Xie Lingyun is a poet in the Southern Dynasties and Song Dynasty in China, the pioneer of China's landscape poems, known as the "originator of landscape poems" and the founder of the famous "Xie". Xie Lingyun was fostered in the Du family in Qiantang since he was a child, hence his birth name. Because he was the grandson of Xie Xuan, he was named Le Kang in the Jin Dynasty, so he was also called Xie. At the end of the Jin Dynasty, he served as General Langya, the secretariat of Yuzhou, and the Northern Emperor Taiwei. After entering the Song Dynasty, due to Emperor Wu of Song's policy of restraining gentry, he was demoted to a leisure time and served as a magistrate of Yongjia and a secretariat of Linchuan. Xie Lingyun was born in a famous family and had negative talent, but his career was bumpy. In order to get rid of his political troubles, Xie Lingyun often makes waves and creates miracles. Most of Xie Lingyun's poems describe the natural scenery and places of interest in Yongjia, Huiji and Peng Li.
Later, because of his poems, Liu Song was compared to the Qin regime and to Lu Zhonglian, suggesting that they should avenge their ruined motherland. The court ordered him to be executed on the spot. In autumn, the autumn rain continued, and Xie Lingyun was sentenced to abandon the city in Yangcheng. He died at the age of 49. A generation of literary giants, like a meteor, flashed a brief and dazzling light in the historical sky, fleeting.
Second place: Gao Qi
Gao Qi, whose real name is Ji Di and whose real name is Qingqiuzi, is from Changzhou County. Together with Zhang Yu, Xu Ben, Song Ke, Wang Xing and other ten people, they are called the "Top Ten Northland Heroes". Together with Yang Ji, Zhang Yu and Xu Ben, they are called "Four Masters in Wuzhong" and "Four Masters in the Early Ming Dynasty". He was promoted to be the first poet in Ming Dynasty. In terms of literature, Gao Qi can be said to be a genius and "super imitation show" in the literary world. To learn what is what, in Ji Xiaolan's words, is "something in poetry, something in the Han and Wei Dynasties, something in the Six Dynasties, something in Tang Tang, something in Song Like, and the strengths of ancient and modern times are combined into one", and Gao Qi's imitation is by no means a mere formality and representation, let alone a simple copy and deletion. Instead, learn from the past and start a family, thinking that you should "learn from others, imitate others, and be different when the time comes, so as to be generous and avoid the disadvantages of your husband's paranoia" (Preface to the Lonely Temple Collection). Gao Qi's greatest achievement in literature is that under the unfavorable environment that romantic novels were the mainstream culture in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty, he alone shouldered the burden of developing poetry, changed the gaudy poetic style since the end of Yuan Dynasty and promoted the continuous development of poetry.
Zhu Yuanzhang didn't like Gao Qi from the beginning, not only because Gao Qi refused to accept the position of right assistant minister of the Ministry of Finance, but also because his poems touched and offended Zhu Yuanzhang many times intentionally or unintentionally. In Zhu Yuanzhang's view, Gao Qi, as a poet, did not come to cheer, or even turned a blind eye. How did his politics, thoughts and actions maintain a high degree of consistency with the Ming Dynasty? In addition, there is a sentence in Gao Qi's poem "Not willing to bend over for five buckets of rice", which shows that he has no interest in being an official, which is exactly what Zhu Yuanzhang envied.
Zhu Yuanzhang's murder is not only the destruction of those who helped him to conquer the world, but also the destruction of the literati. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang casually found an excuse to set the death penalty, and Zhu Yuanzhang personally went to the prison to behead, which is rare in history. Gao Qi didn't die immediately after being beheaded. He fell to the ground, dipped his hand in his own blood with the strength of half his body, and wrote three bright red and dazzling "miserable" words in a row. The peasant emperor who was a cowherd and a monk was finally humiliated by a literati at the cost of his life. A poet with an arrogant personality like Gao Qi met such a cruel emperor as Zhu Yuanzhang, known as the "First Butcher of China", at an untimely time, and only got stabbed.
