(1) parameter
(1) What is an argument? Arguments should be expressed, and the opinions, opinions and ideas that the author tries to convey. Reading parameters, the first thing is to find, extract and understand the arguments of the article.
(2) There are multiple arguments: an article can have one argument or multiple arguments. If there are multiple parameters, you need to clear the center parameter. These parameters can be parallel or gradual, but they should obey the central argument of the whole paper.
Parameter (3) Location: This parameter can be arranged at the beginning, middle or end of the article. Can be arranged anywhere in the article. However, in many cases, the first parameter is a good start for this paper.
(4) Parameter introduction: Some argumentative arguments used in the article express a clear statement, as long as we can find it; There is also a direct expression, no clear expression, and the reader needs to extract and summarize. (5) Establish arguments and attach importance to them.
① correctness. Rooted in objective things, which depend on the author's position, viewpoint and attitude to correctly reflect persuasive arguments and policies. If the parameters themselves are incorrect or even absurd lies, no matter how convincing the arguments are. Therefore, the correct statement is the minimum requirement.
② brightness. We should be very clear about what we support and what we oppose, and should not be ambiguous or ambiguous.
3 novelty. Parameters should be new, profound, beyond other people's point of view, should not repeat other people's cliches, nor should they be irrelevant and general processes, and should be regarded as unique innovations.
(2)
(1) What is an argument? Argument is an argument proved by material basis.
(2) Parameter types: ① important facts, ② theoretical materials.
(1) as a parameter of factual materials, it can be ... a concrete example, B. summarized facts, C. statistics, D. experienced feelings.
(2) theoretical materials as parameters, it can be a classic past, wisdom B. folk proverbs C. justice, law, etc.
(3) Evidence requirements used: ① conclusive. We must choose those hard typical facts. When the test of practical theory calls matter a parameter, you must pay attention to the exact meaning of the theory itself. ② Typical. The examples given should be broadly representative and represent the general characteristics of such things. (3) the unity of arguments and arguments. Therefore, in order to prove the argument, they should be closely consistent.
(3) Proof
(1) What is proof? The process of proving an argument to prove an argument. Argumentation is to solve the statement of "what to prove" and the statement of "what to prove"
Card is to solve the problem of "how to show" Because of the inherent logical arguments and arguments revealed by this statement. type
(2) Argumentative paper: Argumentative reasoning and argumentative paper are generally divided into two types: refutation.
(1) argument is a reason enough to prove that the reasoning of the author's own argument is correct; Refutation is a powerful argument to refute the wrong views of others. The rebuttal point is mature, which is nothing more than proving its correctness from the front and proving the other one wrong from the back. They can use the same method of argument.
(3) Basic parameters: including induction, example, deduction, analogy and comparison.
1 induction. Inductive argument is the parameter of the method from special to general. It passes many individual examples or arguments, and then summarizes their similarities, leading to the characteristics of general conclusions. Induction cooker can give an example first, and then draw a conclusion. The conclusion can be another example to prove this point. The former is what we usually call induction, and we call it example. For example, an individual uses a typical real proof method to prove an argument with specific examples.
② Deductive method. Deductive argument is an independent parameter from generality to method. It is different from the conclusion inferred from general principles, and the connection between premise and conclusion is necessary. Deduction includes syllogism, hypothetical reasoning, reasoning and other forms of disjunction, but the most important is syllogism. Syllogism consists of three parts: major premise, minor premise and conclusion. If the premise that any conductive metal can be used is that iron is a minor premise of metal, then the conclusion is that iron can conduct electricity.
③ Comparative method. Comparative argument is a personal way to show a person. Usually divided into two categories, one is metaphor, the other is comparative method. Metaphor is the same or similar feature of nature, which leads to different conclusions in some fields. The reduction to absurdity is different in some aspects, and the arguments between the reduction to absurdity are more about nature, characteristics and opposition.
