1September, 1999, Heyuan: Tracing the Origin of HIV and AIDS stirred the restless medical community with great excitement. This book discusses the number one plague that threatens people's lives and health-AIDS. The author of this book is a journalist named Eduarte Hooper. The whole book is a documentary report. According to some historical events, the author puts forward an argument that the earliest outbreak of AIDS was due to people using polio vaccine contaminated by HIV. HIV- 1 is a subtype of HIV that causes AIDS today. It was introduced into Central Africa in 1950s without using contaminated polio vaccine (OPV). This is the so-called polio vaccine-HIV (OPV- HIV) hypothesis. Hooper's hypothesis involves the biomedical field, which has triggered an academic debate, and its scale is no less than the unprecedented dispute between France and the United States on the right to discover HIV in the late 1980s and early 1990s. Now people think that HIV subtype HIV- 1 comes from African chimpanzees, while HIV subtype HIV-2 comes from African black-and-white macaques. However, there is great controversy about how HIV crosses the barrier of species, that is, from monkeys to orangutans to people. Hooper does not give a clear explanation in the book, but the book provides evidence that the kidneys of chimpanzees and black-and-white macaques were used to produce polio vaccines, but no record of making vaccines can be found. Hooper also concluded that medical researchers used kidney cells of chimpanzees or monkeys as polio vaccines, which were contaminated by HIV in chimpanzees or monkeys. This vaccine was widely used in the "campaign" to eradicate polio in the late 1950s, which led to the widespread spread of HIV. At that time, the World Health Organization tried to eliminate infectious diseases in developing countries as soon as possible. Africa was the main battlefield, and polio was the first choice. Beatrice Hahn, a scientist at Howard Hughes Medical Institute in the United States, believes that there is considerable evidence that AIDS appeared earlier, so it will not be a large-scale spread caused by polio vaccine. AIDS is that when hunting, slaughtering and eating undercooked meat, people's skin and mucous membranes are infected by the blood of infected animals; Contaminated needles are the reason for the rapid spread of HIV among people. Hahn believes that Hooper only put forward a hypothesis, but it does not prove that the kidneys of chimpanzees or black and white monkeys have been used to make vaccines. In addition, there are actually dozens of HIV-like viruses in wild monkeys. If HIV is naturally transferred from chimpanzees to monkeys, there is no reason to say that this transfer will not happen again. Hilary Coprosky, who is engaged in the research and development of polio vaccine at the Westchester Institute in the United States, is very dissatisfied with the polio vaccine-HIV hypothesis and holds a fierce negative attitude. He said it would be ironic if, according to Hooper, polio vaccine caused the spread of AIDS! Because at that time, the World Health Organization was planning to eradicate polio in the world and was making a final sprint for vaccine research and development. If you believe what Hooper said, didn't he and other researchers who developed vaccines become demons? Hooper's view is based on his prejudice, which is incorrect; Hooper must speak with facts and evidence. Buck opens the mysterious refrigerator in order to analyze the authenticity of Hooper hypothesis, scientists tend to confirm it through experiments; To confirm that the vaccine has been produced from animal kidneys, only Buck's refrigerator can solve the problem. Since 1992, the remaining oral polio vaccine in the world has been used to vaccinate millions of children in Africa to prevent polio. These vaccines are stored in a refrigerator, which is kept in another big refrigerator at the wistar Institute in Philadelphia, USA. Only Crayton Barker, director of the Institute, has the keys to these refrigerators. It is these polio vaccines that are suspected of causing the spread of AIDS, because they were produced in the 1950s. According to the experimental requirements, Barker must open the refrigerator and distribute polio vaccine samples to three independent laboratories for testing to prove whether these vaccines contain HIV or AIDS precursors. Barker said that in order to avoid the pressure brought by the media, the three laboratories kept secrets temporarily to ensure the double-blind nature of the research. In other words, each laboratory doesn't know what other laboratories are doing, so as to ensure the objectivity of the research results. At the same time, a world-class mitochondrial DNA analysis laboratory is trying to identify primates used to produce polio vaccine. In February 2000, the wistar Institute