Model essay on English literary criticism
How to write a literature review?
I. Definition of Literature Review
Literature review is one of the important styles of scientific research papers. On the basis of sorting out, summarizing, analyzing and comparing various documents, the author makes a comprehensive summary and comment on the historical background, preliminary work, research status, debate focus and development prospect of a special topic. By reading the literature review, researchers can spend less time to get more systematic and specific information about a specific topic and understand its research status, existing problems and future development direction.
Two. The purpose and components of literature review
A. purpose
On the one hand, it helps you broaden the perspective and angle of your graduation thesis.
On the other hand, it helps you narrow down the topic and find the key points.
Study the problem.
B. Its components
A complete literature review is divided into six parts.
Title and author (title and author)
Abstracts and keywords (abstracts and keywords)
Introduction (introduction)
A review.
Conclusion (conclusion)
References (references)
Three. Classification of raw materials
How can we find materials related to our topic better and faster? Basically, all these raw materials can be divided into four categories.
A: Source of background information:
It can usually be found in dictionaries and
An encyclopedia compiled by a leading scholar or founder in this field. Three very good and generally recommended encyclopedias are encyclopedia ABC, namely encyclopedia americana, Encyclopedia Britannica and Collier? Encyclopedia of. There are also more professional reference books, such as the encyclopedia of language and linguistics in linguistics and English teaching research. Besides, you can also find encyclopedias on the Internet.
B: the main source
Providing direct evidence, such as the works of scholars in this field,
Biography or autobiography, memoirs, speeches, lectures, diaries, letters, interviews, case studies, methods, etc. The main sources come in various shapes and sizes. Usually you have to do some research on the source to make sure that you have identified it correctly. When the first search results are too few, try to search through a wider range of topics; When the search is also generated
Many results improve your search by narrowing the search scope.
C: second-hand information
Those who provide indirect evidence, such as research articles or papers, books.
A summary, analysis, journal articles, research on authors by experts in specific fields or
Writers and their works, etc. Second-hand materials will run through most of your writing.
In college. You are often asked to use first-hand information to study your topic.
But second-hand information will tell you which primary information you should use.
Will help you interpret these raw materials. However, to use themes well, you need to
They need to be considered critically. You need to divide the source code into two parts.
Analysis: the text itself and the arguments in the text.
D: network resources
Sources or information from websites. The Web is an excellent
Material resources. However, you need to select and evaluate the Web.
Pay special attention to the lack of quality control of network resources. you
Maybe start with search engines, such as Google, Yahoo, Ask, Excite, etc. It? United States of America
It's a good idea to try more than one search engine, because each search engine is in its own
In your own way. When using the website to obtain information, please pay attention to.
Author identity and sponsorship. If neither is clear, when you use
Information. The fluidity of website information should also be taken into account.
Account. Don? Don't use outdated information.
Four. The main strategies of material selection in literature review
A. choose primary sources instead of secondary sources.
If you have two sources, one of which summarizes or explains a work.
The other is the job itself, choose the job itself. Never try to write a paper.
Without reading the original materials.
B. Choose sources that can provide multiple perspectives for your paper.
Remember, a good argumentative essay will consider the rebuttal.
Don't reject a source because it is contrary to your argument.
C. Selecting the source of in-depth coverage topics
Perhaps most books on communicative language teaching have mentioned William.
Littlewood, but if this is your topic, you will find that there is very little information about this topic.
Deeply. Choose those.
D. Selection of sources written by recognized experts
If you can choose an article written by a freelance journalist.
Task-based teaching and a recognized expert, such as David Noonan,
Choose articles by experts.
E. Choose the latest source
If your topic involves a current problem or social problem or development.
In the field of science, it is essential to find the latest information. If all of them
The books on these topics are very old, and you may need to read them in.
Periodicals.
Verb (abbreviation for verb) Write a literature review.
A. When you review relevant literature, the main review focus should be:
1. Support the mainstream theory of research problems.
2. The main controversy about this issue.
3. The main discoveries in this area, who discovered them and when.
4. What studies are considered better and why?
5. Describe the types of research that can provide the basis for current theories and disputes.
6. Criticism of the work in this area.
B. When you write a literature review, you should follow two principles:
1. Review the most relevant sources of your paper.
2. Describe or write your comments as clearly and objectively as possible.
C. Some skills for writing comments:
1. Clearly define key terms or concepts related to your topic.
2. First discuss the references that are least relevant to your question.
Related references Finally.
3. End your review with a short summary.
4. Start writing your comments early.
Detailed tips and precautions of the main part of the literature review of intransitive verbs
Details of the main parts of English literature:
Introduction (introduction)
The introduction is the beginning of the text of literature review, which mainly includes two contents: one is to ask questions; The second is to introduce the scope of review.
And content. When asking questions, the author should give a definition and explanation, explain the research background, and briefly introduce the views and opinions of different documents.
What's the difference? Introduce the writing purpose of this document. When introducing the scope and main contents of this review, the author should use conciseness.
Summarize this statement.
The content and structure of the introduction have the following characteristics:
The introduction of (1) review usually includes the definition, research background, existing problems or differences, purpose, content and content of the review.
Scope;
(2) Introduce the background knowledge in the simple present tense, describe others' achievements in the present perfect tense, and use the simple future tense or one.
Introduce the content of this article in the simple present tense;
(3) The sentence structure should be concise and clear, using simple sentences and coordinate elements;
(4) Take the third person as the main subject, and occasionally use the first person plural as the subject.
A review.