(4) Refutation method: There are three ways to refute argument ①, argument ② and argument ③. Because the argumentative essay is composed of three parts that are demonstrated through argumentation, the effect is the same if you refuse to demonstrate and directly refute the argument. Refuting documents can improve power in many ways, combined with persuasive refutation.
(1) refutes an argument, which directly refutes the other party's one-sidedness, mistakes or fallacies. This is the most commonly used division method. (2) refute arguments, expose other mistakes, and pass the buck to achieve the purpose of parameters; False parameter, because it will definitely lead to the wrong parameter. (3) refute arguments and reveal the logical errors in the reasoning process of the other party, such as major premise, minor premise and contradictory conclusions, contradictions between the other party's arguments, contradictions between arguments and so on.
[Edit this paragraph]
Three elements: argument, argument,
：
Definition: hold an opinion on a problem (event, phenomenon, person, idea, etc.). )
Form: Complete the sentence The judge's clear position on the subject of opposition.
& gt 1。 Argumentative essays generally have only one central argument, and some argumentative essays also put forward central arguments around the debate. Several points are used to supplement or prove the central argument. As long as we study the relationship between these parameters, we can get away from the point.
2。 How to find the center point of? Parameters should be a clear judgment, a complete statement of the author's point of view, and should be in the form of complete sentences. Location can be divided into: article title, article, which is in the last middle of the article, and some need the reader to summarize the beginning.
Note: Rhetorical argumentation and ellipsis rhetoric
Parameter: The auxiliary materials of this parameter are used to prove a reasonable argument and basis.
BR/>； A factual argument: The argument that facts play a role in the discussion is very clear. Analyze the facts, see the truth clearly, and see if it is logically consistent with the views in the text. (Representative examples, solid data and reliable facts, etc. )
2 Theoretical arguments: Readers' statements are always familiar as truth, or generally recognized by society. They abstract many facts and summarize the results.
Parameter: use parameters to prove it.
And demonstrate the process and method parameters.
The relationship between proof and proof
Arguments and arguments of argumentative essays are organized through argumentation. Argument is the parameter of process and method proved by reason, and it is the logical relationship between key argument and argument. Argumentation is to solve the statement of what needs to be proved, what to prove and how to prove it.
There are several ways to demonstrate:
1 argument: list conclusive and sufficient examples that represent proof arguments; (Action: Improve the persuasiveness of the article from the perspective of concrete and powerful presentation)
Prove a truth: Marxist-Leninist viewpoint, epigrams of famous sayings at home and abroad, recognized classical proof theorem formula and other parameters; (Role: A persuasive article with enhanced authority)
3 comparative argument: compare positive and negative arguments or arguments to prove the comparability of arguments; (Function: Highlight the view, which is impressive)
4 Metaphorical statement: people are familiar with metaphors to prove arguments. (Function: present ideas vividly and make the article easy to understand and accept. ) In addition, refutation often uses "the attacking son is our shield" and the most "reduction to absurdity" refutation method. Arguments are often used synthetically. .
5 Quoted statements: When complex statements are involved, they are related to specific reference materials. There are quotations, aphorisms, authoritative data, anecdotes of celebrities, jokes and so on. In each case, its function should be analyzed in detail. If a quotation, epigram and authoritative data can enhance the persuasiveness of parameters and authority; Quoting anecdotes, anecdotes and anecdotes from famous people can enhance readers' attraction to the next reading.
Parameters:
Judging from the argumentation methods of argumentative essays, general theories can be divided into argumentation and refutation.
Argument 1: Argument expounds some events or problems, and the author's views and ideas are expressed from the previous methods. In order to show your attitude, you should pay attention to the following three points:
(1) These views and ideas must be carefully considered and practiced, and they are really for correcting their unique knowledge and opinions or effectively solving practical problems. In order to make readers feel innovative, increase their knowledge and improve their understanding of things.