announced that it had discovered the vaccine samples produced that year. Then, the institute invited colleagues from Britain, France and Germany to analyze the samples, and found no traces of chimpanzee kidney cells and HIV. In the second analysis, the researchers found the kidney cells of macaques in the samples, but macaques were not infected with HIV. In September, 2000, the Max Planck Institute in Leipzig, Germany and the Pasteur Institute in France, which isolated AIDS virus for the first time in the world, respectively pointed out at a meeting of the Royal Society in London, England, that they had come to such a conclusion: "It is unfounded to say that the AIDS disaster in Africa today is due to the careless spread of AIDS virus when injecting polio vaccine for about 1 10,000 people in Africa in the 1950s." Interestingly, however, this conclusion did not shake the belief of Edward Hooper, the initiator of the "vaccine hypothesis". Tracing back to HIV- 1 and HIV-2, the HIV virus causing AIDS was first found in chimpanzees in western Central Africa, but when and how it spread to humans is unknown. In this regard, it is generally speculated that the hunter was scratched by an orangutan with HIV when he was chasing gorillas in Africa, or that the hunter accidentally cut his finger and was infected when he slaughtered chimpanzees. At present, researchers have three early human specimens infected with HIV: plasma collected from an adult male living in the Democratic Republic of Congo (1959); 1969 human tissue specimen of an African descendant who died in St. Louis, USA; There is also a human tissue specimen of a Norwegian sailor who died in 1976. In this regard, the research group of He Dayi, a famous American Chinese scientist, has long been conclusive. During the period of 1998, the Allen Damon AIDS Research Center led by He Dayi studied and analyzed the plasma samples collected during the period of 1959. They believe that the HIV found in a man of Bantu tribe in Africa is the ancestor of HIV- 1, an HIV subtype currently spreading around the world. Inferred from the evolution degree of HIV subtype, it should be a short time before 1959, about 1940s or early 1950s, and then in June 5438 +20001October, Dr. Bette Korber of Los Alamos National Laboratory in the United States established a complex mathematical model by collecting various data, and then simulated the evolution process of HIV by computer. Then it is concluded that the subtype of HIV entered the human body between 19 10 ~ 65448, and the location is West Africa. Cobb thinks the error time of his conclusion is 20 years. So, when did the HIV-2 subtype isolated from 1986 AIDS patients in West Africa enter the human body? Belgian biologist Anne-Mieke Vandamme collected HIV-2 infection samples from Canchungo, a small town in Guinea-Bissau, and compared them with the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) of local black-and-white macaques. It was concluded that HIV-2A of HIV-2 was transmitted from black-and-white macaques to humans around 1940. On the other hand, HIV-2B was transmitted from black-and-white macaques to humans around 1945. On May 12, 2003, the Journal of the National Academy of Sciences published a research report by Van Damme, pointing out that blood transfusion and sex trade prevailed in history, which led to the widespread spread of HIV-2. For example, in June of 1966, the first case of HIV-2 infection due to blood transfusion occurred in Guinea Bissau. In addition, the war of independence in Guinea-Bissau 1963 to 1974 coincided with the beginning of the HIV-2 epidemic. Studies have found that HIV originated in monkeys. Scientists pointed out in the paper that it is of great significance to find that SIV virus in chimpanzees may come from the recombinant products of two monkey viruses. It is proved that in addition to humans, there is also an anthropoid ape that carries two different SIV viruses through cross-species transmission under natural conditions. Previous studies have found that the predecessor of human HIV- 1 is simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in chimpanzees. But where did the virus infected by chimpanzees come from? The latest result obtained by an international team of scientists is that it may be the recombinant product of two other SIV viruses in different monkeys. Many kinds of monkeys in Africa carry different SIV viruses. Scientists in the United States, Britain and France compared these viruses with SIV virus in chimpanzees, and found that SIV virus, as the precursor of human AIDS virus, was probably recombined from two SIV viruses in Danding white-faced monkey and big-nosed monkey. On June 5438+03, scientists published a paper entitled "Mixed Origin of Chimpanzee SIV Virus" in the American magazine Science, and introduced the related research process and conclusions.