(1) is scientific. It should include: problems that need to be solved urgently; New discoveries and creations in science; Fill in the gaps or gaps in the discipline; Correct the popular saying; Supplement to previous theories; Wait a minute.
(2) Conducive to development. Refers to: have a strong interest; Able to play professional expertise; Easy before difficult, moderate size; Have some information; Can get the guidance of the tutor; Can be completed in a certain time; Limit the topic.
Matters needing attention
1, the abstract should exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject field; Never write what should appear in the introduction into the abstract; Generally don't interpret and comment on the content of the paper (especially self-evaluation).
2. Don't simply repeat the information already in the title. For example, if the title of an article is "Study on Rhizome Formation in Vitro Culture of Several Orchids from China", then don't write at the beginning of the abstract: "For.
3. Rigorous structure, concise expression and exact semantics. What to write first, then what to write, should be arranged in logical order. Sentences should be coherent and echo each other. Use long sentences with caution and keep them as simple as possible. Every sentence should be clear, and there should be no vague, general or vague words, but the abstract is a complete essay after all, and telegraph writing is not enough. The abstract is not segmented.
4. Use the third person. It is suggested that the description methods such as "research …", "report …" and "investigation …" should be used to indicate the nature and theme of the literature at one time, instead of "this article" and "author" as subjects.
5, to use standard terminology, not open symbols and terms. If there are new terms or no suitable Chinese terms, you can indicate the original text in brackets or after translation.
6. In addition to being really inflexible, mathematical formulas and chemical structural formulas are generally not used, and there are no illustrations and tables.
7. There is no need to quote unless the document confirms or denies the published works of others.
8. Abbreviations, abbreviations and codes must be explained when they first appear, except those that can be clearly understood by readers of adjacent majors. Other matters that should be paid attention to when writing scientific papers, such as adopting legal units of measurement, using language and punctuation correctly, are also applicable to the preparation of abstracts. The main problems in the compilation are: incomplete elements, or lack of purpose, or lack of methods; Citation is not independent and self-evident; Improper simplification.
Writing format
1. Accuracy and appropriateness
The title of the paper requires accurate expression of the content of the paper and appropriate reflection of the scope and depth of the research.
Common faults are: too general, the topic is not deducted. For example, the' study of metal fatigue strength' is too general, and if it is changed to the specific object of study, it should be put forward. The effect will be much better, such as' Study on Fatigue Strength of Nickel-containing Famous Alloy Materials', and the title will be much more appropriate. Another example:' Study on the Effect of Al and Ti Content in 35Ni-15Cr Superalloy on Long-term Properties and Microstructure Stability at High Temperature' is too long and inaccurate. What is the meaning of 35Ni- 15Cr in the title? It's puzzling. Is it a percentage? Is it a weight ratio? Volume ratio? Metal grade? Or something else, I don't know, it's called ambiguity. The solution is to clearly show the content of the paper from the reader's point of view. If the above title refers to the percentage content, it can be explained in the text, not in the title, and the title only needs to reflect the fact that it contains Ni and Cr. The reference modification scheme is: "Effect of Al and Ti contents in Ni and Cr alloys on high-temperature properties and microstructure stability".
The key problem is that the topic should be closely related to the content of the paper, or that the content of the paper should match and be closely related, that is, the topic should be deducted and the article should be deducted. This is the basic principle of writing a thesis.
Two. brief and to the point
Try to use fewer words in the topic and choose words carefully. As for the number of words that meet the requirements, there is no uniform' hard' regulation. It is generally hoped that the title of the paper will not exceed 20 words. However, the pursuit of fewer words should not affect the proper reflection of the topic in content. When there is a spear between the two, it is better to use more words and express them as clearly as possible.
The common tedious titles are:' Study on rapid analysis method of chemical composition of molten steel'. In this kind of topic, omitting the words' about' and' research' will not affect the expression. As a paper, what aspects of research and investigation does the general contractor include, so the above topic can be refined as' rapid analysis of chemical composition of molten steel'. In this way, the number of words is reduced from 265,438+0 to 65,438+02, which is clear and concise.
If the short title is not enough to show the content of the paper or reflect the nature of a series of research, it can be solved by positive and negative titles, and the specific experimental materials, methods and contents can be supplemented by adding negative titles, so that the titles can be enriched and accurate, rather than generalized. Like what? Quot Dynamic Characteristics of Active Dislocation Groups —— (Subtitle) Computer Simulation of Sliding Characteristics of Active Dislocation Groups.
3. The extension and connotation should be appropriate.
"Extension" and "connotation" are concepts in formal logic. The so-called extension refers to every object reflected by a concept; The so-called connotation refers to the reflection of the unique attributes of each conceptual object.
If we don't consider the logical application of extension and connotation when putting forward a proposition, there may be fallacies, at least it is inappropriate. For example, there is a logical error in the topic of' rational design of rural whole, livestock and machine power combination'. The extension of' people' in the title may be young adults, or it may refer to infants, young children or the elderly, because the latter is also? Quot and' person' is not a person with the ability to work, which obviously does not belong to this proposition, so it is inappropriate to use' person' in a broad sense in its extension. Similarly,' livestock' can refer to cattle, sheep and pigs. Where have you seen sheep and pigs plowing and grinding flour? So it is also a mistake of improper extension. Among them, because of the use of' labor' and' animal power', it will not be misunderstood as those objects that are incapable of working and cannot be used.
Although the title of the paper is in the first eye-catching position to attract readers' attention, there is still the problem of whether the title is eye-catching, because the words used in the title and the content expressed are eye-catching, and the effect is far from the same.
The text is the theory of a paper, which belongs to the main body of the paper and occupies the largest length of the paper. The creative achievements or new research achievements embodied in this paper will be fully reflected in this part. Therefore, this part requires substantial content, sufficient and reliable arguments, strong arguments and clear themes. In order to meet this series of requirements, but also to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several natural segments. Each logical paragraph can have an appropriate title (subtitle or subtitle).