He spent his whole life discovering and proving three scientific problems: 1. Every fermentation is due to the development of microorganisms; 2. Every infectious disease is the development of a microorganism in an organism; 3. Infectious microorganisms can reduce their virulence under special culture, making them become drug vaccines to prevent diseases from germs.
On the surface, these three problems seem to have little to do with the great cause of saving the country. However, due to the proof of the first question, he found that heating can kill the microorganisms that make beer bitter, and reduce the huge losses of the national brewing industry every year, far exceeding Germany. France loses 1 100 million francs every year because of silkworm disease. Starting from the second question, he taught the national silk industry how to select seeds to prevent diseases, how to prevent cattle and sheep plague for livestock farmers across the country, how to pay attention to disinfection and reduce surgical mortality. Judging from the proof of the third question, he invented a vaccine to prevent and treat spleen fever and plague in livestock, saving 20 million francs for French farmers every year; And invented the treatment of rabies, saving countless lives.
He is Louis Pasteur. British scientist Huxley praised his achievements in the Royal Society and said: France paid Germany 500,000 francs in compensation, and Mr. Pasteur's scientific research achievements alone were enough to pay off the compensation.
There is a saying in the Bible: Don't be afraid, just believe. Pasteur is a legendary figure in France. At the time of national crisis, he is full of confidence in science. With strong will and hard work, he finally created a miracle of saving the country through science.
Pasteur's contribution to mankind
The third group (Lu Chunju, Yang Libo, Qiu, Qin)
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Louis pasteur (Bis isPastr 122- 19) was a great French chemist, microbiologist and founder of modern microbiology and immunology in the 9th century. He has made a series of important scientific achievements in different fields such as stereochemistry, crystallography, microbiology and medicine, especially as a medical layman, he founded the theory of microbial pathogenicity and immunology, which caused great changes in medicine.
The first chapter Pasteur's life
1822 65438+On February 27th, Pasteur was born in a tanner's family in Dor Town, Jura Province, southern France. Pasteur's father was a master sergeant in Napoleon's army, who fought alongside Napoleon in Europe. Pasteur's father often teaches his son patriotism, which is extremely important for Pasteur's future growth.
Function. Although Pasteur is not a genius, he studies hard and gets good grades in all subjects. He loves literature and painting, and there are still several masterpieces handed down from generation to generation. 1843, Pasteur was admitted to the Paris Teachers College with excellent results, and studied under the famous chemists Jean-batiste Biot1774-1862 and Jean-batiste Duma (J.B. Dusa/kloc-0). 1847 received a doctorate in physical chemistry. 1849 professor of chemistry at Strasbourg college, and married Mary Laurent, the daughter of the dean of the college. 1854 Dean of Lille College of Science. 1862 was elected as an academician of the French Academy of Sciences; 1873 was elected as an academician of the French Academy of Medical Sciences; 188 1 elected as an academician of the French Academy; 1895 pasteur died in Paris.
Pasteur carried out many pioneering studies in his life and made great achievements in many fields. He is one of the most accomplished scientists in the19th century. In 1848, tartaric acid was studied, and the asymmetry of molecular structure was found, thus stereochemistry was founded. 1856 began to engage in fermentation research, discovered the drunkenness mechanism of yeast and lactic acid bacteria, and then invented the "pasteurization method". From 1859 to 1862, Pasteur had an open debate with the theory of spontaneous occurrence. He defeated the spontaneous generation theory with a series of public experiments, including the famous "flask" experiment. Since then, he has conquered silkworm diseases, cholera, anthrax, rabies and other infectious diseases, and made great contributions to saving and benefiting mankind. 1888, Pasteur established the "Pasteur Institute" by himself, and now it has become the most influential microorganism research institution in the world. Pasteur's greatest achievement is the establishment of microbial pathogenic theory and immunology theory, which has caused great changes in medicine and is known as the father of modern medicine.
Chapter two: Pasteur's scientific contribution and its influence on later generations.
