The following is the original text (part) and summary (discussion):
Ji Xiang, the next phase also, the word feather. At first, I was twenty-four years old. Xiang Liang, the father of Ji, and Xiang Yan, the king of Chu, were killed by Wang Jian, the king of Qin. Xiang surnamed Xiang, because it is General Chu, was sealed in Xiang.
When Ji Xiang was young, he could not learn books, but neither could he learn swords. Xiang Liang flew into a rage. Yue Ji: "Books are enough to register surnames." The sword is an enemy, not enough to learn, to learn ten thousand enemies. "So, Xiang Liang for the art of war, overjoyed. He knows a thing or two about it, but he refuses to learn.
……
Xiang Yu killed the champion of Qing Zi, which was a great shock to Chu and a famous vassal. He sent Dangyang Jun and General Pu to cross the river with 20,000 soldiers to save the giant deer. If the war is not so profitable, Chen Yu will ask the soldiers. Xiang Yu learned that when he led the troops to cross the river, they all sank their boats, broke the kettle and burned the house, holding three matches to show that all the soldiers would die and no one would return.
If the battle is slightly successful, cross the river to fight.
So he surrounded Wang Li, met him, fought nine battles, and killed Su Jiao and Li. If you don't surrender, you will burn yourself. At that time, Chu Bing was made a vassal. The vassal army saved more than ten walls from the giant deer and did not dare to fight. When the State of Chu attacked the State of Qin, all the generals were watching from the wall.
Chu soldiers are all in one position, Chu soldiers call for action, and the vassal army is afraid. So Qin Jun was broken, and Xiang Yu summoned governors and generals to enter Yuanmen. Without exception, he knelt down and dared not look up. Xiang Yu began as a vassal general, and all vassals belonged to Yan.
Regardless of personal safety. This is the most brilliant achievement of Xiang Yu's life.
Let's continue to write some things about Xiang Yu in the anti-Qin uprising. Later, Xiang Yu marched straight into Qin. At the same time, Chu Huaiwang and the generals agreed that "whoever enters the customs first will be king". However, Wang Huai was partial to Liu Bang, so Liu Bangxian entered Xianyang and guarded Hangu Pass. Xiang Yu was furious.
The line is slightly set in Qin. Hangu Pass is guarded by soldiers and is not allowed to enter. Wen Peigong once broke Xianyang, and Xiang Yu was furious, so that Dangyang Jun and others stopped. Xiang Yu then entered, as for the west. Pei Gong's army was dominant, but he did not meet Xiang Yu. Pei Gong Sajima Cao Wushang sent a message to Xiang Yu, saying: "Pei Gong wants to be the king of Guanzhong, making Zi Ying the phase, and has all kinds of treasures."
Shaanxi Guanzhong Qin land.
Xiang Yu was furious and said, "I am willing to fight for the soldiers in order to defeat Pei Gong's army!" " At that time, Xiang Yu had 400,000 soldiers in Xinfeng Hong Men and Pei Gong had100,000 soldiers in Bawang. Fan Zeng said that Xiang Yu said, "When Pei Gong lived in Shandong, he was greedy for money and loved Maggie. Today, when I entered the customs, I didn't take my belongings. The woman was lucky. This is not a small ambition. I let people have a look, they are all dragons and tigers, and they are all five episodes. This son of heaven is also angry. Don't lose it. "
Tomorrow morning, let the soldiers have a good meal and crush Liu Bang's army. Let me show you. At that time, people believed that there was gas overhead, which ordinary people could not see. Only special people can see that Liu Bang's head is full of dragons and tigers.
Here, I explained the situation of Liu Bang and Xiang Yu.
