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[Date of Issue: 200407 19]
[Source: /index/a/aindex.htm Processing and finishing by China Institute of Science and Technology Information]
Scientific Outlook on Development summed up the successful experience of China's reform, opening up and modernization in the past 20 years, absorbed the experience and lessons of other countries in the development process, revealed the objective laws of economic and social development, and embodied our party's new understanding of development issues. The establishment and implementation of Scientific Outlook on Development is closely related to the protection of ecological environment. At present, how to protect the ecological environment in Scientific Outlook on Development is a very important and urgent problem.
First, the relationship between environmental protection and economic growth.
The connotation of Scientific Outlook on Development is very rich, one of which is sustainable development, and the relationship between economic growth and environmental protection should be properly handled. Handle it well to achieve "win-win", and handle it badly means both sides lose. This relationship can be summarized as the following aspects.
First of all, a good ecological environment and sufficient natural resources are the basis and conditions for economic growth. The ultimate goal of economic growth is to enrich the people and strengthen the country and improve people's living standards. A good environment is a necessary condition for a high-quality life, while environmental pollution and ecological destruction go against the original intention of promoting economic growth. Serious environmental pollution and resource shortage will in turn restrict economic growth, even restrict the development of some industries, and affect the quality and efficiency of economic growth.
Secondly, insufficient economic growth or improper growth mode is an important cause of environmental pollution, resource depletion and ecological destruction. Deforestation, overgrazing and growing grain on steep slopes in poor areas are the main reasons for soil erosion and land desertification. Extensive economic development model externalizes environmental costs, regardless of the speed of resource renewal and the value of ecological services. Low-cost industrial expansion is the root cause of serious environmental pollution and waste and resource shortage.
Third, economic development should be sustainable. We should not only consider the needs of the development of contemporary people, but also the needs of future generations. It is our historical responsibility to leave good environmental conditions for future generations.
Fourth, environmental problems are brought about by development and can only be solved through development. Without necessary economic growth and lack of environmental improvement conditions and financial support, it is difficult to protect the environment. The emergence and solution of environmental problems are closely related to the stage of economic development and the degree of technological progress. Only by attaching importance to environmental protection while developing the economy can the problem be properly solved.
In a word, protecting and improving the environment should be one of the purposes of economic development. The solution to today's environmental problems is not whether to develop, but what is the purpose of development and how to develop it.
Second, the current major environmental problems in China and their impact on development
Since the reform and opening up, the CPC Central Committee and the State Council have attached great importance to environmental protection, enacted laws, set up institutions, gradually increased investment, and strengthened governance in key areas. The total discharge of major pollutants has been initially controlled, the environmental quality of some cities and regions has improved, and environmental protection has made continuous progress. However, the current environmental problems are still quite prominent and the situation is grim.
The total discharge of major pollutants is large, far exceeding the self-purification capacity of the environment. In 2003, the wastewater discharge reached 46 billion tons, of which the chemical oxygen consumption (COD) of the main pollutant was 65.438+03.336 million tons, which exceeded the environmental tolerance by 68%. The output of urban garbage is close to 654.38+0.4 billion tons per year, and the treatment rate is only 54.2%, and the harmless treatment rate is even lower. The output of industrial hazardous waste is about 6.5438+million tons per year, and 654.38+0/3 has not been disposed of safely.
Water and atmospheric environment are polluted to varying degrees, and some areas are quite serious. China's surface water environmental quality standards are divided into five categories, one is the best water without any pollution at the source, more than three categories can be used as drinking water sources, and the worst five categories can be used for agricultural irrigation. In 2003, of the 407 monitoring sections in seven major river systems, only 38. 1% was Class I to III water, and 29.7% was Class V water, that is, nearly 1/3 water did not meet the requirements of agricultural irrigation, which showed the heavy pollution. China's atmospheric environmental quality standards are divided into three levels, and the first level standard air quality is the best. Long-term living in an atmosphere exceeding the third-class standard will do harm to your health. In 2003, among the 340 cities with monitoring data, there were 142 cities with air quality standards above Grade II, accounting for 4 1.7%. There are 9 1 city that exceeds the three standards, accounting for 26.8%.