Third place: Xue Daoheng.
Xue Daoheng was a poet in the Sui Dynasty. The word xuanqing. Hedong is divided into yin people. Shi Li was from the Northern Qi Dynasty and the Northern Zhou Dynasty. After the establishment of the Sui Dynasty, it was brilliant for a while. Xue Daoheng is a person who has been interested in the writing of articles since he was a child. He likes to conceive in silence The history book says: "Every time Dao Heng writes an article, he will lie in an empty room and kick the wall. When he hears someone outside, he gets angry and meditates. " Yesterday's Salt is a poem with gorgeous words, neat antithesis and extremely delicate description. Among them, the phrase "a spider's web hangs in the dark, and an empty beam falls in the swallow mud" is a famous sentence that has been told through the ages. At that time, Xue Daoheng's poems were very famous. Sui Shu said, "Jiangdong is elegant, but Master Chen still loves carving insects. Every time Dao Heng does something, southerners recite it. " The southern part of China, where the style of writing is extremely prosperous, holds Dao Heng's poems in high esteem, which shows his high achievements. Unfortunately, such a romantic genius lived under the rule of the extremely conceited Emperor Yang Di. He once said to others: people always think that I inherited my predecessor and got the throne, but in fact I am just a scholar and the throne should belong to me. "His mind is so narrow, how can he accommodate Xue Daoheng? No wonder he killed Xue Daoheng and said, "See if you can make an empty beam and then fall into the mud? "This greatly exposed the ugly inner world of Emperor Yang Di, but on the other hand, it also showed that Xue Daoheng was really outstanding in poetry at that time.
Fourth place: Fang Xiaoru
Fang Xiaoru was born in Ninghai, Zhejiang Province in the early Ming Dynasty. He was Song Lian's favorite pupil, and Song Lian was a famous Confucian scholar and a great scholar at that time. He is knowledgeable, familiar with classics and history, and his articles are unparalleled. In twenty-five years, Hongwu was specially appointed by King Xian of Shu as the teacher of the Prince, and inscribed the title of "Zheng Xue" for his reading department, so people respectfully called it "Founder Studies" at that time. After Ming Taizu Wen Jian acceded to the throne, he recruited Fang Xiaoru to Nanjing and entrusted him with the post of Hanlin as a lecturer. Emperor Wen Jian was still young and lacked the ability to manage the country and the army. Because Fang Xiaoru is his teacher, he is trusted and dependent in many aspects. "We need to consult him on state affairs." . Fang Xiaoru is loyal to His Majesty and fully supports him. Fearing that his uncle's kingship was too great, Wen Jian took the advice of Chyi Chin and Huang Zicheng and divided himself into princes, but was opposed by the kings headed by Judy, the prince. Fang Xiaoru drafted a series of imperial edicts and campaign articles for Wen Jian to conquer the prince.
After occupying Nanjing, Judy usurped Daming's throne. Fang Xiaoru was forced to draft a letter of accession for him. Fang Xiaoru opposed Judy's usurpation of power and would rather die than surrender. He threw his pen on the ground and said, "Death is death, and faith is not grass!" The prince said loudly, "If you don't order grass, you will destroy your nine families!" Fang Xiaoru said tit for tat: "Don't say nine, why not ten!" Judy repeatedly persuaded Fang Xiaoru: "Don't ask for trouble, I will follow the example of Duke Zhou and help me become a king." Fang Xiaoru still refused to give in. He said, "OK, I'll write it!" He picked up a pen from the ground and wrote "Yan thief usurped the throne" in a big notebook. Judy was furious. He ordered that Fang Xiaoru's mouth be cut to the ear with a knife and put in prison. Seeing that Fang Xiaoru still refused to give in, Judy ordered Fang Xiaoru to be executed at the meridian gate.
