to do with content, and the nature of external forms depends entirely on the nature of the content that can be expressed by them. Everything inside is on the surface. Fundamentally speaking, aesthetic form originates from realistic content and is the result of its long-term precipitation and weathering. Mo КаΥан's artistic morphology in the former Soviet Union: "Types and styles are not imaginary, decadent,' naked' and' empty' formal structures, but forms in which' solidification and stability of content' have historically occurred." What German Theodor Adorno said in On the Relationship between Art and Society is more profound: "The opposition between art and the real world exists in the field of form; But generally speaking, this will only happen in an intermediary way. For example, the form of aesthetics is the accumulation of content. " Style is the unity of historicity and stability. Each style has a unique historical form and expression content, which is not only suitable for a certain social and cultural background, productivity and people's expression needs, but also has a relatively stable structure in history. This unity embodies the relationship between development and inheritance, ensures the fine tradition of the style itself to be passed down, and is the directional "compass" of the development of the style. Historicity makes the style constantly develop and innovate, and gradually move towards harmony and perfection. With the thickening of historical and cultural accumulation, the connotation of style will be constantly updated, and sometimes it can be relatively independent of the social roots that produce it. "Getting self-sufficient in one's own life and surpassing the fate of history" (Klaus: literary type) will have the possibility of "regaining its function", thus being excavated with new expressive function, social function and aesthetic function. The theory of stylistic definition is extremely important. Without it, the literary world would be incredible and inconsistent with experience. Theoretical stylistic style is constantly changing, and interacts with "historical" or "actual", that is, stylistic style produced from text writing facts. The definition of style is not fixed, it always lingers between the description of facts and the abstraction of theory. (Jin Zhenbang, Stylistics, Northeast Normal University Press 1994)

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narrate

Narrative: (1), Definition: Narrative is a kind of literary style which takes remembering people, narrating and describing scenery or objects as its main forms of expression. (2), six elements: time, place, people, the cause, process and ending of the event.

poetic sentiment

The earliest literary genre in China, which originated from the sound of primitive labor, is a kind of literature with rhyme and singing. Most of the ancient poems are four words, such as The Book of Songs, and most of them are five or seven words after the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty. There were ancient and modern poems in the Tang Dynasty, and new poems in the May 4th Movement. In ancient China, harmonious poems were called songs, while dissonant poems were called poems. Although different, it is extremely difficult to distinguish them, and there are often works with both characteristics, so we often call poetry together. Of course, whether they are happy or not, they all have strong musical beauty. Poetry is divided into ancient poetry, modern poetry and new poetry according to the times; Divided into narrative poems and lyric poems according to their forms of expression; According to the content, it can be divided into four categories: pastoral poetry, landscape poetry, science poetry and object-chanting poetry. 1, ancient poetry ancient poetry is a kind of poetry theme relative to modern poetry, which is also called ancient poetry, but it is by no means antique. There are only three carriers of ancient style: song, line and intonation, which is often misunderstood by many people who study ancient poetry. Classical poetry refers to the poems before the Tang Dynasty (mainly during the Han and Wei Dynasties) and the works that imitate the poems before the Tang Dynasty. It is a general term for all kinds of poetry genres except Chu Ci before the formation of modern poetry. It is developed from folk songs, without seeking opposition, level and rhyme freedom. In the middle Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi and Yuan Zhen used Yuefu to create new poems, which also belonged to the category of classical poetry. 2. A style of Chu Ci, named after its appearance in Southern Chu during the Warring States Period, is represented by Qu Yuan's Lisao, also known as "Sao Style". From the time point of view, the formation time of Chu Ci is roughly the same as that of classical poetry, but it is essentially different from classical poetry, so it is an independent adult. As far as the poetic genre is concerned, it is a new poetic style created by poets represented by Qu Yuan on the basis of Chu folk songs at the end of the Warring States Period. This poetic style has a strong regional cultural color. As Huang, a poet in the Song Dynasty, said, "Everyone writes Chu language, Chu sound, Chu land and Chu objects" (On the East View). In the Han Dynasty, Chu Ci was also called Ci or Ci Fu. Therefore, the author thinks that Chu Ci was formed in the era of ancient poetry, but from the perspective of the relationship between poetry and song, its style is an independent style. Features: a large number of fairy tales, full of fantasy and romance; In addition to lyricism, layout methods are widely used; The sentence pattern is relatively plain, and the word "Xi" is widely used. 3. Modern poetry is a kind of poetic style as opposed to ancient poetry, also known as "modern poetry" and "metrical poetry". There are strict rules on the number, number of words, level and rhyme of sentences. There are two kinds: metrical poems and quatrains. 4. Rhyme is a style of modern poetry, which is divided into five laws and seven laws. There are certain norms and requirements in phonology, level tone, sentence pattern and antithesis. The whole poem consists of eight sentences, which are divided into the first couplet, the parallel couplet, the neck couplet and the tail couplet. 5. quatrains are a style of modern poetry, divided into five quatrains and seven quatrains, which are generally considered as "semi-poetic". 6. New poetry, also known as "modern poetry", refers to the new style poetry produced by China since the May 4th Movement. Formally, it broke the limitation of old-style poetry and adopted a relatively free form and colloquial vernacular, which was convenient for reflecting social life and expressing thoughts and feelings. New poetry requires conciseness, rhyme and general neatness. 7. A style of Yuefu folk songs. Song is a general term, boasting about skills and acting skills, which is not strictly different from "singing", "song", "quotation", "sigh" and "tune". Features: ① There is a fixed tone of words, but most articles have no definite sentences and sentences have no definite words, mainly miscellaneous words, and the language is colloquial, popular and vivid; (2) Rhyme is relatively free in rhythm, and there is no need to talk about level and level; (3) Expression techniques: In addition to metaphor, parallelism is used to elaborate, narrative twists and turns, and people are good at dialogue and detail description to portray characters and shape images.

