model essay
bear
I saw a book "Zhou Zuoren's Prose" on the shelf and quickly took it down to read it.
I remember reading a book "Three Brothers of Zhou Family" two years ago, and I was deeply impressed. After reading it carefully from beginning to end, the legendary life of the three brothers and the complicated and unexplained past haunt me for a long time. I feel very sad when I think of that book now. There are still many words in my heart that I am anxious to express.
Three people are brothers, but their fates are different, especially the second one, which is the most criticized. I don't think this kind of criticism is what he wants. How did Zhou Zuoren, a young man, make up for what he had done and leave a traitor to blame? The conclusion of history is unreasonable. He said that he was "struggling" in Beijing because he had a "tired family", and his family of ten could not be easily left behind, and he had to take care of his mother and Lu Xun's widow. I don't know the truth of the matter. These words can only be as pale as that history.
I think the comments of the world are still too absolute. People and events in history often have only two endings, either heroes or thieves. Their evaluation is often a sentence, there is no middleman. I think Zhou Zuoren is one of the few centrists. Here, the author has no intention of clearing his name, but he has the perfectionism thought that China people like for thousands of years, and always wants Mr. Tang Zhi's name to be appreciated like his articles, at least not spurned. Historical issues are inconvenient to delve into and unclear. We can only argue more and more, argue more and more tightly, and just try to find some comfort, even if it is a reason.
The preface of this book is well written. He is a tragic figure.
essay
This passage of Hu Shi is taken from the book: "In recent years, the most striking development in prose is the essays advocated by Zhou Zuoren and others. This kind of sketch, with plain dialogue and profound meaning, sometimes looks clumsy, but it is actually very funny. The success of this kind of work. You can completely break the superstition that American writing cannot be written in vernacular. "
What I like best is this kind of articles, which are simple and lively, with trivial matters of life, words and phrases, or mixed with passionate battle essays. Seeing these articles always makes me feel very quiet, like the afternoon sun shining on the table, just after filling the ink, staring at the paper, and immediately lying on the table. I'm thinking, I can write such words myself. On that day, I could feel my sunshine.
Zhou Zuoren and other writers brought us these. If we compare literary works to a dish, we really dare not touch the most beautiful food in life, because our cooking is too poor.
composition
Writing is difficult after all. Zhou Zuoren wrote countless works in his life, more than 3,000 short articles, unpublished and untranslated letters and so on. In the eyes of writers who love writing, these words are no small achievement in themselves. It's just that their owner is Zhou Zuoren, a traitor who did fake work. Later generations can't give him the title of thinker, and it is also a great blessing to become a writer now.
People who often write often think, because the words written, whether good or bad, essence or dross, do not fall from the sky. As the old joke goes, it's hard to make a fuss, because you have nothing in your stomach, even if you have those four or five hundred words in your stomach, you won't get together for a while.
Zhou Zuoren said in "Difficult Composition":
"Talking is just a signal. Let's take a cat as an example. It only talks when it is hungry, angry and miserable, and it is called spring. I never scream much at ordinary times. Although people are more advanced, they are still the same. There are so many words, neither hungry nor angry nor painful, and there is nothing to find. Aren't they all fake? Even if there is something to say, how to say it is a big problem. I really don't know what to say. "
Copying this paragraph down, the author feels much more carefree and finally finds the object that should be respected. Isn't this the real feeling that I'm not very skilled in my writing? Is writing all about finding words, not hungry, not angry, not hurting, or not calling it spring? Of course not. Zhou Zuoren just changed a more attractive way. I think this is an essay (in English). It's no harm to write an essay or ramble on. What matters is expression. As for the language, it is the same sentence: there is no other trick to writing an article, only one word is simple.
I think I know what to do.
How to write reading notes
How to write reading notes? Writing reading notes is usually the biggest headache for students. Here's how to write reading notes:
Reading notes are generally divided into extracts, outlines, comments and random thoughts. The format and writing are not difficult, and the feeling of reading notes is a bit troublesome, but as long as you understand the relationship between arguments, arguments and arguments, you can easily win it, because the feeling of reading is only an argumentative paper. I think you failed in the end because you learned rather than used it. Many applied languages can only be used in future work practice, while reading notes belong to daily use and should be learned immediately. Guess: You must be talking about biting the head beam cone and firefly capsules reflecting snow, right? If not, it will be said that learning is endless. It doesn't mean that there is a golden house in the book, but there is Yan Ruyu in the book, right? You are smart, and you are full of awe and alienation from books. Television, comic books and pop songs have carved up your heart, but I still want to open up another acre of land for books.