In the eyes of the public, Pasteur's name is mainly associated with Pasteur Institute, which is a world-class medical research center for rabies, studies virology, immunology, allergy and biochemistry, and provides serum and vaccines. He studied crystallography in his early years, put forward the theory of molecular asymmetry in the study of tartaric acid and racemic tartaric acid, and initiated stereochemistry; He studied fermentation and discovered the role of microorganisms; He saved sericulture, beer and wine brewing in France; He invented the rapid pasteurization method, which is still used to heat and sterilize milk, wine and beer. He pioneered the scientific vaccination method to prevent anthrax, chicken cholera and rabies. In his later years, he raised money to establish the Pasteur Institute. Pasteur's main achievement is to put forward and prove the theory of microbial pathogenicity and establish immunology, thus becoming the founder of microbiology and immunology. These theories triggered a medical revolution at that time. He introduced science into medicine and established scientific medicine on this basis. His life was fruitful. Even though he was ill in bed in his 70s, he still conquered rabies. This is the first biography of human conquest.
Sick.
Michael H. Hart, a famous American physicist, ranked Pasteur at 1 1 in his "List of 100 celebrities who influenced the course of human history", which was second only to Einstein and far more influential than his famous compatriot Napoleon (No.34), and was regarded as the most important person in medical history. He wrote in the book: "Since the middle of19th century, the remarkable extension of human life has had a great impact on everyone, which may exceed the impact of any other development in the whole human history. The development of modern science and medicine has provided almost everyone with a second life. If all the credit for prolonging life goes to Pasteur, I will not hesitate to rank him first in this book. Although this is not the case, Pasteur's contribution is so important that there is no doubt that most of the honors for reducing human mortality in the last century should be attributed to Pasteur. " . This shows that Pasteur has the most far-reaching influence in the historical process of medical development, and no one can match it. His scientific achievements, scientific methods and scientific spirit still have a great influence on the forefront of science.
Section 1 pasteur's contribution in the field of chemistry
Pasteur studied crystallography in his early years, put forward the theory of molecular asymmetry in the study of tartaric acid and racemic tartaric acid, initiated stereochemistry and became a famous chemist.
From 1846 to 10, under the guidance of chemist Bagra, Pasteur chose crystallography as the research topic of his doctoral thesis. He carefully consulted and compared the research of many famous scholars, connected chemical crystals with mineral crystals with genius intuition, and chose chemical crystals-Tatar as the research object through analogy. The principle of space geometry was transplanted into the field of chemistry by original methods, and chemistry was studied by crystallography and physics, which solved the famous "Mi richter mystery"-the difference of optical properties between two isomers. 1848 may 15 pasteur submitted the first academic report to the French academy of sciences: on the possible relationship between crystal shape, chemical composition and optical rotation direction. This paper marks that Pasteur discovered the principle of molecular asymmetry and founded stereochemistry. This discovery also forged a key for Pasteur to open the whole door of modern biology. Pasteur's stereochemistry theory has opened up a vast world for the study of organic chemistry. 2 1 year later, Dutch chemist Van Hof discovered the spatial structure of carbon compounds. At present, the theory of stereochemistry is not limited to pure chemistry, but also involves physical chemistry, optics, medical chemistry, physiology and fermentation chemistry, and is still developing to the theory of atomic structure.
Section II Laying the Foundation of Microbiology
Microbiology is the basis of modern human medicine and veterinary medicine, as well as modern fermentation industry and food industry. Without the microbial theory as the basis, there would be no healthy body and no delicious food on the table today. All this is due to Pasteur, who laid the foundation of microbiology.
From 65438 to 0856, Pasteur began to study fermentation technology. After several years of painstaking research, he finally discovered the essence of fermentation. In 1857 and 1860, Pasteur published two papers on lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation respectively, and made their research public. The most important originality is that he discovered that yeast is a living microorganism. Therefore, he came to a revolutionary definition: fermentation is the result of yeast reproduction. Pasteur opened the door to a new tiny world: the world of bacteria, from which microbiology was born.
In the process of fermentation research, Pasteur realized that the "spontaneous generation theory" might not be established. "Spontaneous generation theory" is an old and controversial theory, which holds that life can naturally occur from unstructured organic or inorganic substances without reproduction from its parents, and it is always going on everywhere. 1858 65438+In February, French scientist Poucher submitted a paper entitled "On the natural occurrence of animal and plant protozoa in artificial air and oxygen" to the French Academy of Sciences. 1859 published his masterpiece on natural occurrence. He believes that when the organic liquid decays, new life will appear, and it will be born in a "medium without air".
