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"Those who are insane just don't want it." Gustav Hugo's homesickness, his yearning for his own flesh and blood, and his feeling of parting from his best friend have touched many people's heartstrings. Continuous border war, magnificent social life, ups and downs of life, special personality pursuit, etc. All these make the farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty have their own unique charm.
One, one thousand kinds of separation
"People have joys and sorrows, and the moon has ups and downs. This matter is ancient and difficult. " Many of them should be together forever, but they must live in distant places. In the heyday of this feudal society, the economy was prosperous and people's activities were constantly expanding. From dignitaries to ordinary people, they have the opportunity to leave their homes actively or passively. Therefore, one of the characteristics of farewell poems in Tang Dynasty is that there are many kinds, covering a wide range of fields.
1. Say goodbye to your loved ones. Deep feelings, strong and delicate feelings, showing a kind of flesh-and-blood affection. For example, Liu Zongyuan's Farewell to My Boy Zong Yi describes that his soul has become a "scattered ghost" because of the long-term relegation, and this ghost is doubly sad for his departure. It not only expresses the bitterness and sadness of the poet's relegation, but also expresses the pain of parting with his brothers and sisters in the situation of "ten thousand deaths"
2. Say goodbye to friends and colleagues. This is the most common farewell in Tang poetry, and it is also the farewell of colleagues and friends. According to its content, it is divided into several categories:
(1) sent friends to other places to be officials. For example, Wang Wei "advised Jun to drink one more glass of wine, and there is no reason to go west to Yangguan." Good friends go out to be officials, and poets offer wine to each other, which is full of praise and deep friendship.
(2) Send demoted friends or colleagues. This kind of poetry occupies a large proportion in the farewell poems in the Tang Dynasty, such as Liu Changqing's farewell to Langzhong and his demotion to Jizhou, Liu Zongyuan's farewell dream, and Wang Bo's farewell to Xue Hua. At the same time, these poems express political frustration, or vent their dissatisfaction with the court, or express sympathy and relief to friends, and their feelings are profound and touching.
(3) Farewell poems to send friends on expeditions. If you join the army, send agent Li to March into the west. Most of these works are works of frontier fortress poets, full of lofty sentiments and passions.
(4) Farewell poems to send friends on a trip. This kind of poem may make people feel more relaxed. We don't read many sentences about their running for life, but more about their leisure. For example, Li Bai's "Farewell to Meng Haoran on the way to Yangzhou": "The lonely sail is far away and the blue sky is exhausted, but the Yangtze River flows in the sky." There is no sadness in the poem, the artistic conception is lofty and the feelings are profound.
(5) Farewell poems to send people home.
There are poems that send people away from home, and naturally there are poems that send people home. For example, Wang Changling's "The Farewell of Furong Inn and Xin Qiji", ice, the childlike feelings of people thousands of miles away.
(6) Farewell poems to send people back to China. During the Tang Dynasty, Japan became close friends. At that time, many Japanese monks studied in China, and they also had a close relationship with the poets of the Tang Dynasty. Qian Qi, a poet in the middle Tang Dynasty, wrote a poem "Sending Monks to Japan", which is full of rich feelings between the lines. There is also the poem "Send a Japanese monk to the Dragon Family" written by Wei Zhuang, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, which is ethereal and elegant, with carefree charm.
Second, ten thousand kinds of divorce
1. Sad parting. "Love hurts and leaves since ancient times" is Liu Yong's style. "Sad, sad broken body in one hundred. I am worried about the same source and my career is bitter. " (Wang Bo's Farewell to Xue Hua) What I wrote was not the feeling of farewell, but the sadness of my life experience, accompanied by political frustration and frustration all the way. Sadness is very strong.
2. Leave with pride. The open-minded and optimistic life attitude of the Tang people is reflected in the poems, and parting is no longer sad. If you bid farewell to the governor and go to Shu to be an official, you will have friendship and neighbors. Why linger at the fork in the road, the child is stained with towels. "washed away the sadness of parting, the artistic conception is open, the tone is bright, and it is full of optimistic and bold spirit. Chen Ziang's "Send David to the Army" sent his friends to the battlefield and did not fall into a sad mode. It focuses on the overall situation and expresses the author's generous ambition and enterprising spirit. The poem "Xiongnu still exists, Jiang Weifu joined the army" is intended to show that David's joining the army is a feat of defending the country. " Chasing the Heroes of Six Counties is to encourage David to gallop on the battlefield and make meritorious deeds by killing the enemy, just as the famous Han Dynasty was called the Heroes of Six Counties. The last two sentences: "Don't let it go, let Han succeed." The author once again encourages friends to make new contributions in Yanran Mountain and make a name for themselves. This kind of poetry shows the author's lofty sentiments of defending the country, generous but not tragic words, unrestrained feelings and aggressive heroism.
3. Broad-minded parting. When some poets leave their friends, they also show their broadmindedness, which is unique to the Tang people. The poet will take a step closer to parting and tell his friends that as long as they know each other, they are soul mates, and even if they are far away from Qianshan, they will still live next to each other. This cheerful and unique feeling has exciting power. For example, Wang Changling's "Send firewood to the Palace Que" said: "Running water crosses the waves to meet the five mountains, and it won't hurt to say goodbye. Qingshan has the same clouds and rain, and the bright moon has been in two townships. " The poet skillfully combined the two places into one, relieved the harm, and had novel meaning and broad feelings.
Step 4 be reluctant to part
China is a country of etiquette, and scholars pay more attention to friendship. Li Bai, Du Fu, Wang Changling and Meng Haoran are close friends, and their differences are full of deep concern and concern. For example, Li Bai's "I'm worried about my bright moon, and I'll follow you to Yelangxi", which is comparable to the bright moon in caring for friends. Wang Wei's "Advise Jun to make one more glass of wine, one has no reason to go to the west" is full of affection. When he left, he frequently raised his glasses, had a drink and did more. He poured his affection into cups of wine, and he was even more affectionate and emotional.
5. Wing Huai's parting
This kind of poem, named Farewell, is actually just parting, just expressing one's own feelings. For example, Wang's "Give someone a stunt with a glass of water" expresses the gloomy situation that the poet wants to do something, but the time has not yet come. This way of saying goodbye to express one's feelings is a precedent.
Farewell poems, first of all, are lyric poems, and expressing one's mind directly is a kind of frankness and the most direct embodiment of deep affection and friendship. Tang poetry has always attached importance to interest and taste, which makes Qian Qian's farewell poems more meaningful.
Fei, a teacher, now lives in Yangxin, Hubei.