award

This is a literary expression and one of the "six meanings" in The Book of Songs, which formed a specific system in the Han Dynasty. Become a style between poetry and prose, paying attention to reasoning, rhetoric, duality and rhyme. It is called "Da Fu" which mainly describes things, and "Fu Xiao" which mainly expresses feelings, which is close to "Wen Fu" in prose. Different from the "Fu" in today's prose title, it means "praise" and "ode" instead of laying out words. The ancients called "Ci" and "Fu" Ci "because they were both physical and unlimited in length, and the sentences were mainly four or six words, and they were allowed to be staggered. In style, everyone pays attention to literary talent and extravagance. The difference between them is that "Ci" uses "Xi" to adjust syllables in the sentence or at the end of the sentence, while "Fu" uses prose sentences, and even the whole poem is mixed with prose sentences that don't rhyme at all.

parallel prose (prose written in the parallel style)

It is a kind of verse which is mainly composed of two sentences (namely, antithesis and even sentences), pays attention to antithesis and rhythm, and is opposite to prose. The biggest feature is that the full text is composed of antitheses, forming upper and lower antitheses with the same number of words, symmetrical syntactic structure, part of speech and word meaning pairing. Even sentences are usually composed of four words and six words, alternating with each other (four or six words), such as "Teng Jiao, Meng Ci School; Purple electric paste is General Wang's armory. It began at the end of Han Dynasty, formed in Wei and Jin Dynasties, and prevailed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties. This style was still followed in the early Tang Dynasty until Han and Liu followed suit. Compared with the ancient prose advocated by Han and Liu, ancient prose emphasizes "potential" and parallel prose emphasizes "rhyme"; Ancient prose is fluent, while parallel prose is implicit; Classical prose stresses simplicity, while parallel prose stresses elegance.

word

In ancient times, it was a new poetic style suitable for chorus (that is, "lyrics by sound"). Also known as "Quzi Ci", "long and short sentences" and "Yuefu". Each word has a musical title (Qupai), which specifies the music of the words that can be sung, as well as the number of words, sentences, rhymes, rhymes and so on. Most of them are in segments (segments), and "segments" are also called "times" or "que", which means that the music is sung at one time. Ci sums up the length of musical tunes, which are divided into minor, middle tune and long tune (slow words). The embryonic form of Ci existed as early as the Liang Dynasty, which was shaped in the late Tang Dynasty and flourished in the Song Dynasty.

