First, the political system of the Western Zhou Dynasty

1. The establishment and demise of the Western Zhou regime: expansion

① Establishment: In BC 1046, King Wu conquered merchants, established the Western Zhou Dynasty, and made Haojiang its capital.

(2) Death: In 77 1 year BC, the imperial power declined and the king was fatuous, which was destroyed by the northwest minority dog Rong.

③ Follow-up: In 770 BC, King Ping moved the capital from Haojing to Luoyi, beginning with the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (divided into the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period).

2. The feudal system and patriarchal clan system in the Western Zhou Dynasty: (based on natural economy)

(1) packet system:

Objective: To consolidate the rule of "feudal (feudal) kinship, with governors sifting Zhou" in the Zhou Dynasty.

② Meaning: The enfeoffment system, also called enfeoffment system, was a local political system implemented in the Western Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Emperor granted a certain amount of land and population to the royal family, heroes and the first generation of nobles, and asked them to establish vassal states and defend the royal family. Under the vassal, layers of enfeoffment (emperor-vassal-QingDafu-scholar)

(3) the rights and obligations of the governor:

A. Power: vassals have great independence in territory, and they can set up officials, form armed forces and collect taxes.

B obligations: defend the country for the emperor, fight side by side with the emperor, pay tribute and report on pilgrimage.

(4) Influence: In the early stage, the emperor's rule over the local area was strengthened (not centralized), the ruling area was expanded, and the rule of the Zhou royal family was consolidated.

Due to the great independence of the vassals, with the beginning of the merger war in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the royal power gradually declined.

⑤ Disintegration: A, princes have greater independence.

B, with the development of productive forces, the well field system collapsed (root cause)

⑥ Evolution: ① The Western Zhou Dynasty was established (prevailing), and in the late Western Zhou Dynasty, the enfeoffment system was destroyed; (2) In the Spring and Autumn Period, the victory of the King of Chu was an open challenge to the enfeoffment system, which collapsed; (3) Abolished during the Warring States Period, and decided to abolish the enfeoffment system nationwide after the reunification of Qin; There was a resurgence in the early years of the Western Han Dynasty.

(2) the patriarchal clan system:

Objective: to consolidate the ruling order formed by the enfeoffment system and solve the contradiction between nobles in power, property and land inheritance. Finally, to ensure the stability of kingship (2) Meaning: the system of distributing political power and maintaining political ties according to the blood relationship. Formed a hierarchical order of emperor-vassal-master-scholar. (3) The biggest feature is that the eldest son (wife's eldest son) inheritance system is the core, and a strict patriarchal clan system is established, which is not only a family hierarchy, but also a political affiliation. (4) Influence: it ensures the political monopoly and privileged position of the nobility, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group. Influence on social life: paying attention to family building, advocating respecting the old and loving the young, paying too much attention to human relations, artificially dividing the distance between the two, some of which violate modern equality and legal consciousness. (Respect ancestors, prefer sons to daughters) ⑤ Relationship with enfeoffment system: Patriarchal system is the basis of enfeoffment system and plays a leading role in families and clans; Rising to the national level, the enfeoffment system played a leading role. They are interdependent and interdependent.

3. The characteristics of the political system in the Western Zhou Dynasty:

(1) the combination of theocracy and kingship (sacrifice) (2) the supreme ruling group has not yet achieved a high degree of concentration of power.

(3) forming the political structure of the country by blood relationship (the most basic feature)

Second, the formation of Qin centralization.

1. Unification of Qin Dynasty: ① In 22 1 year BC, Ying Zheng, king of Qin, unified the six countries and established the first unified feudal dynasty in China history-Qin Dynasty, with Xianyang as its capital; ② Significance: It ended the chaotic situation of vassal regime and opened a new era of national unity of the Chinese nation.

2. Emperor system: ① Origin: Three emperors and five emperors each have a word, which constitutes the emperor. ② The basic connotation of emperor system: the emperor is exclusive, the imperial power is supreme, and the throne is hereditary. ③ Influence: The emperor system initiated by Qin Shihuang is an important feature of the feudal autocracy in China.

3. Central Bureaucracy and County System: (1) Central Official System: ① Three Publics: Prime Minister: the assistant of the emperor, the head of a hundred officials, assisting the emperor in handling state affairs. Dr. Shi Yu: Deputy Prime Minister, responsible for presiding over ministers' memorials, issuing imperial edicts and supervising officials. Qiu: Responsible for national military affairs, but in name only in Qin State.

(2) the prime minister has nine qing, respectively in charge of specific government affairs, they are the functional departments of the central government.

