1 Definition and classification of defense industry
1. 1 definition
National defense industry refers to the social material production department whose products are mainly used to meet national security and military needs compared with civilian industries. As the production department of public goods in the national economic system and the main production department to realize material and energy in national defense construction, national defense industry is the basic component of national defense construction and the direct response part of combat readiness, and its functions and functions are embodied in providing various weapons and equipment and military materials for national defense forces. As a military production capacity, national defense industry belongs to the category of national defense resources, and as an export organization of weapons and military materials, it belongs to the category of national defense productivity. The national defense industry performs the function of transforming economic energy into war energy, and it is the main working machine in the process of transforming economic energy into war energy. China's national defense industrial system covers all sectors of the national economic system. In the field of military industry, it is mainly composed of weapons, aviation, aerospace, ships, electronics, communications, information, nuclear industry, ordnance, military supplies and other departments. These departments are not only the main body of national defense industry, but also the main body of national economy, which has the characteristics of dual main bodies of national economy and national defense economy. Their industrial structure represents the structure of national defense resources and reflects the structural trend of science and technology system in the national economy.
The national defense industry is different from the general civilian industry and has its own characteristics: First, the national defense industry belongs to the consumer goods economy, and its products have special use value, and can only be used as national defense consumer goods, mainly to meet national security and military needs. Second, the economic activities of the national defense industry, especially the national defense industry, are generally carried out in strict accordance with the plan. The buyers and sellers are fixed and are not allowed to buy and sell freely. Third, the national defense industry is very strict about the quality and quantity of products, because it is related to the victory of the battle and the safety of life. Fourth, the structure and scale of national defense industry changes with the change of military demand. Fifth, the national defense industry is mainly funded by the state budget.
1.2 classification
The national defense industry can be divided into broad sense and narrow sense.
(1) The national defense industry in a broad sense includes national defense industry, national defense agriculture, national defense communication industry and national defense construction industry. The national defense industry mainly includes weapons, aviation, aerospace, electronics, ships, nuclear and military materials industries. Providing weapons and equipment, clothing and fittings directly to the army is the core department of national defense production. National defense agriculture refers to agricultural production that provides necessities such as food and clothing for national defense construction and is an important foundation for the survival of the army. The national defense transportation industry refers to the part of the transportation industry that is used to ensure the production of military products and the role of the armed forces. The national defense transportation industry has the characteristics of extensive contact with all aspects, immaterialization of products, and common use of military and civilian. The national defense communications industry plays an important role in the victory or defeat of the war and is the lifeline of military operations. National defense construction industry refers to industries engaged in barracks engineering, fortification engineering, coastal defense engineering, air defense engineering, second artillery engineering, communication engineering, rear base warehouse engineering, civil air defense engineering and other construction tasks. It provides important conditions for preserving the effective strength of the army and the national war potential, and is an indispensable part of the national defense industry.
(2) The defense industry in a narrow sense mainly refers to the defense industry. National defense industry refers to the industrial sector whose products are mainly used for national defense, that is, the economic production activities engaged by various departments of the national economy to produce necessary weapons and equipment and special materials for military or national security. The national defense industry is a special part of the whole national economy to ensure the needs of national defense construction and war, and its existence and development are of vital importance to any independent country.
2 the source of defense industry growth
2. 1 labor force
According to the principle of Marxist political economy, labor is the dominant and decisive production factor in the production process. While reproducing the material materials, the labor force constantly realizes the reproduction of the labor force itself, which is not only manifested in the increase of the number of labor force, but also in the improvement of the quality of labor force. Labor force is the only active factor in production factors, and it is the responsibility of the organizers of production factors, which promotes the continuous progress of science and technology and realizes the scientific and modern management. Therefore, labor force is the basic production factor of national defense industry and plays a decisive role in the development of national defense industry.
2.2 Fund
In modern production, the power of capital plays a great role in organically aggregating various production factors that are complex and diverse and scattered in different regions into a unified system. The scale of capital determines the scale of economic activities, and its own development speed determines the speed of economic development and technological progress. In China's national defense industry, the problem is more prominent. Almost all the funds for the development of China's national defense industry (defense expenditure) are paid by the state. Because of the "limited resources theory", the funds that the state can invest in the national defense industry are limited in a certain period of time. For a long time to come, it is impossible for China's national defense investment to increase substantially, and national defense modernization will face a shortage of funds for a long time. The role of funds in the national defense industry and how to use them effectively are particularly important.