novel

The main style of literary works. By describing the complete story and the specific environment, we can create all kinds of characters and reflect social life in many ways. China's novels originated from ancient myths and legends, and experienced the development process of Six Dynasties, Tang legends, Song and Yuan scripts, Ming Hui novels and May 4th modern novels. According to the length of the article, it can be divided into long stories, medium stories and short stories; According to different contents, it can be divided into social novels, fairy tales, historical novels, science novels and detective novels. 1, strange novel refers to an old novel about ghosts and gods in the Han, Wei and Six Dynasties. Originated from ancient myths and legends. Such as "Looking for God". 2. Anecdotal novel is a kind of novel, which is used to describe the wild anecdotes of intellectuals who advocated nonsense since Wei and Jin Dynasties. Legendary novel is a kind of classical novel with bizarre plot. Generally speaking, it refers to the classical Chinese short stories created by people in Tang and Song Dynasties. It is a treasure house for novel and drama writers in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties to absorb themes. Originated from the Six Dynasties. 4. The colloquial novel refers to the original book used by the speaking artists in Song and Yuan Dynasties. Write down the contents of novels and stories in popular language as your own memo or teach others. Later, it became a style of novel, that is to say, story novel. It marks the maturity of China's classical novels. (novel) 5. Zhang Hui's novels are a style of China's ancient novels. It is a novel with chapters and narratives developed on the basis of telling history and scripts. Its characteristic is to summarize the development and conflict of the story in paragraphs, divide it into several chapters, and often use antithesis as the title to reveal the content of this chapter. There is always a poem at the beginning. The first paragraph, bring up the last content, so as to connect this content; At the end of each episode, it usually comes to an abrupt end at the climax of the plot, leaving suspense. 6. A general term for a class of novels that condemn novels for exposing social ills, whipping and condemning feudal officialdom and social ills. Produced before and after the Revolution of 1911. 7. Romance novel is an old novel. Summarize history books and legends and write them in modern spoken English. It developed from a story-telling book.

essay

In ancient times, prose was generally called prose, which did not rhyme or rearrange couples, including historical masterpieces. Modern prose refers to a literary genre on an equal footing with poetry, novels and plays. Prose is characterized by a wide range of materials, "scattered in form and gathered in spirit"; Free form and flexible writing; Language is not limited by rhythm, and its expression is implicit and meaningful. According to the different contents and forms of expression, it can be divided into: narrative essays-essays that mainly remember people, notes, things and scenes. Lyric prose-through the narrative description of characters, events or scenery, it achieves the purpose of supporting things, chanting ambitions and containing feelings in things. Symbols are often used to express the author's hidden passion and guide people to remember and associate. Discussion prose-reasoning is often carried out with the help of the brief description of the case, image description and emotional expression. There is no need for logical reasoning and rigorous argumentation. 1. Ancient prose refers to prose written in classical Chinese, which is different from parallel prose. Tang Hanyu opposed the parallel prose style since Wei and Jin Dynasties, and advocated the prose widely used in the pre-Qin and Han Dynasties, which was called ancient prose and later used as the proper name of prose. 2. Remember ① Stone tablet: an ancient style carved on a stone tablet and telling the life story of a certain person. ② Travel Notes: It is a prose genre describing travel experiences. Miscellaneous Notes of Peach Blossom Garden: It is an ancient prose genre that writes what you see and hear according to things, without much discussion. (4) Notes: It is a style that records the life stories of ancient people. ⑤ Notes: A short and rich style in ancient times. Meng Qian Bitan. 3. Ancient argumentative style ① Original text: the argumentative style explored in ancient times. The former king (Huang Zongxi) 2 discriminated; This is an ancient way of distinguishing right from wrong. (3) Storytelling: it is an ancient way to explain the style of things by narrative, discussion or explanation. On the debating styles of ancient analytical reasoning: Ma Shuo, Shi Shuo and Ailian Shuo. On Six Countries 4. Ancient ministers presented the memorial to the emperor-argumentative style: a style in which ministers presented their opinions to the emperor. Also known as commemoration and remembrance. On Accumulation (Jia Yi) 2 Table: Style of stating a certain point of view or thing. Chen Qingbiao (Shimi) ③ Tactics: The style of imperial examination is called "strategic questioning", which requires candidates to answer. (4) Irony: In ancient times, people were euphemistically persuaded to accept the opinions of subordinates by means of metaphor and suggestion. Zou Ji satirized Qi Wang's "mediocre". Preface and postscript 6. Preface is one of the ancient literary styles, written for farewell. Preface to seeing Ma Sheng off to Dongyang 7. Historical Biography 1 Chronicle: A biography devoted to the deeds of emperors. ② Family: Mainly narrate the deeds of princes and special people. Biography: It is used to record the deeds of ordinary officials and ordinary people, and also to record the history of ethnic minorities and other countries. 8. A new style in reportage prose, which is the floorboard of feature and literary communication. It is news, vivid and political to report things that people care about in social life quickly and timely by literary expression. Known as the "light cavalry" on the literary front. Three iconic works of China's reportage: Bonded Worker, Who is the cutest person and Goldbach's conjecture.

