Zhong Cheng: Zhang Xun (709-757), a native of Nanyang (now Deng County, Henan Province), was a scholar in Kaiyuan, and Tianbao was the county magistrate of Qinghe (now Julu, Hebei Province), Zhenyuan (now Lu Yidong, Henan Province) and the An Lushan Rebellion. He led the army into Qiu Yong (now Qixian County, Henan Province) to resist the siege of the rebel leader Ling Huchao. Later, due to the rebellion of his superiors, before that, Xuanzong rewarded him for bravely resisting the enemy, and once named him a doctor of five products and a suggestion of five products, so he can be called Zhang Zhongcheng.
"Yuan and two years on the evening of April 13th, Wu and I read the titles of old books Zhang Junji, Yuan and at home. Yuan and two years, that is, AD 807. "Wu Jun", the county is governed in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province today. Zhang Ji, the word Wenchang, was born in Wujun, a famous poet in Yuanhe, Tang Xianzong, and a friend of Han Yu. Li Han's Biography of Zhang Xun and Li Han, Zhang Xun's friend Yu Zi, once witnessed the battle of Suiyang. "John named himself after the article", "named after himself", conceited and self-promising. "For this level is quite detailed. However, I still hate those who have shortcomings: I don't want to do a biography of Xu Yuan. " "Xu Yuan", a native of Yan Guan (now Haining), was the satrap of Suiyang when An Lushan rebelled and stuck to Zhang Xun. "The city was trapped and later killed." "It doesn't carry the story of Lei Wanchun." "Lei Wanchun", the Ministry of Zhang Xun, was killed at the same time as Zhang Xun. Some people think that Lei Wanchun here is Nanji Cloud. These words mean that on the evening of April 13th, Yuanhe two years, wujun and Zhang Ji went through the old books at home and found the biography of Zhang Xun written by Li Han. Li Han is conceited because of his good articles. He wrote this biography in detail and seriously, but after reading it, I still regret that he didn't write a biography for Xu Yuan and didn't record the story of Lei Wanchun.
The above is the first part of the article, because the Biography of Zhang Xun still has some regrets, "not for the biography of Xu Yuan, nor does it contain the whole story of Lei Wanchun" to cover the full text, and the following paragraphs are mentioned.
The second part (natural paragraphs 2, 3 and 4) deals with "not making a biography for Xu Yuan", and three natural paragraphs refute a fallacy.
If you are far behind the patrolman, you can open the door and take the patrolman. Your position is based on patrol, giving you a handle, and you are under it. No doubt, but you will patrol successfully. " "If" seems, seems. "That", accepted. "Grant", grant, grant "handle", power, power. This means resisting the enemy's orders. "Nothing", nothing. "Unexpectedly", finally, finally. The meaning of these words is that Xu Yuancai can't compare with Zhang Xun, but he took the initiative to open the floodgate and accepted Zhang Xun, who was above Zhang Xun, but gave Zhang Xun command and was willing to step down without any doubt or suspicion. In the end, he and Zhang Xun stuck to Suiyang, sacrificed heroically, made outstanding contributions and gained fame. "The city is trapped and lost, which is different from patrol death." In October of the second year of Su Zongde (757), Luoyang fell, and Zhang Xun was captured. Yin killed 36 people, including Zhang Xun, and sent Xu to Luoyang to report merit. Xu Yuan was indomitable and died in battle. Patrol, as far away as January. That is to say, the city was captured after the fall, and compared with Zhang Xun, it just died at a different time. "The children of the two families are very smart and dare not inform the second dad, thinking that they will be caught patrolling to death, and they will resign to the thief for fear of death." Only "talented" can be mentally retarded and unreasonable. "Notice", familiar. "Resign", please turn yourself in. The word here refers to repentance. After the Anshi Rebellion was