Summary is the core of literature review and the development and deepening of introduction. According to the questions raised in the introduction and the limited scope,
The author should systematically sort out, summarize, compare and analyze a large number of relevant documents, and list relevant topics on this basis.
Then discuss all the important academic viewpoints separately so that readers can fully understand them. Review previous studies and take time as an example.
For order, from far to near. Reflect the function of review by narration and discussion, narrate previous research, discuss its results and explore its reasons,
Investigate its shortcomings.
When analyzing comments, especially expressing the author's own views, we should be objective and cautious, so we often use vague language to express speculation.
The language form of.
The conclusion of the review.
The conclusion is not only the author's summary of the full text, but also part of the author's personal views.
If there is no subtitle, there will often be the motivation as mentioned above. To sum up, to.
Phrases such as "conclusion", "in short" and "in short" lead to conclusions. The contents of the conclusion include: review and induction, and various questions raised.
Comments on the theme, suggestions or prospects for future research.
Two. preventive measure
Literature collection should be as comprehensive as possible. Mastering a large number of comprehensive documents is the premise of writing a good review, otherwise it is impossible to write a good literature review by collecting a little information casually, and even the articles written will not be a review at all.
3. Pay attention to the representativeness, reliability and scientificity of the cited documents. There may be similar views in the collected documents, and the reliability and scientificity of some documents are not the same, so we should pay attention to choosing representative, reliable and scientific documents when quoting documents.
3. Cite documents faithfully. Because the literature review has the author's own comments and analysis, it is necessary to distinguish the author's point of view from the content of the literature when writing, and not to tamper with the content of the literature.
4. References cannot be omitted. Some scientific research papers can omit references, but the literature review must not be omitted, and it should be the literature cited in the paper, which can reflect the whole theme and the author can read it directly.
5. Literature review should not be a repetition, listing and general introduction of existing literature, but a critical analysis and comment on the advantages and disadvantages and contributions of previous studies. Therefore, the literature review should contain the dual meanings of comprehensive refining and analytical review.
6. Literature review should be concise, avoid quoting a large number of original texts as much as possible, make the author's views clear in his own language, and draw general conclusions from the original documents.
7. Literature review is not a database, but should closely focus on the theme? Question? To ensure that the existing research results are directly related to the research of this topic, and its content is closely focused on the topic, which can not only reflect the history, present situation and trend of the research object systematically and comprehensively, but also reflect all aspects of the research content.
8. Literature review should be comprehensive, accurate and objective. It is best to use the opinions and arguments for comments from a single document, and try to avoid using others' explanations or reviews of the original documents.
Seven. Literature review sample
A Study on Chinese Fashion Terms and Their Translation
Although we can see the achievements made in the study of Chinese buzzwords, there are few papers on the translation of contemporary Chinese buzzwords, let alone discussing the translation methods and untranslatability of Chinese buzzwords, which is a great regret in the field of buzzwords. The representative papers on the translation of Chinese fashion terms are as follows: A Study of Meteor Language Translation (Wang Jian, Zhou Yongping, 2005: 92 ~ 94); Cultural Reflections on the Translation of Fashion Words (Su Yu, Wang Ting, 2011:50 ~ 51): Optimization? Zero translation? Translate fashion words (litmus, 2010:102 ~105).
Therefore, the number of studies on the translation of contemporary Chinese buzzwords is expected to increase, and a comprehensive and detailed study in this field is also expected to appear. Since 1990, scholars have begun to pay attention to Chinese buzzwords, but the research at that time was still in the stage of tentative exploration. Representative papers are as follows: Analysis of Urban Catchwords and Social Culture (Sun Manjun,1996:1kloc-0/~107) discusses the development and changes of buzzwords and the relationship between buzzwords and social and cultural background and psychological changes of urban people when the current society is facing transformation; Metaphorical Semantic Generalization of Fashion Language (Liu Dawei, 1997:35 ~ 38) discusses the semantic generalization of fashion language metaphor; On the Creativity and Homomorphism of Language from Fashion Terms (Xia Lihong,1999:16 ~18) looks at the development process of fashion terms from the creative characteristics.
And thinks that the expression of fashion is. Creativity? In a certain range, it is beyond the original range of use because of the interaction between people and the homogenization of aesthetic taste. Because of the timeliness, periodicity and randomness of buzzwords, some buzzwords can't be included in ordinary dictionaries, so linguists have carried out the compilation of buzzwords dictionaries, such as the Dictionary of Contemporary Chinese Buzzwords (Xiong Zhongwu, 1992) and Beijing Modern Buzzwords (Zhou Yimin, 1992).
After entering the 2 1 century, more and more Chinese fashion expressions have emerged and penetrated into all aspects of social life; Accordingly, the research on Chinese buzzwords has become relatively rich. The study of Chinese catchwords has become a hot topic in linguistics and culture. This linguistics will contribute to the study of Chinese catchwords and provide reference for others who are interested in contemporary Chinese catchwords and their translation.
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Ding Jiayong. Semantic uncertainty of catchwords and its development prospect. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology,
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Guo, Sociolinguistics of China. Nanjing: Nanjing University Press, 1999+05438+0.
Li Han. Analysis of contemporary Chinese catchwords. Journal of Henan Normal University (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 2007,
(3): 18 1
[15] Huang Pingfei. Analysis of catchwords in CCTV Spring Festival Evening. Science, education and literature (next issue),
2009,(3):237
[16] ginger red. On Social Catchwords in Contemporary China. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University (Social Science Edition),
2005,( 1 1): 108~ 1 12
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Xiaoxue On the Use and Standardization of Catchwords —— A Case Study of Language Programs in the Spring Festival Evening
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