Since the 1960s, the research on animal behavior has attracted the attention of scientists all over the world. Some animal behaviorists in Europe have made great contributions to the development of animal behavior. Since 1970s, people have realized the importance of studying animal behavior, and more and more animal behavior research projects have become a branch of biology, which is very positive and important. The ontological study of animal behavior itself also studies the role of content behavior in maintaining the evolutionary history, expanding behavior, behavior control and social organization of the group. These studies on animal behavior have further developed and gradually developed into a comprehensive discipline, involving not only a kind of behavior, but also ecology, physiology, psychology, genetics, evolution, sociology and economics.
History of animal behavior research
The embryonic stage of animal behavior is that behavior experienced a slow development stage before the 20th century. As early as the Paleolithic Age (34,000 to 10500 years ago), people began to observe the animals around them. From the perspective of animal domestication, people also need to understand the life cycle and animal behavior. In the early days of civilization, ancient Egyptians began to try to incubate eggs artificially. Aristotle in ancient Greece (384? 322 BC) began to observe and describe the behavior of animals in the new era. The life history and behavior of 540 kinds of animals recorded in his paper have a considerable influence on future generations' understanding of life.
In the 17 and 18 centuries, more and more people began to compare the behaviors and behavior theories of different species. Johunn Pernaller from Germany studied the behaviors of different birds, such as differential eating, social behavior, nesting areas, seasonal feather color changes, migration, singing and brooding. The fear of predatory behavior of wolves and foxes and the performance of rabbits are vividly described by Chorles George Lereg of France. Animals can live intelligently by relying on their own memories and life experiences.
1859, Darwin's Origin of Species was published, which had a far-reaching impact on the study of animal behavior. Compared with the research in his book The Origin of Man (187 1), the instinctive behavior of human beings and animals. /kloc-In the 9th century, people used the Forbidden City to study the influence of learning behavior. C. instinct, learning and simulated behavior of C.Lioyd MOrgun chicks. Among many modern behaviors, behavior (behavior) and abhorrent behavior (animal behavior) first appeared in his papers.
The 20th century witnessed the rapid development and real expansion of animal behavior. Hobhouse (hobhouse) found in 190 1 that monkeys and other animals can use tools (sticks and boxes) to get food. 1906, zoologist HSJennings made a detailed study of the behavior of protozoa and wrote a book, The Behavior of Protozoa, which is the first book devoted to the study of animal behavior. 187 1- 1945, there were ducks and geese in Haiyin Lott, Berlin, and their movement, anatomical characteristics, social behavior, singing and reproductive behavior, as well as various detailed studies were compared. After discovering the imprinting behavior of gray geese, they hatch from the incubator. Homologous theory, he expounded that loneliness is also considered by many people as one of the signs of the birth of real behavior. Based on Darwin's thought, the zoologist HS Reimarus developed and formally established comparative behavior, which laid the biological foundation of modern behavior. Subsequently, through CLMorgun, W.James and J.Loeb in Laos, the concept of behavior contributed.
From 193 1 to 194 1, Nico Dingbergen and Lorenz, famous European behavioral biologists, published papers on the comparative study of geese and ducks as world partners in bird environment with the concepts of "social crow behavior" and "instinctive behavior". New concepts and new research topics of display, replacement and ritualization. Lorenz's term "imprint" is a good example of the combination of nature and nurture. In behavioral analysis, behavioral ecology has made great contributions.
Modernization process of animal behavior
In recent years, with the vigorous development of animal behavior, animal behavior and many other branches of life science have infiltrated each other, forming some new research fields, which have been further improved from different angles, and systematically expounded the reasons, mechanisms or development of animal behavior. Evolutionary and adaptive functions. It is impossible to discuss animal behavior in such a comprehensive way. This paper only focuses on behavioral genetics and behavioral ecology, and makes a brief introduction.
1。 behavioral genetics
Behavioral genetics is the genetic basis of genetic research methods. Starting from 1960, American scholar Thompson first summarized the relevant information, wrote a book on behavioral genetics, and announced the birth of this new discipline. As a result, there have been many related studies. 10 years later, professional journals and behavioral genetics came out. 1967, Benze is the first Drosophila mutant with artificially induced selection behavior, which opens the way for the study of their behavioral genetics. Since then, people have done a lot of research on fruit flies, nematodes, paramecium, bacteria and other organisms to study the behavior of mutants. At present, based on molecular analysis, behavioral genes have been further isolated, cloned and transferred. Behavioral genetics of animal behavior has opened up a new world, and it has clear laws and mechanisms.
2。 Behavioral ecology
Behavioral ecology is the study of behavior mechanism, animal behavior in the sense of ecology and evolution, and it is the fastest and most active field in theory and method.
It mainly involves the behavioral ecology of feeding behavior to the ecological environment. Defense behavioral ecology, reproductive behavioral ecology, social ecology, spatio-temporal behavioral ecology (such as habitat selection, positioning navigation, activities and phenomena in the field, etc. ) and behavioral ecological prediction. In recent years, remarkable progress has been made in social ecology and social biology. The social behavior of birds, N. Dingbergen (1974+0974) studied the behavior of human society, which laid the foundation for K. von Frish's social behavior of bees, K. Lorenz's research and social biology. 1975, EO Wilson published the book Sociobiology, which systematically introduced its theoretical system and research methods from the perspective of this discipline. Social biology Darwin's concept of natural selection is applied to social behavior, and the research on ecology and animal behavior, heredity and evolution is all-round, and new concepts of fitness and relative selection are put forward. These new concepts push the study of social behavior to a new height.
In this respect, it shows attractive prospects and attracts more and more scientists. In particular, the research on behavioral economics and evolutionary stability countermeasures (ESS) shows great vitality. Although in this respect? Our country is almost blank, but with the rapid development of disciplines, it will certainly bring great benefits to our academic circles.
The research on animal behavior in China is still in its infancy, the main content of the research is descriptive, and the breadth and depth of theoretical research are quite different from those of foreign countries. So far, the country has not formed a special textbook and journal of animal behavior. However, from the published literature, the research on animal behavior in China has made some progress in some fields.