2.3 technology
Technology is a variety of means, methods, skills and formulas created by human beings according to practical experience and scientific principles for material transformation and energy transfer with nature. As a basic factor of production, technology has profoundly changed the face of industrial reproduction through its close combination with labor, labor materials and labor objects, thus greatly improving the level of social productivity. Technological revolution and scientific and technological progress play a very important role in the transformation and optimization of industrial structure, industrial system and industrial pattern. Judging from the development of national defense industry, with the development of national economy and the progress of science and technology, every country has lost no time to adjust the structure of national defense resources and accelerate the upgrading of national defense industry and products, which is extremely necessary for updating weapons and equipment, improving the efficiency of national defense industry and enhancing military competitiveness. In addition, modern warfare has entered the era of high-tech warfare. The Gulf War, the Kosovo War and the Iraq War fully show the basic characteristics and development trend of modern wars under high-tech conditions: the extensive use of high-tech weapons and equipment, the increasing informationization of war elements, the uneven development of military forces and equipment technology between the warring parties, the gradual narrowing of direct war space and the continuous expansion of war-related space. This also fully proves the position of high technology in modern warfare.
2.4 Management means
In today's highly civilized society, management, as an important factor of production, participates in the production process and plays a decisive role in the process of economic growth. The report of the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China also mentioned that management elements should be distributed according to their contributions. It can be seen that management, as an intangible factor of production, has been gradually valued by people. An effective management method can make an enterprise produce greater economic benefits with the same investment of funds, personnel and technical equipment, which has been verified in many life cases. However, looking at the hard course of China's management for more than 20 years, we could have made greater achievements through effective management methods, but we have left a lot of regrets because of the lack of management, which is particularly prominent in the development of national defense industry. Therefore, in the future reform and development of national defense industry, we must attach importance to the role of management as an intangible factor of production and strive to bring it into full play. 2.5 information conversion
The main function of information transformation comes from the three functions of network economy and network technology: ① the optimization function of technical foundation. Information not only has strong infiltration ability, but also has the characteristics of affecting the overall situation. In addition, network technology also provides a new type of knowledge carrier. All other technologies can rely on network technology, and through these technologies, they can give full play to their functions. ② The transformation function of knowledge stock. Due to the development of productive forces, human society has entered the era of great science, various disciplines have merged and influenced each other, and new discoveries and inventions have emerged one after another. The stock of knowledge has reached a considerable level, and due to the unique knowledge innovation ability of human beings, knowledge is constantly expanding. It can be seen that because of the large stock of knowledge, only by making people use network technology can they quickly obtain information to achieve their goals at a very low cost, which greatly reduces the cost of industrial structure transformation of the national economy and the difficulty of industrial structure transformation of national defense. ③ Value function of innovation ability. The network economy has realized the * * * sharing of global knowledge and information. However, the network economy is not a technological change or innovation. Its core is to provide a path for innovation through information under open conditions, so that innovative thinking can produce results quickly with the support of information. With the advent of the network era, to accelerate the pace of structural optimization of national defense industry, we must highlight the core role of information technology, increase the influence and role of information industry on the national defense industry structure, and make the structural composition of national defense industry meet the economic and technical requirements of the network era and adapt to the effective supply target of high-tech war.
3. Measures to optimize the growth structure of national defense industry
In recent years, China's comprehensive national strength has been steadily improved, its international influence has been increasingly enhanced, and the international security environment has become more favorable to us. The topic of China's peaceful rise has attracted more and more attention from the world. But at the same time, behind this series of achievements and prosperity, we should be soberly aware that the complicated and changeable international situation at the beginning of the new century has brought new challenges to China's national security. Therefore, optimizing the growth structure of national defense industry, improving the efficiency of national defense industry and enhancing military competitiveness have become important issues that need to be solved urgently in China. Drawing on the experience of Japan, Germany, Brazil and other military powers in developing national defense industry, we can optimize the growth structure of China's national defense industry from the following four aspects.
3. 1 Increase investment in high-tech research and development to provide high-tech support for the national defense industry.