put down, Zhang Xun's son went to the hospital to write a letter to the emperor, accusing Xu Yuan of disloyalty to Zhang Xun. He suspected that Xu Yuan had surrendered to the rebels, but he was actually credulous. At that time, a letter was sent to Shangshu Province, asking Zhang Quji to consult with Xu Xian, the son of Xu Yuan, and officials. These two sentences are the problem. In other words, the two sons are not smart enough to understand their father's ambition. They think that Zhang Xun was killed and Xu Yuan became a prisoner. They suspected that he was afraid of death and said something to the traitor. "If you are really afraid of death, why bother to keep the size of the land and eat the meat of love to resist thieves?" "Eat his favorite meat", Luoyang was besieged and the food in the city was exhausted. Zhang Xun killed his concubine, and Xu Yuan killed his slave and used his meat as food. That is to say, if Xu Yuan is really afraid of death, why should he desperately defend this small piece of land, kill his beloved people and let his hungry people eat it, so as not to surrender and fight the enemy? "When it sticks to it, there are no ants outside, those who want to be loyal, the country is the main ear, and the thief says that the country is destroyed." Mayfly is a kind of ant, which means tiny. At that time, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty fled to Shu, wondering if he could survive. In other words, when he gains a foothold in the besieged city, there are no reinforcements outside, and he only has to serve the country and the monarch. The traitor told him that the country was dead and the monarch was gone. "Far-sightedness is of no help. A thief who comes to benefit the public will believe his words and build a gun without waiting. People eat and eat, but fools can know where to die for days. " The phrase "there is nothing to do outside", from January to September in the second year of Zhide, Suiyang was besieged, and court officials did not rescue it. At that time, Helan, our special envoy from Henan Province, entered the Ming Dynasty and stationed troops in Huaihe River (now Anhui) to wait and see. "Wait", and so on. Jude is still, still. And will. "God", count the days. That is to say, Xu Yuan must take their words seriously when he sees fewer and fewer rescue troops and more and more heavy people. No reinforcements are waiting outside, but they are still defending the city. People will eat it up, and even stupid people can calculate their date of death. "Far not afraid dead Yi Ming! The city is broken, all the followers are dead, and I am ashamed to live alone. Even fools can't stand it. Oh! And call it a far-reaching saint? " In other words, it is obvious that Xu Yuan is not afraid of death. Where the city was breached, all the men were sacrificed, and they could only bear the burden of humiliation and survive? Even the stupidest person in the world can't bear to do this. Can a wise man like Xu Yuan do such a thing?
This second paragraph refutes "I thought I was a traitor when I was far away from death. I was afraid of death and surrendered to the thief." This is the key, because Xu Yuan can clear the grievances of "defecting to the thief", and the rest of the slanderers will be easy to handle. To this end, the author presents Xu Yuan's performance at the critical moment one by one, with the following points:
One, "Open the door, patrol ... No doubt, give it a handle, put it down, but use patrol to defend it". Xu Yuan's loyalty is straightforward and self-evident.
Second, "the city is trapped in Lu, which is different from patrolling." It shows that Xu Yuan, like Zhang Xun, died heroically for resisting the enemy and saving the country.
Third, "if you don't wait outside, you will still insist. People will eat and eat, and stupid people will know where to die in a few days. " How can you say that Xu Yuan is afraid of death? The ironclad fact slapped the mentally retarded "two children". The hard facts shattered their false accusation!