Pasteur, on the other hand, thinks that microorganisms in the air are the key to the problem. This led to a famous debate about the theory of "spontaneous occurrence" of life.
There are essential differences in content between the generalized theory of natural occurrence and the narrow theory of natural occurrence. In fact, what Pasteur refuted was the narrow sense of natural occurrence, not the broad sense of natural occurrence. Pasteur confirmed through a series of scientific experiments that the so-called "spontaneous generation theory" in history is mostly speculative, and even a few experiments are absurd and cannot stand the test of repeated experiments. He firmly believes that it is a scientific fact that life can't "naturally occur", because experiments have confirmed that microorganisms can't naturally occur in a short time, and there must be external reasons. Pasteur did not oppose the absolute theory of spontaneous occurrence, but opposed the narrow theory of spontaneous occurrence without rigorous experiments. In his view, life is a mystery, a primitive and rational unknown. Pasteur knew that human rationalism was limited, and he thought that what he could not understand should be left to future generations to clarify. Although he is a Tessa limited by his own observation, he foresaw and accepted in advance that his observation would be out of date one day. Under the guidance of this dialectical scientific view, Pasteur combined the rigor of theory with the accuracy of experiment, and made his opponent admit his conclusion with the clarity of mathematical reasoning, completely refuting the theory of spontaneous occurrence, thus providing a scientific basis for modern disinfection and antisepsis and laying the foundation of microbiology and immunology. The ubiquitous "spontaneous generation theory" has to narrow its scope and return to the ultimate spontaneous generation problem that is still a mystery. This is a great leap in the history of human cognition and a great ideological liberation in the history of medicine, which has a far-reaching impact on future generations. Among the great men in the19th century, few people foresaw this except Pasteur, and even Engels underestimated the importance of Pasteur's experiment. He wrote in Dialectics of Nature that "Pasteur's experiments are useless in this direction: for those who believe in the possibility of spontaneous reproduction, he will never use these experiments alone to prove its impossibility; But these experiments are very important because they provide a lot of inspiration for these creatures, their lives, their embryos and so on. "
From then on, Pasteur devoted his life to three scientific problems: 1, and each fermentation was caused by the reproduction of a bacterium. Every infectious disease is caused by bacteria invading the body. 3. Infectious bacteria can be used as vaccines for prevention and treatment after special treatment. These three scientific problems span many fields of industrial production and medical and health research, but they all have the same foundation-microbiology.
Section III Pasteur's Contributions to Industry, Agriculture and Animal Husbandry
I. Fermentation Industry and Food Industry
The brewing industry has existed since ancient times, but it is not a real fermentation industry, and the brewing industry has also suffered huge losses due to various deterioration problems. 1856, pasteur served as president of lille academy of sciences. Lille is the main beet producing area in France, and the wine industry with beet as raw material is very developed. However, at this time, Lille's brewing industry was on the verge of bankruptcy because of rancor, and Bygden Gatt, an industrialist in Lille, turned to Pasteur for help. Pasteur thought it his duty to help these factory owners out of trouble, so he accepted the request. After nearly four years' efforts, Pasteur finally discovered the mechanism of fermentation. 1857 and 1860 respectively published two epoch-making papers, one on lactic acid fermentation and the other on alcohol fermentation. He clearly pointed out that fermentation is the reproduction function of yeast, a living microorganism, and the production of alcohol is as complicated as biological behavior. Lactic acid in beet distiller's grains comes from the unfortunate pollution of lactic acid yeast. He put forward a way out of the predicament: destroying lactic acid yeast with high temperature and transplanting it to breed alcohol yeast. This is the prototype of the famous instant pasteurization method. Pasteur saved Lille's wine industry.
Brewing industry is the pillar industry of France's foreign trade. However, over the years, the wines exported by France have deteriorated from time to time, resulting in a sluggish foreign trade. Due to Pasteur's excellent research on fermentation,1March 863, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte entrusted Pasteur to study wine and its deterioration. Pasteur again with the help of a microscope.