At present, new environmental problems are prominent, and environmental pollution is compounded and compressed, which increases the difficulty of solving problems. The organic pollution of rivers, lakes and seas in China is still serious, and eutrophication of lakes and seas with nitrogen and phosphorus as the main pollutants appears again. Many trace toxic and harmful compounds have been detected in drinking water sources in many cities, which directly affect people's health. The pollution of particulate matter and sulfur dioxide in the air has not been solved. Due to the rapid development of motor vehicles in big cities, the pollution caused by nitrogen oxides and photochemical smog is obviously aggravated. In addition to air and water pollution, land pollution has become increasingly prominent, which directly affects food safety. The pollution caused by used cars and household appliances has also become a new environmental problem. The threat of radioactive pollution is also increasing. There are more than 60,000 radioactive sources in China, increasing at the rate of 15% every year. Tens of thousands of abandoned sources are still not properly collected and stored, and radioactive sources are stolen almost every month, threatening public safety.
The trend of deterioration of the ecological environment has not been curbed. The destruction of land resources is mainly manifested in soil erosion and land desertification, especially the latter, which is still expanding. The forest ecosystem shows a situation of increasing quantity and decreasing quality, and the grassland degradation area is large and serious. The water ecosystem is seriously unbalanced, especially in the north. Rivers cut off, lakes shrink, groundwater drops, wetlands dry up, droughts and floods continue, and losses are getting bigger and bigger. China is one of the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world, but at present, the damage is very serious, rare species are in an endangered state, some of them have disappeared, the variety resources have been sharply reduced, a large number of wild provenances have been lost, and the harm of exotic species has intensified.
Serious environmental pollution and ecological destruction have negative effects on economic and social development. The first is huge economic losses. China experts' research in the mid-1990s and 200 1 year showed that the economic losses caused by environmental pollution accounted for about 3-4% of GDP in that year. According to the report published by the World Bank 1997, the loss caused by air and water pollution alone in China is about US$ 54 billion (calculated by 1995), accounting for 8% of GDP in the same period. According to the 200 1 survey of the State Environmental Protection Administration, the direct economic loss caused by ecological damage in nine western provinces reached149.4 billion yuan, accounting for 13% of the GDP of the nine provinces. Microscopically, water pollution leads to an increase in the treatment cost of drinking water and enterprise production water; Excessive sewage used for agricultural irrigation not only reduces the yield of crops, but also reduces the quality of crops. In March this year, the Tuojiang River was seriously polluted by illegal sewage discharge from the Second Fertilizer Plant of Sichuan Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., and the loss was more than 200 million yuan only after preliminary investigation.
Secondly, environmental pollution affects people's health and has become a social problem that people pay more and more attention to. In some areas, indigenous smelting of metals has brought diseases to people around. A joint study in China and the United States has proved that air pollution in some cities in China has affected children's lung function. A study by the World Bank at the end of the last century showed that about1780,000 people died prematurely every year in major cities in China, and the annual working day loss caused by air pollution reached 7.4 million people per year.
Third, environmental problems affect social stability. Letters and visits from the masses caused by environmental pollution show an obvious upward trend, and sharp contradictions often occur between enterprises and surrounding people due to pollution problems. Disputes between upstream and downstream water pollution and cross-border pollution have been increasing in recent years, even causing conflicts between different regions. The court's trial of various criminal, civil and administrative cases involving environmental protection is on the rise.
At present, China has signed and ratified more than 30 international environmental conventions, which is a heavy task. Serious environmental pollution and ecological destruction affect our international image, and failing to deal with environmental problems with neighboring countries will become a hidden danger of diplomatic friction. China's industrial and agricultural production processes and products have low environmental protection standards, and some products have no environmental protection standards, which directly affects the competitiveness of these products in the international market and is constantly restricted by green trade barriers set by developed countries.