(2) We must discuss the center of the argument around this issue. What makes the opening paper owe this question? During the presentation, you should not deviate from Wan Li, let yourself drift, or change any topic. If there are several sub-arguments, each one should be related to the central argument, starting with some parameters of the central argument. All parameters must closely surround a central point. Enable readers to clearly understand the argument and the center of the argument. The logic of highly argumentative essays must be close to the center, and two of them are consistent. ?
(3) "country" is often based on "breaking". In the process of argumentation, we should mention some wrong views and ideas, deny and refute them, so as to strengthen persuasion and make readers not misunderstand his views. ?
Refutation: Refutation refers to commenting on certain events and problems, exposing and refuting wrong and reactionary views or ideas.
(1) rebuttal. Its main argument is refutation, because the fundamental purpose of discussion is to expound our views and express our own. If we can't agree with each other's views and opinions, then we can refute them in various ways, deny them and point out that they are absurd or wrong. Refute an argument, refute an argument against another party. refute
parameter
One of the methods of parameters is to point out a mistake rudely, directly or thoroughly analyze the theoretical and anatomical refutation with conclusive and irrefutable facts, and directly point out the mistake. Another way?
The rebuttal argument is reduction to absurdity. The argument of reducing to absurdity is based on a premise and logically extends the law, but the conclusion is absurd. Because the extended conclusion cannot be established, it is impossible to get out of this conclusion. Writing some vague understandings instead of reducing to absurdity to reveal their "right and wrong" has achieved good results in clarifying their own understanding. ?
The refutation of the same contradiction holds that the author does not directly point out the fallacy of the argument, but establishes a new argument through full argumentation, so this new parameter is established, so he does not object to the argument that has been refuted. ?
When using reduction to absurdity, it should be pointed out that arguments and refuting arguments should prove to be antagonistic and incompatible. This logic is another goal that the requirements of the law of contradiction are consistent and affirmative. ?
(2) refute the argument. Refutation, this is a way to strongly refute the other side's argument. In the process of argument, argument depends on the pillar parameters. If the parameters cannot be established, the parameters will lose their backing, but they will collapse. ?
(3) refute the argument. Refuting arguments is manifested in the logical relationship between the inconsistency of arguments in the process of exposing the other party and the arguments that deny the loopholes in the other party's arguments. To put forward such an argument, we need to find out the other party's remarks through the logical reasoning of paradox, and then calmly analyze them, and then give powerful enlightenment.
Second, the structure of argumentative writing.
1。 The basic structure is to ask questions (introduction), analyze questions (theory) and (conclusion) to solve this problem. .
2. It can be divided into two categories.
Longitudinal: Discuss the example of "layer by layer" structural drilling depth 1
Style, first put forward arguments, demonstrate from the negative aspects, and then further discuss the positive aspects.
Example 2 "from the record" style: This paper introduces the discussion of the problem at the beginning, and then expounds the discussed problem at the beginning. "Turn" is two arguments to prove all angles, and "combination" finally boils down to "yes".
Grade B: Parallel expanded discourse structure
For example:
"Introduction of routine" style, first put forward arguments, and then summarize them from several aspects;
The "routine into the point" type first puts forward the argument, and then shows it in several aspects.
There is a type of "divided theory-established practice", and discussions in several aspects are always analyzed and summarized comprehensively.
In a word, the structural analysis of argumentative writing should first understand the internal relationship between paragraph levels, and also pay attention to the transitional words, transitional paragraphs and transitional links connecting the preceding with the following.
Frequently asked questions:
(1) Find the parameter to summarize (event name+name+parameter attribute)
(2) Function of the parameter (as a problem or service)
Specifically:
(1) Factual argument: A powerful proof of the true point of view.
Theoretical argument: the language that enhances the persuasiveness of the article accurately reflects the rigorous characteristics.
③ Contrastive argument: _ _ and _ _ _ are opposite and prominent viewpoints. A stronger point of view
Prove ④ Metaphorical argument: _ _ and _ _ metaphors are vivid and easy to understand.
The specific situation should be analyzed in detail.