drama

Comprehensive stage art uses literature, music, dance, art, sculpture, architecture and other artistic means to shape the image of stage art, reveal social contradictions and reflect social life. In China, drama is the general name of traditional operas, dramas and operas in China. Also often refers to drama. In the west, it refers to drama. The basic elements of drama are contradiction and conflict. The language of drama includes dialogue and monologue; Stage description. The structure of drama: single act and multiple acts. Classification: according to the types of works, there are tragedies, comedies and dramas; According to the theme, there are historical dramas, modern dramas and pantomime; According to the structure, there are one-act dramas and whole dramas. 1, Yuan Zaju includes Sanqu and Zaju. 1) Sanqu is a new poetic style that rose in the Yuan Dynasty, and it developed on the basis of Jin's Folk Songs. There are two kinds of small orders and sets. "Xiao Ling" is a monotonous song, short and pithy, not as strict in meter as words, and is often used to write lyrical scenery, such as Ma Yuan Zhiyuan's "Qiu Si" [Tianjingsha]. The number of sets is a set composed of more than two pieces according to certain rules, also called "loose sets" and "sets". The whole set must be the same palace tune. The number of episodes can be used to describe more complete plots, deeds or arguments, such as The Return of the Great-Great-Ancestor written by Jing Chen in Yuan and Sui Dynasties. 2) Zaju is a comprehensive art including music, singing and dancing. It is divided into three parts: Qu Ci, Bai Bin and Ke Xun. The lyrics are composed of divertimento in Sanqu, which actors use to sing. Every fold is a solo, and other actors only have dialogue. Coulson is action and expression. Structure: "four folds and one wedge", and "wedge" is to explain or introduce characters, which is connected with the plot. Folding is the unit of music organization and the natural paragraph of story development. The roles of Yuan Zaju: "Duan" and "Dan".

Practical writing

Applied style can be divided into four categories: recording facts, expounding opinions, explaining knowledge and handling affairs. These four categories are indispensable. Some people think that only one type of work can be regarded as an applied style, and the first three types are not. This view does not conform to the dichotomy. If the first three categories are neither literature nor application, which category do they belong to? It is obviously unscientific to juxtapose them with literary style and applied style. Their practicality is so obvious that they should belong to the category of applied style. The attribution of reportage, essays and popular science essays is particularly controversial. In our opinion, they should first belong to the applied style. Because they are vivid descriptions of important people and events that people are extremely concerned about, or unique explanations of some hot issues in real life, or vivid explanations of popular science knowledge, they all have obvious practical purposes and practical effects. Moreover, the categories they belong to (recording facts, expounding opinions and explaining knowledge) are all applied styles, so it is not easy to distinguish literary styles. As for their use of some literary techniques, they only want to enhance their appeal and persuasion, so as to better serve practical purposes. (Journal of Applied Writing 1992, No.5, On the Scope and Classification of Applied Style)

Editing this ancient style

award

It is a style in ancient China, emphasizing literary talent and rhythm, and has the nature of poetry and prose. It is characterized by "spreading articles, writing things and writing ambitions", focusing on writing scenery and expressing emotions through scenery. It first appeared in hundred schools of thought's essays and was called "short fu"; Qu Yuan's "Sao Style" is a transition from poetry to fu, which is called "Sao Fu". The style of Fu was formally established in the Han Dynasty, which is called "Ci Fu". After Wei and Jin Dynasties, it developed in the direction of parallel prose, which was called "parallel prose". In the Tang dynasty, it changed from parallel style to regular style, which was called "law fu"; In Song Dynasty, Fu appeared in the form of prose, which was called "Wen Fu". Famous Fu include: Fu of Epang Palace by Du Mu, Fu of Autumn Sound by Ouyang Xiu, Fu of Thousand Chibi by Su Shi, etc.

parallel prose (prose written in the parallel style)

This style originated from the Han and Wei Dynasties, formed in the Southern and Northern Dynasties and prevailed in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It appears alternately with four characters and six characters, and is called "Liu Siwen" in the world. Parallel prose often affects the expression of content by accommodating sentence patterns and piling up words. After Han and Liu advocated the ancient prose movement, parallel prose gradually declined. The most famous is The Book with Zhu written by Wu Liangjun in the Southern Dynasties.