Reading notes refer to a style in which people write down things worth recording and their own experiences when reading books or articles. The ancients had a famous experience in reading, which told them to read with eyes, mouth, heart and hands. This "hand to hand" is a reading note. After reading an article or a book, you should write reading notes according to different situations. Commonly used forms are:
1, abstract reading notes
Reading notes are to accurately copy sentences and paragraphs related to one's study, work and research according to the original text when reading. After extracting the original text, the source should be indicated, including the title, author, publishing unit, publication date, page number, etc. For reference and verification. Abstraction should be selective, and whether it is useful or not should be taken as the standard of abstraction. The extracted notes can be divided into:
(1) index reading notes
Index reading notes are notes that only record the title and source of an article. Such as book title, author, publication date, library. If it is a book, you should remember the book, chapters and sections. If it is a periodical, remember the issue number, and the newspaper should remember the year, month, day and page for future reference. For example: Zhuang Zhao: Who is it for, Guangming Daily? Make history
(2) Transcribe the original reading notes
Copying the original text of reading notes means copying the wonderful sentences and paragraphs related to your own study and research in books and periodicals as the original materials for future application. To extract the original text, write down the classification theme and indicate the source after the quotation.
2. Comment on reading notes
Critical reading notes are not only excerpts, but also their main views on the content and materials of reading materials, which naturally include expressing the author's feelings. Comments sometimes give a general explanation of the main points of the excerpt. There are the following notes:
(1) Title Note
Making notes at the beginning of a book is the easiest way to take notes. That is, when reading a book, draw a symbol in the blank next to the word with a pen, or add a note in the blank, or make a note with folded pages and paper clips, and so on. This method of taking notes can not only deepen the understanding of the contents of the book, but also provide convenience for future search.
(2) Overview
An outline describes the arguments and arguments of a book or an article in the form of an outline. The outline can briefly write the main contents according to the chapters and paragraphs of the original text. Outline reading notes can be written by combining the original sentence with your own language.
(3) Summary
Abstract is different from outline. Outline is the main point of writing paragraph by paragraph, and summary is the main point of writing a comprehensive text. You can simply write the reading content in your own language. In addition to objectively describing the content of reading materials, it also has the nature of some comments
Another kind of abstract is a brief description of the content of an article or a book.
(4) Comment on reading notes
Commenting on reading notes means commenting on the gains and losses after reading the book, or commenting on the difficulties. Such reading notes are called comment notes. For example, Lu Xun read a passage in Hui Hui magazine: Qing Yan Unlicensed Hui Hui Magazine: The West Lake has a stone carving of the word "Man Jiang Hong" by Yan Song and E Wang, which is very magnificent. Words are generous, books are thin and powerful, and at the end, the title is University Gai Hua. Later generations erased their names and changed the topic to Xia Yan. Although it is a pen, it is enough to punish rape.
Case: Yan Song's poems and Yue Fei's ci are like deeds, but later generations left a message to change their names, which seems to deceive themselves. Mr. Yan thought they could write and promise to punish the traitors, which was like ambiguity. Only 60 words, written in three states. (Lu Xun's "Collection"? Bookstore Folding (2))
(5) Supplement the original reading notes
Reading notes that supplement the original text are used to supplement the content of the original book or article after reading. It should be noted that the supplement to the original text is not dispensable, but should be extended or expanded around the central idea.
3. Read your notes carefully.
Learning to read notes is a kind of notes to write your own knowledge, feelings, experiences, feelings and gains after reading. It has the following kinds:
(1) Note
Reading notes, also known as reading notes, are written in combination with the main points and experiences of reading notes. The forms of these notes are flexible and varied. Can be long or short.
(2) Experience
Learning notes is also called post-reading. Write down your experiences, feelings and gains after reading. These reading notes can be used to write the experience of reading, and also to write the development of some arguments in the original text or to put forward criticism and discussion opinions. Writing this kind of notes is generally based on your own language, and you can also quote the original text appropriately.
(3) Comprehensive reading notes
Comprehensive reading notes refer to notes that after reading several books or articles on the same subject, grasp the center to comment on your own views and opinions and put forward your own views.
The above three types of reading notes, no matter which type is adopted, are all for the service of study, work, scientific research and writing. When taking notes, you can use abstract style first, and then read more books. After comparison, you can write translation notes. As for the experience style, it goes further and belongs to the category of scientific research.
How to write how to write
The artistic feature of prose is the blending of scenes, and the author's emotions are pinned on specific situations, so the author often has many ways to deal with these situations. In the teaching process, teachers guide students to master these methods through corresponding guidance, which is very important to help students learn to read and understand prose. It is summarized as follows in order to teach it to a generous family.
1, preferred
Different scenery naturally creates different situations, but the choice of scenery should be consistent with the emotional tone of the full text, so that the article can be integrated with the scenery.
For example, in the second, fifth and sixth paragraphs of Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, a lot of ink was used to write all the trees on the road and by the pond, but only poplar and willow were mentioned many times. Some of them had names, some didn't mention anything, and some "didn't know their names". Why does the author handle it this way? Because this article is to show the author's dissatisfaction with reality, the faint sadness of fantasy detachment, the faint joy of stealing a moment, and its atmosphere is quiet and quiet, so it is most appropriate to choose feminine plants Yang and Liu to express the simple and hazy artistic conception.