Third, strengthen ecological environment protection and strive to achieve sustainable development.
1. To solve environmental problems, we should start with economic development.
It is necessary to speed up the transformation of economic growth mode and clarify the fundamental purpose of economic development. China's current economic growth is largely achieved by high input, high consumption and high emissions. This not only restricts the sustained economic growth, but also brings serious environmental problems. To change the mode of economic growth, we must change our concepts and fully realize that economic growth must be based on the carrying capacity of resources and environment. Second, we must change the system and mechanism. The transformation of economic system should conform to the laws of market economy and ecological environment. The performance evaluation of cadres should not only assess whether GDP has increased, but also assess the environmental quality change indicators and the implementation of environmental protection laws and regulations. Third, it is necessary to formulate economic policies conducive to the transformation of growth mode, including policies to save various resources and energy, policies to encourage resource recovery and comprehensive utilization, and sewage charging system.
Vigorously develop circular economy. Circular economy is a new economic development model, that is, from the traditional industrial economic development model: resources-products-consumption-waste to the new resource recycling development model: resources-products-consumption-renewable resources. Circular economy emphasizes the principle of "reduction, reuse and recycling" of resources. From the experience of some pilot projects at home and abroad, we can carry out cleaner production audit at the enterprise level, minimize the consumption of raw materials in production, and do not use or use less toxic and harmful raw materials or discharge less waste. By establishing eco-industrial parks or combining different enterprises, we can use each other's waste, thus reducing the discharge of pollutants to the environment and improving the efficiency of resource utilization. Deepen the construction of eco-province, eco-city and eco-demonstration zone, and expand into the consumption field to establish a circular society.
Establish a green national economic accounting system. International research shows that there are four kinds of capital for national development: human capital, financial capital, processing capital (in kind) and natural capital. If other capital increases and natural capital decreases in economic growth, total capital may decrease rather than increase. If GDP alone is used to measure the level of economic and social development in a region, it may lead to one-sided pursuit of GDP growth rate regardless of cost, ignoring economic structure, quality and efficiency, and ignoring environmental protection and social progress.
2. Adhere to the people-oriented principle and safeguard the people's environmental rights and interests.
People-oriented is the core of Scientific Outlook on Development. We should take safeguarding the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people as the starting point and the end result of all our work, and strive to realize the requirements put forward by Comrade Hu Jintao, that is, "Let people drink clean water, breathe clean air, eat safe food, and produce and live in a good environment".
It is necessary to make public environmental information, publicize the air and water environmental quality of countries and regions, publicize the measures taken by the government in environmental protection, and let people know the current severe environmental situation in China and the efforts made by the government. It is also necessary to announce the pollution discharge behavior of enterprises according to law and mobilize the masses and public opinion to supervise.
The public should be encouraged to participate in environmental protection. Environmental protection involves thousands of households, and the support and participation of the broad masses is the most powerful force to promote environmental protection. It is necessary to mobilize the masses to make suggestions for environmental protection and encourage them to report illegal sewage enterprises. It is necessary to support the activities of creating green communities and green schools, and support and guide various publicity and education activities carried out by environmental protection associations and environmental protection volunteers.
Advocate and encourage green consumption, pay attention to and take measures to solve the problems of food safety, drinking water safety, indoor pollution and white pollution that people care about. It is necessary to formulate relevant policies, regulations and standards, develop environmental label product certification and environmental management system (ISO 14000), and promote organic food and green food. The government should take the lead in formulating green procurement policies and support environmental protection products to occupy the market.
3. Relying on scientific and technological progress to realize the leap-forward development of environmental protection.
Serious environmental pollution, in a sense, is also a waste of resources. It is no longer possible to take the road of serious environmental pollution in the early stage of industrialization in developed capitalist countries, and then to control and restore it later. How to find a new way to realize leap-forward development of environmental protection? One is to rely on mechanism and system innovation, and the other is to rely on scientific and technological progress. In the future, technological progress should pay more attention to the improvement of resource utilization rate, which is not only conducive to alleviating resource shortage, but also conducive to environmental protection. Some scholars in the world put forward the concept of quadrupling, that is, by adopting new technologies, we can consume 1 share of energy or resources and create four times the current economic growth.