In the third paragraph, the speaker also said that he was far away from the city and was guarding it. The fall of the city began from a distant place. This is far away, no different from the views of children. " From a distant place, we started. At that time, we were far away in Luoyang, patrolling in Luoyang, guarding the northeast and southwest, and the rebels invaded the city from the garrison in Xu Yuan, so the discussant said so. "curse", slander. In other words, the commentator also said that Xu Yuan and Zhang Xun were guarding the southwest and northeast of Luoyang City, and Luoyang City was breached, which was opened from the area defended by Xu Yuan. Therefore, Xu Yuan is blamed, which is no different from children's point of view. "When people are dying, their viscera must suffer from their diseases first; If you refuse it with a rope, it must be somewhere. The viewer sees it, so it is especially so and unreasonable! " "Lead" and "pull". "Absolutely", bye. This sentence means that if the rope is broken, there will always be a broken end. "especially", negligence. "Knowing" (referring to the diseased viscera and rope) means knowing, which means blaming. That is to say, when a person is dying, his internal organs must have been attacked by the disease first; If a rope is broken, there must be a part when it is broken; It is unreasonable for some people to blame this part when they see this situation! "Little people talk, but they don't know the beauty of adults. What a way! If the governor still has achievements in the distance, then Zhuo Zhuo still can't be exonerated. What else is there to say? " "I don't like the beauty of adults" comes from The Analects of Confucius Yan Yuan. "Confucius said:' The beauty of a gentleman's adult is not the evil of adults, but the evil of villains. """Zhuo Zhuo", special and outstanding. In other words, these little people are talkative and not beautiful. That's what they did. Their achievements, such as Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan, are so extraordinary that they cannot avoid being criticized. What can others say? )
What the third paragraph refutes is nothing more than a seemingly fact. In fact, it is only a fascinating "view of children", which is not worth refuting, but it must be debunked. The author made a detour and quoted a very common example in daily life: "When people are dying, they must first hurt the viscera;" A normal person can understand that "lead the rope to the end and there will be a place to go." I won't say much. In the reader's mind, a process of analogical reasoning will naturally be completed, and it will be realized that if the city is divided and defended, there will be a decline and a beginning. Similarly, readers will naturally realize in their minds: "Those who guard the city will die with thousands of soldiers and fight with millions of Japanese teachers", and it is "without the help of outside ants", and the city is the inevitable result. What is Xu Yuan's responsibility? It is also a fact that the deception of fallacies and heresies has been exposed, exposing the despicable and ugly face of opponents: "It is also a fact that villains are easy to talk and do not like the beauty of adults." It is quite heavy to point out that such a fact has dealt the enemy a blow.
In the fourth paragraph, "When they were defending themselves, they would rather know that the soldiers were hopeless and abandoned the city and fled?" "Reverse" and escape ahead of time. "If you can't stay, what's the use of hiding elsewhere?" That is to say, when Zhang and Xu were defending Chengyang, how could they know that the last person would not come to the rescue, but fled the city in advance? What's the use of hiding in other places if the city can't hold on? "hopeless and poor, even if you want to go, you can't reach it." "Chuang" was injured. "residual", waste. "Escape", thin. In other words, even if they want to break through, they will certainly fail to achieve their goal without reinforcements and cornered. "Two male sage, its essence. Defend a city, defend the world, with thousands of troops and thousands of horses, with millions of Japanese teachers, cover Jianghuai, curb its potential, the world will not die, whoever does it! " The Essence of Speech is well thought out and accurate. "Defend a city and protect the world", as recorded in Li Han's "Biography of Zhang Xun and Textual Research as a Mirror", although this place is important, if Zhang Xun is not good at using troops, then "if thieves want to take Jianghuai and bypass it, why is Luoyang an obstacle?" Beggars patrol well, but thieves are afraid that patrolling will become a future trouble. If they don't destroy the patrol, they won't dare to cross their south ears. "Suppress" means to prevent. "Fall", resistance. In other words, Zhang and Xu are so smart, they must have thought very carefully. Hold the ideal city, defend the whole world, rely on thousands of soldiers who are fighting less and less in Vietnam, stop thousands of more and more rebels, cover the vast area of Jianghuai, and stop the enemy's attack, and the country will not perish. Whose credit is this?
In the fourth paragraph, the author continues to put forward facts, put the two sides of the truth in a straight position, and make inferences that are easy to understand and accept on the basis of facts, thus turning back on the enemy and killing the enemy. There are two floors here. The first layer mentioned above is to put forward positive facts, that is, "I would rather know beginning of life, but the pawn is hopeless", "A thousand troops will be exhausted, and every day we will fight for a division", and to demonstrate the merits of Xu Yuan and Zhang Xun, that is, "covering Jianghuai, restraining its potential and protecting the world".