Another example is autumn in the old capital. Because the author pursues a clear, quiet and sad state of mind, he does not write warm red leaves in Xiangshan, nor do he write about parks and shopping malls where tourists are everywhere. Instead, I rented a shabby house to live in. Facing the blue morning glory with a broken waist, I thought that the color of the flower was blue or white, followed by purple and black, and the reddish one was the lowest. The rest of the scenery is also dominated by cool colors. This shows the author's painstaking efforts.
Step 2 combine
The combination of a single scene should win with a panoramic view. For example, in the fourth natural section of the banyan tree in my hometown, streams, pebbles, girls, ducks, stone bridges, stone tablets and small stone lions constitute a unique pastoral scenery, full of poetry and painting. Some articles contrast people's activities with monotonous natural scenery. For example, the "Cave Rain Play" in "Landscape Talk" shows the inner life of a man and a woman having a heart-to-heart conversation with a dreary rainy day, a lonely barren mountain and a primitive cave dwelling, and also makes nature colorful at once. In fact, there are more such famous sentences in ancient poetry. Walking in the morning on the good side of the mountain, the cock crows in Maodian and the frost on Banqiao is left out in the cold, outlines the artistic conception of the eastern countryside at dawn with six typical images, and vividly writes "Walking in the morning", which is really picturesque in poetry. Another example is Ma Zhiyuan's "Tianjingsha Qiu Si", which says, "The old vine is faint and the bridge is flowing. The old road is thin, the sun is setting, and heartbroken people are at the end of the world. " 10 The noun is touching the scene, desolate and sad, and the image of a wanderer in a foreign land is lonely. The above poems don't use verbs, they all use nouns.
Step 3 set the environment
In other words, the scene of the painting is set in a specific atmosphere, and the background of a specific background color makes the picture completely out. For example, the "charming summer pasture" in Tianshan Mountain Scenery, the sunset and red light give the mountains, grasslands, yurts, cattle and shepherds brilliant warm colors, showing the richness and tranquility of a thousand miles of pasture and the joy of herders. The sunset and red light here are the background colors at dusk. In Landscape Talk, the scenery itself is plain when flowers are picked without peaches, but the young people in the tea house make the scenery worth nostalgia, which shows the lofty spirit of human beings to fill the natural poverty, highlights the people who have a full life in the world to get their hands on and dominate the scenery, and well embodies the theme of the article.
4. Contrast and contrast
The scenery in prose is sometimes difficult to express its unique charm by direct description, so the author often uses the method of contrast to make the music beautiful. For example, in green, the green shade of Meiyu Pool is suitable, the light and shade are moderate, the poplar in Shichahai, Beijing is too light, the green wall of Hupao Temple in Hangzhou is too thick, the waves in West Lake are too bright, and the water in Qinhuai River is too dark. Camel Bell in the Desert selects extremely monotonous plane images such as long yellow sand, noisy hot air and camel's dead bones, which are in sharp contrast with camel array, scarlet flag and sweet bell, making the realm full of vitality and exciting. In addition, "Scenery of Tianshan Mountain" uses the sun shadow to line the dense branches and leaves of the forest, the sound of water to line the quietness, the birdsong to line the depth, and the red light to line the darkness to show that the trees in Tianshan Mountain are tall and dense, and the same is true.
5. Imagination and association
Some scenery is ordinary, and there is no special attraction. The picture is static, and the thinking space that can be expanded is very small. However, the essayist can not be confined to the narrow space and time, but skillfully arranges to turn decay into magic and make the picture move and live. Here, imagination and association become the necessary treatment. In Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, the phrase "Suddenly Thinking of Picking Lotus" brought the author and readers from the Tsinghua campus to a remote water town in the south of the Yangtze River, and brought them to a picturesque and wonderful realm. It is with imagination and association that the author creates a poetic artistic atmosphere, which enables readers to get wonderful artistic enjoyment.
In addition, imagination and association are often manifested in quoting myths and legends. Because the pure scenery itself is mostly static and contemporary, while the ancient myths and legends have a sense of historical depth and richer connotations because of their long history and more magical romance. For example, Scenery of Tianshan Mountain reminds us of the tears shed by Kazakh girls from the natural lake, which not only points out the magic of the lake, but also compares misfortune and happiness, showing that the life of Tianshan herders has undergone earth-shaking changes. The goddess of Wushan in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River, carrying Qu Yuan's big fish, climbing Mount Tai's shampoo basin in the rain, and swimming in the bay are also evidence.
Prose wins with scenery, moves people with emotion, and finds the key to enter the prose hall, which is indispensable for accurately understanding the meaning of the text. This is the role of mastering the prose description method.