In order to solve the problem, Pasteur carefully studied the brewing technology and preservation experience of wine, and scientifically analyzed the ancient brewing technology for the first time. Facing the deterioration of wine, Pasteur carried out various chemical analyses, trying to find ways to prevent microbial infection. Pasteur made an accurate experimental demonstration of ancient heating methods. This method is actually very simple: in the case of air isolation, the wine is heated between 60℃ and 100℃ for a period of time to kill other molds and parasites-this is the famous "instant pasteurization". Pasteur applied for an invention patent for this, and published the book Wine Research on 18. Pasteur once again saved the French wine industry.
Vinegar brewing is also a major industry in France and an indispensable part of the economic competition between France and Germany. Orleans is the main vinegar producing area in France and is known as the "vinegar capital" in Europe. Alcohol is the main raw material for vinegar, because wine will turn into vinegar if it is left for a long time, but strangely, vinegar will also deteriorate. Before Pasteur, people didn't know the production principle of vinegar. Pasteur confirmed that Acetobacter was the key factor of vinegar fermentation and was once the cause of wine rancidity through microscope observation and analysis. This mold is very powerful and effective. One gram of mold can turn several kilograms of alcohol into vinegar. When Pasteur visited a vinegar factory in Orleans at the beginning of his research, he found some microorganisms and parasites-nematodes in improperly filtered barrels. The latter is easy to breed in vinegar, but vinegar makers don't care. To make matters worse, the owner of the factory in Orleans thinks that nematodes are indispensable for the production of vinegar. Pasteur soon realized that this was not the case. Nematodes are a threat to the survival of molds because they need air. When mold absorbs oxygen to acidify alcohol, it also deprives parasites of the oxygen they need. When the mold gradually spreads on the surface of the liquid according to its growth law, nematodes gather under the mold, usually in groups, and try their best to drag it under the wrinkled liquid. The submerged mold no longer works, so alcohol can't get oxygen and no longer becomes vinegar. Once the harmful effects of nematodes were known, Pasteur immediately suggested eliminating them, and the method was still "rapid pasteurization". Science saved the industry again.
1870- 187 1 year, France was defeated in the war against Prussia. After Germany occupied Alsace and Lorraine, the source of hops there was cut off. In order to avenge the national humiliation, Pasteur was determined to develop what he called "revenge beer". In less than 15 months, Pasteur really succeeded in developing "revenge beer". He finally subdued the microorganisms of spoiled beer through his own discovery and made great contributions to the rejuvenation of the country. He Liqing, a famous French biologist, pointed out: "The discovery of Pasteur alone is enough to compensate France for the war reparations of 5 billion francs paid to Germany in 1870."
The invention of pasteurization not only saved the wine industry, vinegar industry and beer industry in France, but also created a new industry-fermentation industry, which is still the standard of the whole fermentation industry. Without pasteurization, any fermentation industry and food processing industry will lose its foundation of existence. Just as Newton's mechanical principles are applied to today's machinery industry and construction industry, pasteurization and its related processes are still the Bible of fermentation industry and food industry. If you buy a packaged milk from McDonald's, just pay attention to the label and you will find that it says "Flash pasteurization". With Pasteur, there is the foundation of modern food industry.
Second, agriculture and animal husbandry.
In the first half of the19th century, the silk industry played an important role in the French economy, with an annual income of several hundred million francs. 1853 The annual output of cocoon is 26,000 tons, which is one tenth of that of the world. 1850, silkworm disease began to spread, 1860, sweeping all the sericulture countries in France and the world. In 1860, French cocoon production dropped to 58 tons, while in 1865, the output was only 4,000 tons. Silkworm disease is not only the sericulture industry, but also the textile industry, silk industry and other industries. Not only sericulture farmers, but also France has greatly reduced production for several years in a row, and has reached the brink of bankruptcy. In order to solve the most urgent practical problems, Pasteur accepted a new arduous task without knowing anything about silkworms. Pasteur discovered the role of parasites in the study of silkworm diseases, and put forward a new method of seed selection to control microbial infection, which cleared the cloud hanging over agriculture and saved the endangered French sericulture industry. Until now, Pasteur's side
This method is still widely used in sericulture. Modern sericulture also has the Pasteur Prize.