Establishing an economical society is a very urgent problem at present. Due to the backward management and technology, the energy, water resources and some raw materials consumed by China's industrial production are much higher than the world average, even higher than many developing countries. At present, China's GDP accounts for about 3% of the world, while the annual consumption of steel and cement accounts for 25% and 50% of the world respectively. To build a conservation-oriented society, we should not only strengthen publicity, raise awareness, formulate laws and various economic policies, determine reasonable resource prices, but more importantly, vigorously develop and popularize energy-saving, comprehensive utilization and recycling technologies, and develop vein industry.
4. Do a good job in corporate environmental protection.
The influence of enterprise behavior on environmental quality and national sustainable development is enormous. It is necessary to improve the national environmental protection laws and regulations and their supporting systems and standards, strictly investigate and deal with illegal sewage enterprises, raise the punishment standard, and solve the problems of low illegal cost and high law-abiding cost. It is necessary to formulate corresponding economic policies and charging systems to promote the enthusiasm of enterprises to control pollution from the mechanism. There should be various guiding measures to stimulate entrepreneurs' sense of social responsibility, establish the brand image of enterprises and strive to achieve a win-win situation. It is necessary to gradually implement the extended producer responsibility system, that is, enterprises that produce certain durable consumer goods and products that have an impact on the environment should be responsible for the recycling and disposal of these products after use. Those that can be reused, those that can be recycled as resources, and those that cannot be recycled should be treated harmlessly.
5. Increase government investment in environmental protection.
The government plays a leading role in promoting sustainable development. Increasing investment in environmental protection is the key measure. On the one hand, this is the need for the government to implement public finance, on the other hand, environmental problems are often manifested as external diseconomy. For enterprises that pursue profit maximization, it is their spontaneous tendency to reduce their investment in the environment as much as possible. In order to maintain a fair market competition environment, the government must strengthen the legal system construction, strictly require enterprises to meet the national pollutant discharge standards, and at the same time, the government itself should increase investment and play a guiding and promoting role. The environmental problems brought by urban concentration, the protection and construction of rural ecological environment, especially the protection of various nature reserves and rare species and the construction of environmental law enforcement capacity established by the state for the long-term interests of the nation, all need government input. In addition to the government's increased investment, it is also necessary to mobilize the capital of the whole society to invest in environmental protection through various policies and measures, promote the market-oriented and enterprise-oriented operation of pollution control, and improve the efficiency of capital use. The state should also explore the possibility of setting up special funds for environmental taxes and environmental protection, and establish reliable funding channels for environmental protection and governance.
6. International cooperation promotes global sustainable development.
Many environmental problems are global, and the international community has formulated dozens of environmental conventions and protocols to solve these global environmental problems. We should actively participate in the negotiation of these conventions and protocols and the cooperation of related projects. On the one hand, we will safeguard the legitimate environmental rights and interests of China and other developing countries, on the other hand, we will introduce China's environmental protection work to the outside world, eliminate the influence of China's environmental threat theory, and strive to make our due contribution to solving global environmental problems.
In international communication, it is necessary to deal with the relationship between environment and trade. Many products in China, especially agricultural products, are restricted by developed countries because of environmental pollution or products that do not meet each other's environmental protection standards. On the one hand, we should improve the environmental quality requirements of our products, on the other hand, we should eliminate the green trade barriers deliberately set by developed countries through diplomatic means.
Establishing Scientific Outlook on Development and promoting ecological environment protection are essentially to handle the relationship between immediate interests and long-term interests, local interests and overall interests. The choice of our party and government is correct, and governments and departments at all levels should conscientiously implement it through various specific work.
More reference.
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