"When, abandon the city and figure, not a few. Qiang Bing is good at sitting and watching the war, and he is also harmonious. " "One, two numbers", one counts two. That is to say, by that time, it will not be one or two people who abandon the city for their lives; People who have a strong army and sit idly by are everywhere. "If we don't talk about this, we can also see that they compared themselves to rebellion and set up obscene words to help them attack." Self-comparison is self-attached. "Obscene words" refers to words that distort the facts. That is to say, today, instead of investigating and commenting on the responsibilities of these people, we accuse Zhang and Xu of not sticking to Chengyang. Seeing that these commentators are standing in the ranks of the rebels, we fabricated a set of exaggerated words to help the rebels attack Zhang and Xu's heroes.
The latter layer of this paragraph is refuted from the opposite facts. "Those who abandon the city for survival cannot count one or two; Qiang Bing is good at sitting and watching the war, and he is also harmonious. " Positive and negative contrast gives the opponent a fatal blow. "I also saw them compare themselves to rebellion and set obscene words to help them attack"-they are just birds of a feather! Introduction to Zhang Zhongcheng is just such a good article that puts facts and makes sense, which is both "positive" and "true". Let the facts speak for themselves, which is a powerful weapon against the enemy. It will make the enemy show ugly face and have to bow his head.
The second part focuses on refuting the fallacy that "Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan should not stick to Suiyang". The author mainly uses refutation in the method of argument, and refutes it from both positive and negative arguments. The whole paragraph is divided into three levels:
First, it discusses that Suiyang can only be kept and cannot be abandoned;
The second is to discuss the significance of Suiyang: "keep a city and the world", "whoever does it without mercy in the world will be rewarded";
The third is to expose the sinister intention of those who attacked Zhang Xun to "compare themselves with fornication" and "set up obscene words to assist". What is the purpose of the author's writing "Those who abandon the city for survival" and "Qiang Bing is a good spectator"? It tells the story of people viciously attacking Zhang Xun and Xu Yuan to achieve their ulterior motives, and its essence is to defend their ugly behavior in those years.
The fifth and sixth paragraphs are each a part. The third part, the fifth paragraph begins with "excluding the whole story of Lei Wanchun (Nanji Cloud)". "The more you taste, the more you engage in Bian and Xu's two families. In the meantime, you frequently come and go, offering sacrifices to the so-called double temples. Its old people often say that they are patrolling and staying away from current events. " In the sentence "Yue Wei", in the 12th year of Zhenyuan (796) and 15th year of Zhenyuan (799), Han Yu was the official of the Eastern Jin Dynasty and Zhang Jianfeng, respectively, and was the staff. Don asked his assistants to do it. Here "engage in" is used as a verb. "Repeatedly", after many twists and turns. "Shuangmiao", after their death, the son of heaven (Su Zong) named them viceroy, and both temples were built in Suiyang, called Shuangmiao. In other words, Lei Wanchun's deeds are not completely recorded. I used to work in the border Huzhou and Xuzhou shogunate, and I often went back and forth between the two Huzhou, and personally went to the so-called Double Temple to pay homage to the two heroes. Old people there often talk about Zhang and Xu Ergong. "Nanji Yunqi was rescued in Helan, and Helan was jealous of the patrol and the prestige in the distance and refused to go to the rescue." Nan Jiyun is an important general under Zhang Xun. Chengyang and