In addition to silkworm diseases, Pasteur also conquered sheep anthrax, chicken anthrax, chicken cholera, swine erysipelas and other diseases that seriously endangered animal husbandry. In his research, he found that all these diseases are caused by different microorganisms, and each disease corresponds to a microorganism, thus establishing a microbial pathogenic theory. In order to prevent diseases, Pasteur invented the vaccination method. In order to apply this important theoretical achievement, Pasteur accepted the challenge: open trial to prevent anthrax vaccination. He achieved great success in the decisive public experiment in Puri Lefour Farm, and the method of reducing toxicity was finally recognized by the public, which accelerated the popularization and application in rural areas and saved the French animal husbandry.
Section IV Pasteur's Contribution in the Medical Field
Joseph lister (1827- 19 12), a famous British surgeon, said: "In modern medicine, no one has contributed more than Pasteur". Pasteur made many great scientific contributions in his life, and the field of scientific research spanned many disciplines, all of which were fruitful. However, what has the greatest influence on human beings is that he discovered the relationship between bacteria and diseases. He uncovered the roots of infectious diseases and infections, triggered a medical revolution, and brought human medicine out of the darkness.
Facing the light.
First, the dilemma of modern medicine.
In the long history of mankind, diseases and plagues have always ravaged mankind, and the records of a large number of deaths of population and livestock have emerged one after another. In 79 AD, a terrible plague epidemic occurred in the campana Plain of the Roman Empire (mPag class C), and more than 10,000 people died every day. . 134-6 1349 A plague broke out in Europe, killing about half the population. Faced with diseases and plagues, doctors tried their best to treat plagues by bloodletting, and covered their noses with sponges to resist the "spread of evil". However, diseases and plagues are still spreading. The church took the opportunity to preach, which is God's punishment for mankind.
With the development of the Renaissance, science was liberated, Newton established a mechanical system, and other disciplines such as astronomy, physics and chemistry also made great progress, thus making mankind out of the darkness of the Middle Ages. At the same time, medicine is also making progress. Harvey, a British doctor, discovered blood circulation, Levin Hawke, a Dutchman, saw the tiny microbial world through a microscope, and Morgagni, an Italian pathologist, established pathological anatomy. /kloc-the industrial revolution that began in the middle of the 0/8th century brought great material wealth to human society. However, diseases and plagues are still raging, and they have not weakened at all. 1865 cholera broke out in Paris, killing more than 200 people every day, even Prime Minister casimir. Perrier is dead, too. Although medicine is also developing, human beings do not know much more about the actual pathogens of various serious plagues, fevers and malignant epidemics that afflict them than the ancient Greeks. On the contrary, some ancient disinfection methods (such as burning surgical instruments with flame) are considered useless and abandoned. Puerperal fever caused by bacterial infection has caused many mothers to die during childbirth. Year after year, thousands of people die of cholera, typhoid fever, pneumonia, diphtheria, plague, tuberculosis, syphilis and other infectious diseases, but doctors don't know the causes of these diseases, and naturally there is no way to prevent them. Because the wound is easy to be infected by bacteria, the operative mortality rate is as high as 50%, and the doctor's operation is tantamount to sentencing the patient to death.
Faced with a large number of deaths caused by infectious diseases, epidemics and wound infections, many doctors simply don't realize that bacterial infection is the root of all this, and they still think that all this is "natural". Some doctors have even studied that rats and flies can be born by putting some dirty things in a closed container, so they think that wound infection also happens naturally. Until the middle of19th century, medical authorities still stubbornly adhered to the theory of "spontaneous occurrence" of diseases, and adopted the practice of crowding out and attacking a few doctors with different views, thus stifling the development of medical science. /kloc-puerperal fever was prevalent in European hospitals in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, and the maternal mortality rate was as high as 20%. At that time, the maternity hospital was called "the front hall of funeral parlour". From 65438 to 0847, Hungarian doctor Semmelweis, after comparative study, thought it was caused by infection, and pointed out how to prevent this disease to reduce the suffering of patients.
Bitter, reduce mortality. The maternal mortality rate in the maternity hospital led by Semmelweis decreased from 2000/ to 1%, but he was rejected by the authorities and was expelled from the hospital. Finally, Semmelweis was put into a madhouse and soon died with resentment.
Before the era of Pasteur's life, medicine was in darkness. Even though the Renaissance drove away God and brought spring to science, only the dark clouds hanging over medicine could not be blown away, which became the Yumen Gate of the Spring Breeze.
Second, the revolution of modern medicine
/kloc-RobertByole, an outstanding scientist in the 0/7th century, predicted that people who can discover the essence of enzymes and fermentation will be more qualified than anyone else to explain the essence of some diseases. If the changes in lactic acid fermentation, alcohol fermentation and butyric acid fermentation are caused by tiny organisms, won't this tiny organism cause human corruption and suppurative diseases? The discovery of the essence of fermentation process opened the door for Pasteur to understand diseases, and also triggered a debate on the theory of spontaneous occurrence in the scientific community. This debate has had a great impact on medicine, and its direct result is reflected in the reform of surgery, which has become one of the greatest benefits of mankind.
While Pasteur and Pucher were arguing about the theory of spontaneous occurrence, joseph lister, a young surgeon working in a surgical hospital in Glasgow, England, was always troubled by the high mortality rate of surgery. Introduced by a friend, he carefully read Pasteur's paper on fermentation. By repeating Pasteur's experiment, he realized that bacteria invaded from the outside and caused the patient's wound infection. Since then, Liszt adopted carbolic acid sterilization method, which made the surgical mortality rate in his hospital drop rapidly from 55% to 5%, thus ending the horrible era of surgical operation. 1874 In February, Liszt wrote to Pasteur, in which he wrote, "Please allow me to take this opportunity to express my heartfelt thanks for your excellent research. Your research proved the truth of microorganism and fermentation theory to me and gave me the only principle for successful sterilization." . In the face of Liszt's enthusiastic praise, Pasteur treated it cautiously. He thinks Liszt's method should be more perfect. Since then, Pasteur and the doctor have improved the disinfection method in the operation. He and his assistant, Chambel Lan, invented a high-pressure steam cooker for sterilizing surgical instruments, and proposed a set of aseptic methods to isolate the source of infection instead of Liszt sterilization. After such a series of improvements, Liszt sterilization has developed into a modern surgical disinfection method.
The extensive implementation of surgical disinfection has opened the way for solving puerperal fever, which has claimed many women's lives. The root cause of Semel Weiss' tragedy is that obstetrics and gynecology department has no theoretical guidance of Pasteur's microbial pathogenicity theory, and can only find some effective measures by experience, which can't be popularized in practice and can only end in failure. 1873 On March 25th, Pasteur was elected as an academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences. After in-depth study, Pasteur finally found the root of puerperal fever-Staphylococcus aureus. 1On May 3rd, 880, Pasteur made an academic report on the extension of microbial pathogenic theory to the etiology of boils, osteomyelitis and puerperal fever, and vigorously promoted aseptic method and sterilization method in obstetrics. Pasteur finally conquered puerperal fever and avoided the recurrence of Semel Weiss' tragedy.
Pasteur's breakthrough in epidemiology began with the study of silkworm diseases. In the process of studying silkworm diseases, Pasteur found that silkworm diseases are spread by parasites and other microorganisms, thus discovering the pathogenic role of bacteria and determining three principles of infectious diseases: first, infection must have a certain pathogen; Second, infection must have a certain medium; Third, infection should have certain physiological conditions. He was the first person in human history to realize the relationship between diseases and bacteria. These discoveries not only saved the sericulture industry, but also made him understand the cause of the epidemic. His research on silkworm diseases has become a real guide for infectious disease researchers. The most important achievement of silkworm disease research is to introduce Pasteur to animal biology. It was silkworm that turned Pasteur from microbiology to veterinary medicine and human medicine, and finally established the theory of bacterial pathogenicity. Pasteur's microbial theory provides a solid theoretical basis for modern medicine to get out of the predicament. Since Pasteur, not only the mortality rate of hospitals has been greatly reduced, but more importantly, human beings have mastered the methods of controlling diseases. Since then, scientists have developed various vaccines and antibiotics along the road pioneered by Pasteur. Today, all kinds of malignant infectious diseases have basically disappeared, and human life expectancy has been greatly extended.