(2) County system: ① Origin: there were counties in the Spring and Autumn Period; During Shang Yang's political reform, the enfeoffment system was abolished and the county system was implemented. After the reunification of Qin, the enfeoffment system was abolished and the county system was implemented. County, the highest local administrative agency. Magistrates and county magistrates are appointed and removed by the emperor. ③ Features: Compared with the enfeoffment system, the main difference is that the central government has formed a form of vertical management of local governments, and county orders are appointed and removed by the emperor and cannot be inherited. (4) The county system is an innovation of China's ancient local political system, which greatly strengthened centralization and was an important symbol of bureaucratic politics replacing hereditary aristocratic politics.

4. The formation of centralization:

(1) Background: (1) Politics: Qin Shihuang completed the unification of China; ② Theory: Han Feizi's legalist thought laid a theoretical foundation;

③ Practice: learn from the enfeoffment system; Shang Yang's political reform began to implement centralization.

(4) The feudal natural economy is decentralized and needs a strong central government.

⑵ Composition: The establishment of the emperor system, the three public officials system and the county system marked the establishment of feudal autocracy and centralization.

Third, the evolution of the political system from Han Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty.

1. County-state parallel system in the early Han Dynasty;

(1) In the early years of the Western Han Dynasty, the local government inherited the county system of the Qin Dynasty, and at the same time enfeoffed the vassal state, and the county state was parallel. (The county system and the enfeoffment system were implemented at the same time) ② The parallel system of counties and countries was not conducive to centralization, and the power of the kingdom was gradually weakened from Jingdi to Wudi. (3) When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty issued "Enzhi" to solve the kingdom problem, centralization was strengthened.

2. The system of selecting officials from Han Dynasty to Tang Dynasty;

(1) Check the system:

(1) The main path of selecting officials in Han Dynasty

Objective: To meet the needs of autocratic and centralized feudal state rule.

③ Mode: bottom-up

④ Standard: Filial piety (conduct)

(2) Do the right thing:

① Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties

(2) Standard: Choosing family status, most important positions in the imperial court are held by aristocratic families.

(3) the imperial examination system:

① Compilation: During the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty abolished the Zheng Zhi system of Nine Grades and began to select officials by means of subject examination. When Yang Di was in the Sui Dynasty, the government began to set up the imperial examination system.

② Development: Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties inherited and improved the imperial examination system. ③ Function: It is beneficial to break the monopoly of privilege, expand the source of official talents and improve the cultural quality of officials; Greatly strengthened centralization. This system has been used by generations and has far-reaching influence.

Supplement: Evaluation of Imperial Examination System

(1) Positive influence (early stage-Sui, Tang, Song and Yuan Dynasties): ① It is conducive to expanding and consolidating the political foundation of feudal rule; (2) Most landlords in Buyi entered the imperial examination and became officials, which injected vitality and vigor into the feudal regime; (3) it is conducive to the formation of a high-quality civil service team; ④ It creates a tradition of respecting teachers and attaching importance to teaching and an atmosphere of studying hard. ⑤ Promoted the prosperity of literature, for example, in the Tang Dynasty, selecting scholars with poems promoted the prosperity of Tang poetry.

(2) Negative influence (later period-Ming and Qing Dynasties):

(1) The implementation of stereotyped writing in Ming and Qing Dynasties has seriously bound candidates from content to form, making many intellectuals neither stress practical knowledge nor bind their thoughts. ② The style of study divorced from reality brought by stereotyped writing has a very negative impact on academic culture. (3) The late Qing Dynasty hindered the development of science and culture, which was one of the important reasons for the backwardness of natural science in modern China. ④ It is not conducive to knowledge innovation and the cultivation of innovative talents.

3. Three provinces and six departments in the Tang Dynasty:

① Zhongshu Province (responsible for drafting and promulgating imperial edicts), Menxia Province (responsible for reviewing government decrees) and Shangshu Province (implementing government decrees).

(2) Evaluation: the three points of relative power strengthened the imperial power; The division of labor and cooperation among the three provinces is conducive to improving administrative efficiency and reducing the mistakes of major decisions under the autocratic monarchy. It is a great innovation of China's ancient central political system.

4. The provincial system in Yuan Dynasty:

① Background: Yuan Dynasty had a vast territory; Absorbed the situation that the local authorities had no right and the people were overstaffed in the Song Dynasty.

② Content: In addition to Hebei, Shanxi and Shandong being directly managed by Zhongshu Province, there are also local Zhongshu provinces (provinces), which are the highest administrative institutions in the region.

(2) Role: It is a major reform of the ancient local administrative system in China, which is convenient for the central government to manage the localities, is conducive to strengthening centralization and consolidating the unity of multi-ethnic countries, and is the beginning of the provincial system in China.

Fourth, the strengthening of absolute monarchy in Ming and Qing Dynasties.