origin

The original intention is the ancient argumentative style. This style is a fundamental investigation and discussion of a certain theory, proposition, political system or social custom, and it is highly theoretical. Such as Han Yu's Original Extinction and Huang Zongxi's Original King.

argue

"Debate" is to argue about right and wrong, not true and false. This style is characterized by refuting a wrong argument or discriminating some facts. For example, Han Yu's Debate on Taboo and Liu Zongyuan's Debate on Dong Xiong.

say

The floorboard of ancient argumentative articles. It was not much different from Lun, so it was later collectively referred to as reasoning analysis. On the preface to the essay, it says: "The speaker explains, explains the meaning, and explains with his own meaning." The articles of this genre we have studied include On Teachers, On Horses, On young chinese, On Snake Catchers, On Huang Sheng's Borrowing Books, etc.

discuss

Theory is a kind of essay style, according to Yun: "Commentator, discuss also". "Selected Works of Zhaoming" said: "There are two theories. One is the theory of history, which is the judgment of good and evil made by loyal ministers at the end of biographies. For example, Tai Shigong said after Historical Records. Second, in political theory, it is fallacious for a bachelor and doctor to talk about ancient and modern figures or comment on classics and history. " For example, The Six Kingdoms and Guo Qin.

Emperor/throne memorial

Ancient ministers collectively went to court. Including play, discussion, reconciliation, expression, countermeasures and so on. "The article has a body order": "Seven countries used to call books, and Qin changed books to play. There are four kinds of ceremonies in Han dynasty: one is to say thank you; Second, play until it collapses; Three expressions of feelings; Four days of deliberation, there is deliberation. " (1) sparse. It means detailed report. For example, Jia Yi's On Accumulation and Sparse Storage. (2) table. Just stating a point or something. Such as Zhuge Liang's "model". (3) countermeasures. In ancient exams, the topic was strategy, so that candidates could answer strategies, and the articles that candidates answered were called countermeasures, such as Su Shi's "Teaching War and Defending Strategies".

Preface and practice

Foreword is also called "preface" or "introduction", just like today's "introduction" and "preface", it is an article that explains the intention, arrangement style and author of writing or publishing a book. It can also include comments on writers' works and research on related issues. "preface" is usually written at the front of a book or article (some are listed at the back, such as historical records? Taishi Gongxu), listed at the back of the book is called "Postscript" or "Postscript". This kind of article belongs to expository or argumentative according to the content, and it is expository to explain the writing purpose, style and content. Comments on the author's works or explanations are argumentative. The prefaces we have studied are: the preface to Scream, the preface to Rural Investigation, the postscript to the South Record of Returning to Germany, and the Biography of Lingguan.

Gift order

Stylistic name. In ancient times, poetry was used to bid farewell, which was called the preface of giving and answering. For example, Han Yu's Preface to Sending Stones to Chu Shi: "Therefore, all Dudong people ... hence the name" Six Rhymes of Songs and Poems ",which is sent to the preface cloud. After that, all farewell articles, which are not attached to the poem, are also called prefaces, and their contents are mostly words of praise or encouragement. We studied Song Lian's Preface to Send Ma Sheng to Yang in the Ming Dynasty.

inscription

In ancient times, words carved on objects to warn themselves or describe merits were called "Ming". Inscriptions carved on cards and placed on the right side of the case to protect themselves, such as Liu Yuxi's "My Humble Room", are called "mottos". An epitaph is carved on a stone tablet to describe the life of the deceased and praise the memory. Such as Han Yu's epitaph of Liu Zihou.

Funeral speech

Articles read when offering sacrifices to the dead or gods such as heaven, earth, mountains and rivers. There are two genres: verse and prose. The content is to remember the main experiences of the deceased before his death, to praise his main moral character and achievements, to mourn and to inspire the living. Such as Yuan Mei's "Sister-in-law".

book

Books are letters, and ancient books are also called "letters" or "letters". They are an applied style and are often used to describe and express feelings.

Comments and supplements

Attention and sparsity. Note: Annotation of words and phrases in the Confucian Classics is also called biography, writing, interpretation, chapter and sentence. Sparse, the annotation of notes, is also called righteousness sparse, righteousness sparse and so on. Annotation is related to the truth, meaning, pronunciation and correctness of words, grammar and rhetoric, as well as names and things, canon, historical facts and so on.

Extended reading:

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