Zhang Xun were trapped and killed at the same time. "Helan" refers to the entry of Helan, the governor of Henan Province at that time. At that time, he was stationed in the Huaihe River, supporting troops to wait and see, and refused to rescue the siege of Suiyang. In other words, Nan Jiyun turned to Helan for help, and Helan was jealous that Zhang and Xu's reputation exceeded his own and refused to send troops to help. "Love JiYunYong and strong, don't listen to its language, stay strong. There is food and fun, and Yan Jinyun sits. " Please "delay" Yes, but he likes Nan Jiyun's bravery in the battle. He refused to listen to him and insisted on keeping him. He has prepared banquets, songs and dances for him, and invited Nan Jiyun to sit down. "Ji Yun said generously,' When the clouds come, people who have no affection for Yang will not be able to eat for more than a month! Although the cloud wants to eat alone, it is unbearable; "Eat, but don't swallow it." Because he drew his sword, he broke a finger and showed Helan blood. One is afraid, one is grateful, and the other is crying for the cloud. In other words, Ji Yun said emotionally: When I came here from Suiyang, people there had no food for more than a month. Today, I just want to eat this banquet alone, which is morally unbearable; Even if you barely eat, it's hard to swallow! So he drew his sword, cut off his bloody finger and showed it to Helan Jin Ming. All the witnesses were shocked. They were moved to tears. "Cloud know, Helan can never leave the ground, just can't walk away. He would go out of town and shoot an arrow at the floating figure of the Buddhist temple. He said,' If I am a thief, I will destroy Helan. That's why I made up my mind. When Zhenyuan crossed Sizhou, the people on board pointed fingers at each other. "Futu, stupa." The brick on the arrow tower is half an arrow deep. Chi ",here with knowledge, annotation. Zhenyuan ",the title of Tang Dezong Sizhou" is located in Xuyi County, Jiangsu Province today. That is to say, Ji Yun saw Helan Jin Ming still unwilling to send troops for him, so he rode his horse and galloped away. When I was leaving the city, I drew an arrow and shot it at the pagoda on the Buddhist temple. Half of the arrow plunged into the brick above the pagoda and said, When I defeat the traitor, I must get rid of Helan. This arrow is marked. I passed through Zhenyuan Sizhou, and the man in the car pointed to the stupa and told me about it. "When the city is trapped, the thief will patrol under the threat of the blade and patrol without surrender, that is, take it and cut it; The cloud fell again, but the cloud didn't respond. " Nanba, the man is deaf, don't be wronged! Yun said with a smile, "If you want to do something, just say it. Yun dare not die!" ! That is, unyielding. As a verb, "come down and patrol", even if it is down and patrol. The following "falling clouds" is the same as this example. "Nanba", the Antarctic cloud ranks eighth among the brothers, or the old eight. "Dare not die" means dare not die. "Unyielding" means to die indomitable. That is to say, Suiyang City fell, and the traitors forced Zhang Xun to surrender with a knife. If Zhang doesn't give in, he will tie him up and take him away, intending to execute him. He forced Ji Yun to surrender, but Ji Yun didn't answer for a moment. Zhang Xun shouted to him: Nanba, a man is dead, don't give in to injustice! Ji Yun smiled and said, I want to stay and do something. Since Zhang Gong has something to say, how dare I not die! So I didn't give in to the traitor.
The fourth part, paragraph 6, the title and the opening paragraph all point out the life of Zhang Xun. Zhang Xun was also written in paragraphs 4 and 5, but he was not the protagonist. The sixth paragraph is devoted to Zhang Xun's legacy, and Xu Yuan is also brought here, which enriches Zhang Xun's deeds, Xu Yuan's personality and Li Han's articles.