(3) Auxiliary parameters display parameters (function: display is more comprehensive, powerful and universal)
(4) Anti-inference point
> (5) Whether the discourse analysis of parameters is appropriate (question: attribute, comprehensiveness, typicality and echo relationship).
1, discussing:
1, argument: it's an article, commander. Any object has only one central point and generally has the soul of argument. The argument should be correct, clear and general, and judged as a complete sentence. It must not be vague. location
There are four basic points:
(1) at the beginning of the article
③ In the middle of the article
④ End
2,
Arguments and arguments used to prove materials include facts, these two parameters and theoretical arguments.
Choose a fact to pay attention to, that is, parameters:
(1) must be typical. Both ancient and modern. Most people know, at least before logging on to newspapers and TV.
(2) the best novel.
(3) The parameter expressions are accurately described and summarized, and the parameters can be proved.
You should pay attention to the reasons for optional parameters:
(1) It can be said that aphorisms, proverbs, aphorisms, theorems, formulas, etc.
(2) To be accurate and not to be tampered with or distorted.
(3) There is an inevitable connection with the proof argument.
3. Argument: Argument used to prove an argument. base type
1 argument: argument, refutation. Discuss the argument first, and then discuss the rebuttal. We usually stand in the main position when writing argumentative papers. foundation level
② Parameter: a syllogism structure.
Problem (what) → Analyze the problem (why) → Solve the problem (how to do it).
Namely: introducing theoretical conclusions.
General statement structure:
I. General structure B, control structure c++, hierarchical structure D and parallel structure
③ Common methods:
First, the example method (also known as the example method): the arguments of typical cases prove the argument, and facts speak louder than words.
B, citation method (also called reasoning) In addition to the above description, you can also quote some famous classical poems. On the one hand, it can strengthen the argument, on the other hand, it can enrich the content of the article and improve the literary discussion.
C. Comparative parameters (also known as positive and negative statements): This method can enhance the clarity of the argument and let the reader know what the author is for and against.
D. Metaphor (also called metaphorical argument) enhances the narrative, literariness and convincing image of the works.
Second, the logic of argumentative writing is embodied in the text. language
Argumentative writing must be accurate, clear, rigorous and targeted.
There is a very clear logical relationship between paragraphs.
, such as scoring, controlling, advancing step by step, side by side, etc. This relationship is highlighted from the effect of transitional statements. Such as "yes", "yes" and "although", but what is "of course" and "indeed"
3, argumentative essays need to consider more philosophy.
Argumentative writing, in particular, is a reward for punishing evil and promoting good, persuading people to freshen up and guiding the people, so it must be convincing and have correct values.
Serious political lessons often say that reading articles and epigrams rationally will improve our ideological quality and our understanding of writing, especially the benefits of argumentative essays. Will play articles with rich ideological content, which will deepen and improve persuasiveness.
Novices talk about these methods,
You can start imitating. Take an article as an example. The most typical is Wu Han's On the Backbone:
1, Introduction Part I: Opening argument: We China people have backbone.
Then, in Mencius' explanation of the argument, it is "wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent."
2. Part of the theory: These three situations have proved to be arguments: Wen Tianxiang's wealth can't be lewd, the poor can't move the ranking handout without eating, and Wen Yiduo's power can't be bent.
3. Conclusion: Explain the backbone of the proletariat today and issue a call.
There is a transition between the three parts. The introduction and theory of "many touching stories of our backbone ancestors and his positive educational significance" leads to the following three examples. Between theory and conclusion, "Mencius said this sentence more than two thousand years ago, but so far, his positive significance." Change.
The transition between the first and second situations, "another story" and "there is an example". These transitional periods make the article seamless.
The three parts answer three questions respectively: the introduction part answers the question of "what", the answer part answers the question of "why (backbone)", the conclusion and the question of "what should we do". In the latter case.
There are some brief discussions in the narrative of the three situations. These discussions include the meaning of events and are closely linked with arguments, arguments and links, otherwise it will be practical and arguments will be out of touch.