The national defense industry is not only the main body of national defense construction, but also the main body of economic development, with the characteristics of dual subjects of economy and national defense. Therefore, national defense science and technology is not only the driving force to promote economic development, but also the cornerstone of national security and national defense. It can be said that whoever masters the national defense high technology will master the future world. Japan is a typical example, which has always insisted on developing national defense science and technology step by step. In recent years, Japan's investment in military scientific research has continuously increased by more than 10%, and it has achieved great success in many aspects. According to the report published by the U.S. Department of Defense, Japan's national defense science and technology is developing strongly, keeping pace with the United States in many fields, and even surpassing the United States. However, China's military expenditure is relatively backward. Jiang, director of the National Defense Economic Research Center of China National Defense University, pointed out that since 1990, the total defense expenditure of China has increased rapidly. By the end of 2003, the total amount was185.3 billion yuan, or about US$ 22.4 billion, accounting for only 1.69% of GDP, which was lower than the average proportion of world defense expenditure in global GDP of 2.6%. Therefore, we should take various effective measures, such as encouraging private enterprises.
Intervene in and develop high-tech related to national defense equipment, and directly apply many cutting-edge civilian technologies to the production of national defense industry, providing strong technical support for the national defense industry.
3.2 Pay attention to the coordinated development of national defense economy and civil economy, and adopt the policy of combining military and civilian.
National economic construction and national defense economic construction complement each other and promote each other. Giving priority to the development of national defense economy can stimulate new social needs and economic vitality and promote the development of national economy. Similarly, under the premise of vigorously developing the national economy, fully develop the national defense industry as the leading industry of the national economy, and promote the development of other industries through the development of the national defense industry, giving play to the radiation and "linkage effect" of the national defense industry. By strengthening the exchange and complementarity of scientific and technological achievements between the national defense industry and the civil industrial production departments, we can avoid repeated research and development, save national defense expenditure and improve the economic benefits of military enterprises.
3.3 Actively expand military exports and inject strong impetus into the national defense industry.
As an important part of foreign trade, military export is of great significance to the development of a country's national defense industry and even the whole national economy. In recent years, with the overall relaxation of the international situation, domestic military orders have decreased, and the defense industry has become more dependent on exports to a certain extent. In China, the lack of defense funds has always been an important factor hindering the development of China's defense industry. Therefore, military departments should actively expand military exports on the premise of meeting the domestic demand for weapons and equipment, and take military exports as a strategic measure to maintain the scale and capacity of the national defense industry, make up for the lack of defense research funds, and expand international influence. In the form of military export, we can learn from foreign advanced experience. For example, there are many forms of weapons export in Germany, which can directly export weapons and equipment, military production technology, and even export weapons and equipment production equipment. Of course, it all depends on the specific situation of each country. Generally speaking, military exports bring many benefits to a country. On the one hand, it can speed up capital turnover, win foreign exchange and purchase necessary military strategic materials, so as to further develop new weapon systems, meet the needs of the military and expand military trade; On the other hand, it can expand military production, reduce production costs, promote sufficient operating rate and maintain the development of national defense industry.
3.4 Increase the penetration of the information industry into the national defense industry
In our country, the economic structure that determines the benefit of national defense industry has always been a prominent contradiction. Economic growth presents typical extensive growth characteristics of high input and low benefit, which leads to low overall quality of national economy, low benefit and weak national defense competitiveness. Backward information technology and information asymmetry are one of the important reasons. Therefore, no matter from the needs of economic development or national defense construction, it is necessary to increase the penetration of information industry into national defense industry, so as to accelerate the comprehensive transformation of various departments of national defense industry. The information industry plays an important role in the development of China's national defense industry, especially the military industry. First, the information industry is a highly correlated and powerful industry, which has led to the emergence and changes of a series of related industries, which can greatly promote the economic development of China and is the growth source of modern economy. Therefore, the information industry should be regarded as the driving industry for the structural adjustment of the national defense industry, so as to improve the economic benefits of the whole national defense industry. Second, information technology is an important driving force for the upgrading of the national defense industry. The wide application of information technology has promoted the transformation of industrial structure and created favorable conditions for economic growth. At the same time, it also promoted the transformation of traditional industries, improved their labor productivity, accelerated the upgrading of products, enhanced the competitiveness of products, and promoted the transformation of industrial structure into knowledge-intensive industries and high-quality service industries. Therefore, information technology can not only promote the optimization of industrial structure and the transformation of economic growth mode, but also make effective preparations for national defense construction and war.
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