Chu Zuobo, Xiang Fuye, Su Liang. Sean is a Pei Gong, and Xiang Bo is a Pei Gong at night. Meet Sean privately. He wants to ask Sean to go with him. He said, "Don't die of everything." Sean said, "I sent Pei Gong to see korean king. Pei Gong was anxious and had to be silent when he died. "
Good is good, just tell Pei Gong. Pei Gong was frightened and said, "Why?" Sean said, "Who is the king?" Yue: "I said,' If you are far from the pass, you can be king in Qin.' . So listen. "Liang said," Are Wang's soldiers enough to be the king of Xiang? " Repeatedly silent, saying, "it is best to be solid, but what's the point? "
Sean said, "Tell Xiang Bo that Pei Gong dare not carry Wang Xiang." Pei Gong said, "What does Jun 'an have to do with Xiang Bo? Sean said, "When I was in the Qin Dynasty, I traveled with my officials. Xiang Bo killed someone, but my officer lived. I am in a hurry, so I am glad to tell you. " Pei Gong said, "Who is younger than you?" Liang said, "I am longer than the minister." Pei Gong said, "Call someone for me. My brother has gone to take care of it. "
Sean went out to find Xiang Bo. Xiang Bo went to see Pei Gong at once. Pei Gong takes drinking as his life, which is related to marriage. He said, "When I entered the customs, Qiu Hao was afraid to go near. I'm an official, sealed the treasury and waited for the general. Therefore, those who will be sent to guard the customs should be prepared for his theft and abnormality. Looking at the general day and night, how dare you violate it! Uncle Yuan did not dare to be virtuous. "
Here is a confession of Xiang Bo's collaboration with the enemy.
Xiang Bo promised. Pei Gong said, "You must come to King Xie Xiang when you are alive." Pei Gongping: "Promise." So Xiang Bo rushed to the army overnight and repeated the words to Wang Xiang. So he said, "How dare you enter the customs without breaking through the Guanzhong first? Today's people can do a lot, and they can hit it with one blow. If they are unjust, it is better to meet them because they are good. " Wang Xiang agreed.
Pei Gong rode to see Wang Xiang from more than one hundred days and arrived in Hong Men. Xie Yue said, "I fought against the general in Qin, the general in Hebei and the minister in Henan. However, I didn't expect to be able to enter the customs and break the Qin Dynasty first, so I had to say goodbye to the general here. Today, the words of a villain have made the generals and ministers lose something. " Wang Xiang said: "This is what Pei Gong Sajima and Cao Wushang said; Why else would the book be here? "
Wang Xiang stayed with Pei Gong and drank on the same day. Wang Xianghe and Xiang Bo Dongxiang were seated. Yafu Nanxiang sat down. Father, Fan Zeng also. Pei Gong sat in Beixiang, while Sean waited on Xixiang. Fan Zeng has many kings, three of which are shown in the jade slips she wears, while Wang Moran should not.
Fan Zengqi summoned Xiang Zhuang and said, "Your Majesty can't bear it. If his life is not long, please dance the sword and kill him for hitting Pei Gong. If not, if it is all, it will be captured. " Zhuang said on his birthday, "Jun and Pei Gong are drinking, but the army is unhappy. Please dance with the sword. " Wang Xiang said, "Promise me."
Xiang Zhuang drew his sword and Xiang Bo drew his sword and danced. He often covers himself with his wings, and Zhuang is not allowed to fight.
This is the origin of the idiom "Xiang Zhuang dances with a sword, which is intended to be Pei Gong". The above description pushed the plot development of the article to a climax.
So Sean went to the gate and saw Fan Kuai. Fan Kuai asked, "What's the matter today?" Liang said, "It's urgent. Today, Xiang Zhuang has drawn his sword, which means that he is always Pei Gong. " Kuang said, "I had to do it. Please come in and share my life with me. " Kuang entered the military gate with a sword and shield. When the guards who handed Ji could not stop him, Fan Kuai swung his shield with a bang, and the guards fell to the ground with a bang, standing in Xixiang with a curtain, staring at the king, pointing to his hair and tearing his eyes.