According to legend, the blood-stained stone on Danqiu at the meridian gate of the Ming Palace Museum was splashed by Fang Xiaoru's blood. Ancient emperors executed ministers, usually beheaded in the prison of the Ministry of Justice, downtown, or outside the noon gate, and there was no precedent for killing people inside the noon gate. This shows the depth of Judy's resentment towards Fang Xiaoru. Before he died, Fang Xiaoru gave a desperate sentence: "Heaven is chaotic, you know why; Treacherous court officials have to seek for the country and use it; Loyalist anger, blood and tears exchange; With this, you can be a martyr, but what can you ask for? Hey, I don't care! " After Judy executed Fang Xiaoru, she still didn't understand the hatred in his heart and ordered the ten families to be destroyed. Fang Xiaoru's nine clans, together with his friends and proteges, were counted as one clan, with 873 people, all of whom were put to death, and the execution time was as long as 7 days. Since then, some lucky people have never changed their surnames to "Fang" and "Shi" again. Inheritor of memory, Renye Fang.
Fifth place: Mi Heng
Mi Heng, with clear pronunciation and mellow voice, is from Pingyuan County. Celebrities and writers in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Few people argue, and they are resolute and arrogant, so they insult the dignitaries. Kong Rong recommended Mi Fei to Cao Cao, hoping that Cao Cao could appoint Mi Fei. Who knows that Mi Heng is ungrateful. He not only excused himself for not seeing Cao Cao, but also made rude remarks and scolded Cao Cao. Cao Cao knew that Mi Fei was good at drumming, so he called him a drummer. One day, when a banquet was held to entertain guests, Cao Cao asked Mi Fei to play drums to entertain him, hoping to insult Mi Fei. Unexpectedly, this gifted scholar stripped off his clothes in front of all the guests and cursed Cao Cao and many of his civil servants and military commanders, which made both sides very boring. Cao Cao was very angry when recruiting talents, but it didn't do him any harm, so he thought of a way to help him and escorted Mi Fei to Liu Biao in Jingzhou. Liu Biao put Mi Fei in charge of documents, "the article is not balanced". Mi Heng not only often speaks ill of other colleagues, but also gradually ignores Liu Biao, always speaking with implied sarcasm. Liu Biao is narrow-minded, so naturally he can't tolerate Mi Fei's impudence and rudeness. But he didn't want to get a bad name on his back, so he sent Mi Heng to see Huang Zu, the satrap of Jiangxia.
Huang Zu has a bad temper. Once Huang Zu gave a banquet on a warship, Mi Heng made the same mistake again, saying some mean and rude words in front of all the guests! Huang Zu yelled at him, and he also called Huang Zu "dead old man, stop it!" In front of so many people, how can Joe stand this tone? So he ordered Mi Heng to be dragged away and beaten with a stick. Miheng still turned him in, so Huang Zu ordered him to be killed. Mi Heng is only 26 years old.
Sixth place: Cao Zhi
Cao Zhi, Zi Zijian. One of the Three Caos in Jian 'an, who is over 65,438+00 years old, has read hundreds of thousands of words in poetry, prose and ci-fu, leading a generation of poetry literature, and is also the founder of Buddhist Sanskrit in China.
Cao Zhi was brilliant since he was a child. 65,438+00 years old, reading hundreds of thousands of words in poetry, prose and ci. He wrote words into words, leading a generation of poetry and literary circles, and was also the founder of Sanskrit in China. Cao Zhi was deeply loved by Cao Cao since he was a child. Cao Cao once thought that Cao Zhi was the "most important" among the philosophers, and wanted to make him a prince several times. However, Cao Zhi's behavior was laissez-faire and repeatedly broke the law, which caused Cao Cao's anger. Cao Pi, his brother, was quite pretentious, and finally gained the upper hand in the struggle to establish a reserve army. In the 22nd year of Jian 'an (2 17), he was made a prince. In the twenty-fifth year of Jian 'an, Cao Cao died of illness, and Cao Pi succeeded to Wei and soon proclaimed himself emperor. Cao Zhi's life has changed fundamentally since then. He changed from a noble prince who lived a leisurely life to an object that was restricted and hit everywhere. In 226 AD, