Second, the newspaper activities of foreigners in China in the19th century.

(a) the start of the activities of foreigners running newspapers in China (18 15- 1839)

The appearance of modern newspapers and periodicals in China started at the same time as foreign invasion. The earliest modern newspapers published in Chinese and the earliest modern newspapers published in foreign languages in China were founded by foreigners (commonly known as foreign newspapers in the history of China journalism). The purpose of foreigners running newspapers in China (invading China in the name of missionary propaganda). 1815 ——1842 was the first stage for foreigners to run newspapers in China in modern times. The main representative newspapers and periodicals at this stage. 18 15 Chasecular, founded in Malacca, is the first modern Chinese newspaper in history. Its publication (seven years), its founder and chief editor, its content and characteristics ("promoting Shinrikyo, introducing Christian teachings and biblical articles, introducing the situation and scientific knowledge of various countries-God-given. There are comments, narratives, stories, poems, dialogues and chapters, and the vernacular has a little classical Chinese component. Woodcut, Chinese book style, once a month, free). From 65438 to 0827, the first English version of Guangzhou Records was established in Guangzhou. Business newspaper, loan market, issue) and 1832, the English newspaper China Congbao (the longest-20 years, the richest and most influential foreign language newspaper in this period, which introduced China in detail, was valued by the British and American governments). (The first foreign-language newspaper, Bee China-Weekly of Macao Church Leaders) At this stage, there were several influential foreigners engaged in newspaper activities in China: (English missionary proficient in Chinese, the first foreigner who founded a modern Chinese newspaper, the editor-in-chief of Malacca Cha and Jinghua Newspaper, Guangzhou Records and China Series, the first person who studied the historical articles of China newspapers). Cha, editor-in-chief and contributor, put forward four principles for writing articles, namely, articles should be short, easy to understand, fluent and vivid), Karl Gutzlaff (1833 Guangzhou, According to the materials of Jinghua Daily, the first monthly study on East and West-the first Chinese newspaper published by foreigners in China) and (the first Protestant missionary sent by the United States), the main characteristics of foreigners' newspaper-running activities in China at this stage (strong religious color, foreign newspapers openly publicizing colonial policies, and discussing various phenomena in China in a foreign language) were that under the closed-door policy of the Qing Dynasty, foreigners were not allowed to operate in China, so the spread of newspapers was very small. The publishing center of Chinese newspapers and periodicals is in Malay Peninsula, and foreign languages have conquered the hearts of China people in Hongkong, Macau and Guangzhou (1)-from religious propaganda to "knowledge shells". (2) Try to be China. (3) There is a trend from religious newspapers to non-religious newspapers.

(2) Foreign missionaries' newspaper activities (1840- 19 ended)

After the Opium War, China opened its doors to the outside world, and the activities of foreigners running newspapers in China further developed. By the end of 19, the number of foreign newspapers in China was close to 200. A considerable part of them are sponsored by foreign missionaries. Several major Chinese-language newspapers founded by foreign missionaries: Guan Zhen (a church newspaper, but mostly commenting on current affairs, business situation, science and culture), Liuhe Congtan (the first modern Chinese newspaper in Shanghai, British office, 1857), Notes on Chinese and Western News (mainly introducing scientific and cultural knowledge, with few religious texts), and church publishing institutions. The publication of the World Bulletin, the organ of Guangdong Society (formerly known as China Church, a Chinese weekly magazine founded by American missionary Lin Le at his own expense, was founded in Shanghai on September 5th, 1868). Its main content (a comprehensive periodical mainly focusing on current affairs and politics with little religious propaganda). Defending imperialist aggression is a "help" to China, introducing "western learning" and advocating China's "reform"-"New Deal", its editing and publishing situation and its social influence (comprehensive current affairs magazine, with its distribution network covering 40,000 government educational institutions, has a great influence among scholars and intellectuals), and its main editors and contributors are Lin Lezhi and Timothy Richard. This paper analyzes and evaluates newspapers and periodicals founded by foreign missionaries such as the Universal Bulletin. (I am no longer as keen on "explaining Christianity" as I used to be, but I have greatly increased current affairs politics, commented on current affairs in China, promoted unfair trade, business news and comments, and advertised more. It shows that missionary work and newspaper running serve the colonial policy, aiming at colonizing China, making it a dumping ground for western-funded goods and making the Qing Dynasty a vassal of foreign-funded countries. )

(3) Chinese daily newspapers founded by many foreigners (1872)

After the Opium War, foreigners invested and founded a number of Chinese daily newspapers in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tianjin and Beijing. These daily newspapers are aimed at China readers, advertised as "speaking for China people", and actually safeguarded the political and economic interests of foreign capitalists from time to time. Several major foreign Chinese daily newspapers. Their influence at that time. The publication of Shenbao. Its policies and main contents (mainly business news, but also current political news and comments, literary works and advertisements), its founder and editor. These foreigners invested in the news business reform of China Daily. Their position and influence in the news history of China (1872, Shanghai, a joint venture of British businessman Ernest Major, later became a person. Formerly known as Jiang Shen New Newspaper. 1949 stopped in may. 19 13 stone for two days. Lots of business news. Squeeze out "Shanghai New Newspaper": 1) Based on China readers, hire China people as the lead writer. 2) Reduce the selling price. 3) For the first time in the history of China newspapers, news, speech, supplements, advertisements and other basic elements are integrated into one, which can be read from top to bottom, paying attention to major political news and safeguarding colonial interests. 4) Do a good job of distribution. 5) Don't hesitate to send messages by telegraph and telephone to invite people to exchange memories. 7) Attach various supplements. 8) Pay attention to management. (News 1893 February British business Danfoss, 1899 transferred to American business John Calvin Ferguson, paying attention to economic news, business circles, and attaching importance to management, advertising and sales).

(4) Foreign newspapers and periodicals founded by foreigners and foreign news agencies published in China (1850).

After the Opium War, foreigners founded a large number of foreign-language newspapers and periodicals for foreigners in Hong Kong, Shanghai, Tianjin and other places, using English, Japanese, Portuguese, French, German, Russian and other languages, totaling more than 120. Several representative foreign newspapers and periodicals. The earliest English-language daily published in mainland China: North China Daily (run by British businessman Xi Anmen) represents the official view of Britain. 1850 Shanghai, formerly known as Beihua Jiebao, 1864 was taken over by Zilin Foreign Firm and renamed. Supported by the British Consul and Industry Department, representing the British official views, 10 1 year is the longest). Its founding process, its political background and proposition (Shanghai. It is aimed at foreigners and intellectuals in China, but it doesn't cater to the tastes of ordinary readers. The content is more clear, inciting the government to step up aggression and plunder, openly supporting the Qing government, and opposing the anti-imperialist and anti-feudal people in China). Chinese and foreign news and local news columns attach importance to speech and express their opinions on Chinese and foreign political relations. The church in China has correspondents), its communication network and its influence on modern China politics. Activities of foreign news agencies in China. The first foreign news agency to set up a branch in China: Reuters (1872). The influence of foreign news agencies on modern journalism in China.