"People who are interested in the Song Dynasty don't rely much on patrolling and patrolling, but are often surrounded by the Song Dynasty," he said. I saw Song in Wujiang County, Hezhou on the calendar. Song is over sixty years old. At the beginning of the tour, I tasted Linhuan County Commandant, and I was eager to learn everything. Fashion is small, thick and far away, so I can't elaborate. "Uprising" refers to Zhang Xun's uprising against the Anshi Rebellion. "Chang", a "taste", once. "Dali" is the year number of Tang Daizong. Wujiang county, now Wujiang town and county in Anhui province. "Patrol", because patrol. Yu Song followed Zhang Xun to defend Suiyang. Linhuan is in the southwest of Su County, Anhui Province. In other words, Zhang Ji said: There was a man named Yu Song who followed Zhang Xun when he was young. When Zhang Xun rose up against thieves, Yu Song was in the besieged city. During the Lunar New Year, Zhang Ji met Yu Song in Wujiang County, Hezhou. At that time, Yu Song was over 60 years old. Because of the relationship with Zhang Xun, he was a captain in Linhuan County. He loves learning, and there is no book he doesn't read. When I was young, I heard some stories about Zhang and Xu's resistance to thieves, but I couldn't ask in detail. "Cloud: If you are more than seven feet long, you will be surprised. I saw Song reading Hanshu and said,' Why have you been reading this for a long time?' Song Dao:' I'm not familiar with it yet. The policeman said,' I am a book, but I can't read it three times and I will never forget it. By reciting what Song had read, he wrote a good hand. Song Jing thought I was familiar with this volume, so I gave it a try because of random drawing. Song also took the books on the shelf and tried to swim, swimming to recite. Song patrol for a long time, did not see diligent reading. For articles, write a book with paper and pen, and never make a draft. "'beard' refers to the beard on both cheeks, which generally refers to the beard here." Yi, the book cover here refers to the book cover in the book. It is said that Zhang Xun is more than seven feet tall and has a fantastic beard. I once saw Song Yu reading Hanshu and asked him,' Why do you always read this book?' Jade pine said,' I haven't seen it yet. Zhang Xun said:' I have never read it more than three times, and I will never forget it in my life. So he recited the books that Song had read and finished reciting a roll of good words. Jade pine is very strange. Zhang Xun just read this volume, so he took out other books to test him. There is nothing Zhang Xun can't recite. Yu Song asked Zhang Xun with all kinds of books on the bookshelf. Zhang Xun asked questions with him and recited them without hesitation. Yu Song has been following Zhang Xun for a long time, and I haven't seen Zhang Xun reading often. He writes articles, picks up pens and paper, and never uses drafts. In other words, when we started guarding Suiyang, there were nearly ten thousand soldiers and tens of thousands of people in the city. People who have seen Zhang Xun only need to know their names once, and then they will never forget them. "Patrol angry, must be a beard. And dozens of people are trapped in the city, thieves will inevitably patrol, and they will kill and patrol, and they will all see the patrol or cry. The policeman said,' Don't be afraid, you will die.' Don't look up when you cry. When patrolling, the color is not chaotic, and Yang Yang is as usual. ""spin ",got up and went to pee. ""Yang Yang as if nothing had happened, looks very calm. That is to say, when Zhang Xun is angry, his beard will open. When the city fell, the rebels tied up dozens of people, including Zhang Xun, and sat on the ground, about to be executed. Zhang Xun gets up to pee. His subordinates watched Zhang Xun stand up. Some stood up and some cried. Zhang Xun said: Don't be afraid, die, it's fate! Everyone was crying, afraid to look up at him. When Zhang Xun died, he remained calm as usual.
"Far generous elders seem to be their confidants; Born in the same year as Xun Guan, he was called Xun Guan's brother a few months later at the age of 49. Song Zhenyuan died early in Bosong, or Song had a field in Bosong, and soldiers seized it, so Song sued Yizhou and was killed. Song Wuzi, Zhang Jiyun. " "Like his heart" means that Xu Yuan's appearance is as generous as his heart. "Bo" is now Bo County in Anhui Province. "Song" means Langya. "Hey", here. Litigation, litigation. "Reason", law. In other words, Xu Yuan is a generous and loyal elder. His appearance is the same as his heart. He was born in the same year as Zhang Xun in late June. He called Zhang Xun his eldest brother and died at the age of 49. Yu Song died between Bozhou and Songzhou at the beginning of Zhenyuan. It is said that Yu Song had a field in this area, and the samurai robbed it and took it for himself. Song Yu will go to Zhou Ya to complain and be killed. Yusong has no son. These are all said by Zhang Ji. Han Yu used the story of Song to write anecdotes about Zhang Xun, because Song Yu was a participant in the defense of Suiyang. It will be more true and convincing to narrate Zhang Xun's heroic sacrifice and Zhang Xun's anecdote through his oral narration. In addition, Song Yu survived the siege, but finally died, which reflected the reality and social injustice of martial arts under the separatist regime of the buffer region.