Third, modern immunology Moki people.
Based on the research on the pathogenicity of bacteria, Pasteur rediscovered the immune method, thus opening up an effective method for human beings to prevent and treat infectious diseases. 1796, British rural doctor edward jenner (1749- 1823) invented the vaccinia inoculation method. Although there is a method to deal with smallpox virus in human hands, Jenner can't explain it theoretically, which makes this method too simple, the weakening degree of toxin can't be controlled, it is easy to be infected, very dangerous and difficult to popularize. Pasteur discovered the mystery of immunity in the study of chicken cholera, and then developed anthrax vaccine. Pasteur re-studied Jenner's vaccinia vaccine on the basis of microbiology, and solved the problem of impure vaccine, thus reducing the risk of vaccinia vaccination. The birth of rabies vaccine marks the maturity of Pasteur's immunology theory. Since then, immunology has provided another powerful weapon for human beings to overcome diseases. Compared with the smallpox treatment with vaccinia invented by Jenner, Pasteur's immunization method has the following characteristics:
L, have a solid theoretical foundation, in the prevention of diseases can be targeted, reduce blindness, reduce the risk of prevention, and is suitable for widespread promotion.
2. It has universal applicability. Although Jenner's method of preparing smallpox vaccine was 80 years earlier than Pasteur's discovery of immunization, Jenner's method is far less important than Pasteur's, because Jenner's immunization can only be used for one disease, and Pasteur's method can and has been used to prevent and treat many diseases.
3. The dose of vaccine can be limited and controlled, which is beneficial to clinical treatment. However, Jenner's smallpox vaccine can't control the dose, and its clinical application is very risky.
Under the guidance of vaccine principle, Pasteur broke rabies. Although the research on chicken cholera, anthrax and swine erysipelas is extremely important, vaccination with rabies vaccine is the most important symbol of Pasteur's great achievements, and Joseph bitten by rabies was cured. Meister, this is the first treatment that can stop the onset of rabies in history, and it is also the first human infectious disease that has been broken through. The success of rabies research made Pasteur enter the field of human pathology. Under the guidance of Pasteur's microbial pathogenicity theory and immunology theory, groups of excellent followers like Koch have successively conquered various infectious diseases. Later, most of the Nobel prizes in medicine were awarded to doctors who conquered infectious diseases, including Fleming, the inventor of penicillin, who were all successors of Pasteur's career.
1980 On May 8, the World Health Assembly solemnly announced that smallpox had finally been eradicated from the earth. The smallpox plague, which has been raging for thousands of years, has finally been completely eradicated. This is the first malignant infectious disease that has been completely eradicated by human beings, and it is an epoch-making victory in the long journey of human struggle against diseases. Now almost all kinds of infectious diseases that threaten mankind have been eliminated. Although new infectious diseases have been discovered, no infectious disease can destroy mankind on a large scale like the Black Death. And Pasteur is the main contributor to this great achievement.
1995 is the anniversary of pasteur's death 100. In order to commemorate his great contribution and far-reaching influence on modern multidisciplinary fields, UNESCO designated 1995 as the year of Pasteur. To this end, UNESCO and the French Pasteur Institute jointly held six academic seminars to commemorate the great contribution made by this great scientist to modern science in the last century. Arthur kornberg, an honorary professor in the Department of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Stanford University, USA (winner of the Nobel Prize in Medicine) thinks that Pasteur's contribution lies in building a bridge between chemistry and biology. Today, scientists found that HIV is more toxic than other microorganisms because of its gene mutation. It directly attacks the human immune system so that it is not attacked by neutralizing antibodies. But this new "cunning" microorganism or virus is still within the scope of Pasteur's theory. We are not divorced from the Pasteur era. For today's patients, Pasteur's example is a source of hope.