Fan Kuai said, what's the situation?
Wang Xiang pressed his sword and said, "Who is the guest?" Sean said: "It is also possible for Pei Gong to participate in Fan Kuai." Xiang Wang said, "Strong man, give me wine." Then fight with wine. Thank you. Get up and drink right away. Wang Xiang said, "Give it a shoulder." Then I will bear this burden with my life. Fan Kuai put the shield on the ground, carried it on his shoulder, drew his sword and cut it.
Xiang Wang said, "Brave man, can you drink again?" Fan Kuai said, "I don't want to avoid death, so I drink my wine and quit! Her husband, King Qin, has the heart of a tiger and a wolf. If you can't kill, you are afraid of being punished, and the world is rebellious. Chu Huaiwang and people agreed that' the first one who broke the Qin Dynasty and entered Xianyang was king'. Today, Pei Gong first broke the Qin Dynasty and entered Xianyang, but Hao Mao dared not come near. He closed the palace and returned to the army to wait for the arrival of the king.
Therefore, people who will keep the customs should be prepared for him to steal in and out. If you work hard and get high grades, you won't be rewarded, but listen to the details and want to punish those who have made meritorious deeds. This is the continuation of the Qin dynasty, and stealing is king. King Xiang did not answer and said, "Please sit down." "Fan Kuai is a good teacher. Sit for a while, repeatedly go to the toilet, because Fan Kuai is out.
Pei Gong has gone out and made Chen a surname Pei Gong. Pei Gong said, "What's the point of leaving today?" Fan Kuai said: "Big banks never hesitate to give small gifts regardless of details. Now man is a knife and I am a fish. Why should I resign? " So I went. To make Sean stay and thank you. Liang asked, "What is your Majesty doing here?" He said, "I have a pair of white jade, and I want to give a pair of jade to the king. If I want to fight with my father, I will be angry and dare not offer it. The public provided it to me. " Sean said: "I sincerely promise."
You don't have to stick to details to do great things.
When the army was under Hong Men, Pei Gong's army was on the bully, with a distance of 40 miles. Pei Gong bought a bicycle and rode it alone. He and Fan Kuai, Jin Qiang and Ji Xin, armed with knives and shields, walked from the foot of Mount Li to the middle of the road. Pei Gong said to Sean, "It is only twenty miles away from our army. I am going to join the army and enter the public. "
When Pei Gong joined the army, Sean thanked him and said, "Pei Gong is too late. I want to ask the minister to give me a pair of white jade, and then I will worship the king. Fight a pair of jade and then worship the general. " Wang Xiang said, "Is Pei Hongan there?" Liang said, "I heard that your majesty was interested in supervising the army, so he ran away and went alone. He has arrived in the army. " Wang Xiang was given a seat by the wall. Father Ya fought with Jade, drew his sword and cut it, saying, "Alas! Insufficient vertical shaft, ask. Those who win the title of king of the world will be rewarded by the audience. I belong to the present. " Pei Gong took the army, so Cao.
Liu Bang drank too much and left.
A few days later, Xiang Yu led the troops to kill Xianyang in the west, killed Qin and surrendered, and burned Qin's palace. The fire did not go out in March; Women who collect goods cherish the East. Some people say that Xiang Wang said, "Guanzhong is cut off by mountains and rivers, and the land is rich and fertile, but all of them can be tyrants." King Xiang saw that Qin Gong was burned and broken, and wanted to return to the east. He said: "wealth does not return to my hometown, like clothes embroidered at night, who knows!" " The speaker said, "People say that Chu people bathe with monkeys to crown their ears. Sure enough. " Wang Xiang heard this and cooked this dish.
……
With a note from Wang Junbi, the food was serenaded, and the Han army and the vassal soldiers were surrounded. That night, when I heard that the Han army was besieged on all sides, Wang Xiang was shocked and said, "Did the Han army get Chu?" He Chu has so many people! "Wang Xiang up at night, drink on the account. If you have a beauty, you will always be lucky; Good horses are famous and often ride.