1. the abolition of the prime minister system and the emergence of the cabinet in the Ming dynasty;

(1) the abolition of the prime minister system;

① Reason: Zhu Yuanzhang, in view of the lesson of political autocracy and disorder of the prime minister in history, prevented the emperor from exercising his power, in order to stabilize and consolidate the feudal regime ② Symbol: 1380, he killed Hu on the charge of "seeking danger to the country", and at the same time abolished Zhongshu Province and the prime minister, taking charge of the national government affairs for six points and being directly responsible to the emperor.

③ Influence: A China's prime minister system was abolished, which marked the complete victory of imperial power in the struggle for mutual rights; Due to the lack of a mechanism to restrict imperial power, absolute monarchy has reached a new height. B. it caused the emperor to have a lot of government affairs and was physically and mentally exhausted.

(2) the emergence of the cabinet:

Process: A. Ming Taizu, who set up a bachelor's degree in Diange, served as a squire consultant and rarely participated in politics; B Judy Emperor Chengzu of the Ming Dynasty appointed imperial academy officials to join Wenyuan Pavilion to participate in the decision-making of confidential affairs, and the cabinet system was formally established. (No decision-making power) C. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, the cabinet college students were awarded the right to prepare tickets for the emperor's memorial. (No decision-making power) ③ Features: ① The Cabinet has never been a statutory central-level administrative body or decision-making body, but an on-the-job body that handles state affairs for the Emperor; (2) The rise and fall of cabinet ministers is decided by the emperor, and the size of their functions and powers depends on the will of the emperor. ④ Evaluation: ① There is no independent decision-making power and administrative power, and it depends entirely on the emperor; (2) the cabinet college students rise and fall at any time because of the emperor's personal love and hate; (3) It is the product of the strengthening of absolute monarchy, which can not restrict the imperial power;

The differences between Chinese and Western cabinets are as follows: ① Nature: China's cabinet in the Ming Dynasty was not a statutory administrative or decision-making body at the central level, but an advisory body of the emperor's attendants, and had no decision-making power; The Western Cabinet is an administrative body. (2) Appointment and removal of officials: The rise and fall of cabinet ministers in China in the Ming Dynasty was decided by the emperor, and their power depended on the emperor's will; In the west, the cabinet of the largest political party that won the parliamentary election; Responsible to parliament. ③ Essence: Cabinet system in China in Ming Dynasty was the product of autocratic monarchy in feudal society; The cabinet system in the west is the product of bourgeois democracy.

2. The establishment of the military headquarters of the Qing Dynasty: ① Reasons: strengthening imperial power and timely handling the northwest war. ② Content: Yong Zhengdi established a military department, with officials trusted by the emperor as military affairs ministers. The military department has the characteristics of simple organization, high efficiency and more obvious decision-making closure. (3) The Minister of Military Affairs "kneels down to accept written records and carry out orders", which indicates that absolute monarchy has reached its peak.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) The characteristics of ancient political system in China;

1. The evolution of ancient political system in China and its historical characteristics;

Evolution process: abdication system (late primitive society)-hereditary system of the throne (Xia and Shang dynasties)-enfeoffment system and patriarchal clan system (Zhou)-centralization (the core of China's ancient political system, which began with Shang Yang's political reform in the Warring States Period, officially started in Qin Dynasty, and reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties after the development and improvement of successive dynasties, lasting more than two thousand years).

Evolutionary characteristics:

(1) feudal system and patriarchal system: (see above)

(2) centralization:

(1) The basic political system in ancient China was autocratic centralization, with the highest imperial power as the core. Rule by man is greater than rule by law.

(2) There have always been contradictions between imperial power and relative power, and between central and local governments. However, the development trend of autocratic system and centralization has been continuously strengthened, and the contradiction between central and local governments was finally resolved in the Northern Song Dynasty. The contradiction between imperial power and the right to subsistence was solved in the Ming Dynasty.

(3) The political system and ethics are combined, and Confucianism occupies a dominant position, which has long influenced the political system.

2. The historical role and social influence of centralization;

⑴ Historical function: It completely broke the traditional aristocratic enfeoffment system and laid the basic pattern of China's feudal political system for more than 2,000 years, which was used by feudal dynasties.

(2) Social impact:

Positive (mainly during the formation and rise of feudal society): ① it is conducive to the establishment, consolidation and development of a unified multi-ethnic country; (2) conducive to safeguarding national unity and territorial integrity; ③ It can effectively organize manpower, material resources and financial resources to engage in large-scale production activities and economic construction, which is conducive to social, economic and cultural development. (4) In a unified environment, it is conducive to national integration.

Negative (especially in the decline period of feudal society): ① autocratic monarchy easily leads to tyranny, produces a large number of bureaucratic teams, and makes politics dark and corrupt; ② Ideological control lags behind the development of science and culture; (3) At the end of feudal society, it hindered the development of capitalism and made China lag behind the West. (Dual influences coexist, different status)