Therefore, Wang Xiang is a sad and generous poet, who wrote a poem for himself, saying, "If you pull out a mountain, you will be angry with the world, and if it is unfavorable, you will not die." What can I do without dying? "Songs count, beauty and it. Xiang Wang cried several times, but both sides cried, afraid to look up.
So Xiang Wang got on his horse and fled south overnight with more than 800 strong men. Pingming, the Han army knew about this, so it ordered the cavalry Guan Ying to chase with 5,000 horses. King Xiang crossed the Huaihe River, and more than 100 people could be heard riding. When Wang Xiang arrived at Yin Ling, he lost his way and asked Tianfu, who said "Left". Left, but trapped in daze. Catch up with ancient books.
At dawn, the Han army found it.
Wang Naifu led his troops to the east, but when he reached the east, he had twenty-eight riders. There are thousands of Han riders. Wang Xiang can't live without himself. He said: "I have been eight years old since I joined the army, and I have fought more than 70 wars. I have never lost, I have ruled the world. " However, today I am trapped here, and my death on this day is not a crime of war. Today, you are determined to die, because you will fight quickly and you will win three times. For you, you will be surrounded, beheaded, and cut the flag to let you know that God killed me, not a war crime. "
Divided into four teams and four townships. The Han army has a large number. King Xiang said he rode, "I'll take one for the public." Ride all over the place and visit Shandong. So Xiang Wang shouted that the Han army was invincible, so he beheaded a Han general. At that time, Hou Chiquan was very angry with Wang Xiang because he chased him on the general's horse. Hou Chiquan and his men were surprised. His riding club was divided into three places.
The Han army didn't know where Wang Xiang was, but surrounded the army in three ways. Wang Naichi beheaded a captain from Korea, killed hundreds of people, reunited his rider, and killed his second rider. It means he rides: "What?" The riders knelt down and said, "As the king said."
The Han army divided Xiang Yu's army into three parts.
Unable to change the fate of Xiang Yu's demise, he decided to return to his hometown of Jiangdong.
So Wang Xiang wants to cross the Wujiang River eastward. Wujiang Tingchang/I > As soon as he got on the boat, Wang Xiang said, "Although Jiangdong is small, its territory is thousands of miles, and hundreds of thousands of people are enough to be king. The original gentleman crossed the line in a hurry. Today, I have a boat, and the Han army has arrived, so there is no way to cross it. " King Xiang smiled and said, "What can I do if the sky dies?" ! Besides, 8,000 people crossed the river to the west with Jiangdong's children, and none of them came back today. How can I see them? If you don't say anything, is a person worth it? "
It is said that the director of the pavilion said, "I know the elders. I rode this horse when I was five years old and I was invincible. I tried to travel thousands of miles every day and couldn't bear to kill it for the public. " So all the riders dismounted and walked to fight the short soldiers. Hundreds of Han troops were killed by Du Ji. Wang Xiang was also created by more than a dozen people. Gu Jianhuan rode Sima Lv Matong and said, "If it weren't for my old friend?" Stable boy said to Wang Yi, "This is also a king." Nye said, "I heard that Han bought my head and daughter. I am a good man." He committed suicide.
Lv Matong turned out to be a subordinate of Xiang Yu, and later defected to Liu Bang.
The king took his head, and the rest rode horses to claim the title, killing dozens of people. Finally, the doctor rode Yang and Sima, and the doctor got one each from Lu Sheng and Yang Wu. All five people will be * * *. So the land was divided into five parts: Zhongshuihou, Duyanhou by Wang Ming, Chiquanhou by Yang, Wufanghou by Yang Wu and Nieyanghou by Lu Sheng.
Therefore, predecessors said, "Born as a hero, died as a ghost." I still miss Xiang Yu and refuse to cross Jiangdong. "(Li Qingzhao)
Tai Shigong said: I heard that Zhou Sheng said that "smooth eyes cover heavy pupils", and I also heard that Xiang Yu also has heavy pupils. Are feathers evil in the origin of seedlings? He Xingzhi is also violent! When his father lost the government, Chen She was the first victim, a hero? Rise, phase, struggle, countless. However, the feather has no size. In three years, five kings were destroyed and the world was divided, while all the princes were sealed, and the government called it "overlord". Although it didn't end, it hasn't appeared since recently.
It is difficult for northern Henan to take care of Chu, exile the righteous emperor to stand on his own feet, and blame the princes for betraying themselves. Self-conceited meritorious service, unlearned spell personal wisdom, known as the overlord's business, want to rule the world by force. Five years after his death, the country died, and he died in Dongcheng, but he still didn't feel guilty or blame himself. It is a fallacy to quote "God kills me, not the crime of using troops"!
02 Overview above
After the overthrow of the Qin Dynasty and before the establishment of the Han Dynasty, Xiang Yu was actually the supreme ruler in the world. If we want to record this period of history, according to Sima Qian's chronicle, we must combine the history at that time, and he must establish Xiang Yu as the chronicle, which shows Sima Qian's attitude of seeking truth from facts.
It should be said that Sima Qian likes Xiang Yu very much, because Xiang Yu's personality characteristics are first attributed to Xiang Yu, who is ambitious and brave. When he was young, he met Qin Shihuang and said he could replace him. Later, he participated in the anti-Qin uprising and always showed his unique heroic temperament at critical moments. It can even be said that he saved the day, especially after Xiang Liang's death, the rebels suffered major setbacks, and Xiang Yu stepped forward to save the day, crossing the river to save Zhao and destroy Qin Jun's main force.
Therefore, Xiang Yu made immortal contributions to overthrow the Qin Dynasty, and Xiang Yu himself changed from an ordinary folk teenager to a man who ordered the world. Sima Qian highly praised this heroic temperament. This is the ideal of life pursued by Sima Qian himself, that is, to make contributions and leave a name for future generations. So at this point, Sima Qian admired Xiang Yu very much.
Xiang Yu's personality is straightforward, open-minded, generous and kind, and he is not good at intrigue. Sima Qian appreciates this character very much. Xiang Yu's integrity is in sharp contrast with other figures in the Han Dynasty.
In addition, in Xiang Yu's personal character, there are also places that Sima Qian admires and praises. Of course, in the fierce struggle, it may also be a weakness.
Xiang Yu himself has serious shortcomings and mistakes. His greatest weakness is that he has no political mind. He is not a politician. He is just a military commander, lacking long-term political vision, progressive strategies and measures and correct strategic estimation. No measures were taken at the critical moment.
Xiang Yu's enfeoffment of princes went against the historical trend. He has no sympathy for the people and is not good at employing people. His stubbornness and indecision led to his tragic fate.
Moreover, Xiang Yu failed, and he didn't know how to sum up his mistakes or how to blame himself. He said that God would kill me, not hit me.
Sima Qian gave him a fair evaluation of these shortcomings.
We can't just criticize Xiang Yu's mistakes. Success or failure lies in the absence of people. Sincerely praise Xiang Yu's young talents and criticize his headstrong. This embodies the spirit of Sima Qian's record.
03 The Artistic Features of Biography of Xiang Yu
Biography of Xiang Yu is the most wonderful article in Historical Records, which can best reflect the artistic advantages of Historical Records. Sima Qian successfully created the image of a tragic hero in this article. I think its success lies in the following aspects.
First of all, Sima Qian grasped the personality characteristics of the characters and created the image of a tragic hero. Sima Qian expressed sympathy for him and described his heroic qualities, focusing on his tragic fate. The organizational materials of Sima Qian's spirit highlight his personality characteristics.
Xiang Yu's personality is complicated, with advantages and disadvantages, advantages and disadvantages, and Sima Qian's feelings for him are also complicated, with both praise and disparagement. So how to unify these characteristics and form a relatively complete work?
Sima Qian put a lot of thought into it. In this biography of Xiang Yu, he highlighted the characteristics of Xiang Yu, a tragic hero image.
Failure is because of one's own fault, which leads to one's own demise. Describing Xiang Yu from the angle of tragic hero, he wrote one of his heroic qualities.
Carefully select and organize materials, such as lofty aspirations in childhood, outstanding performance and brilliant achievements in the anti-Qin uprising.
The battle of Dongcheng and the Wujiang River commit suicide all have a sad temperament.
Grasping this point, you write the character's god. It is very infectious, so I wrote Sima Qian's praise and admiration for Xiang Yu. At the same time, it also shows the failure of Xiang Yu. Through his mistakes, his personality weaknesses, such as his boldness and ambition when he was young, became more manic and careless, and he didn't learn the art of war well, which led him to be defeated by Han Xin in the confrontation with Han Xin.
Of course, this led to his political mistakes, which he made when he was young.
Then write that he made a big mistake at some important moments, the hongmen banquet. He listened to Xiang Bo and Liu Bang and missed the opportunity to destroy each other. After the Hongmen banquet, the vassal was enfeoffed, which violated the historical development trend and deviated from the people's hearts.
A series of mistakes in politics, military affairs, strategy and the subsequent dispute between Chu and Han led to his failure.
However, if you only write these failures and mistakes, it will not be vivid and become a list of cases. Xiang Yu is nothing but a loser, even a clown. There is a saying in the Biography of Xiang Yu that a scholar criticized Xiang Yu and said that Xiang Yu was simply crowned by monkeys.
However, when Sima Qian wrote his own mistakes and faults, he did not write him as a clown, but wrote with regret and sympathy that he failed and still lost his heroic qualities, thus unifying tragedy and heroes.
Xiang Yu complained before he died, and he didn't know how to blame himself. However, he became a hero again. Finally Wujiang committed suicide and died peacefully. The opponent, the Han army, is so despicable and obscene, so in Sima Qian's pen, Xiang Yu is simply a mountain, a Mount Everest, rising very quickly, suddenly appearing from the horizon, out of nowhere, and his failure is like a sudden collapse of a mountain, with a huge thunderbolt and overwhelming. Everyone who saw him was shocked and surprised.
He specializes in sorting out materials that can show Xiang Yu's tragic and heroic character. Therefore, when reading Historical Records, we can't help but let our feelings be deeply infected with Sima Qian's feelings and give Xiang Yu a heartfelt sigh.
Secondly, when portraying characters, we pay great attention to the description of the scene. For example, the banquet at Hongmen, crossing the river to save Zhao, being besieged by Gaixia and committing suicide in Wujiang River are all vividly written, which can fully show the characters' situation and personality development.
Thirdly, Biography of Xiang Yu is very story-telling and fascinating.
Some paragraphs are very similar to wonderful novels, such as the story of The Hongmen Banquet, which is very tortuous and vivid, with some rumors and exaggeration, and is very literary. The work touches the reader's heart tightly and makes the reader rise and fall with the fate of the characters. It is precisely the characteristics of literature that readers are infected and captured, which has strong novel characteristics.
Finally, Biography of Xiang Yu has a strong emotional color, such as the passage in which Xiang Yu mourned Yu Ji's farewell, which shows Sima Qian's love and regret for Xiang Yu, and reveals the author's deep feelings for this tragic hero between the lines.
Xiang Yu is Sima Qian's favorite person, so he poured all-round enthusiasm and wrote his admiration, exclamation and regret.
For a writer, this is simply a sad song. This is not writing an argumentative essay at all, but expressing feelings. It is poetic and lyrical, and it is an ode and elegy to this tragic hero.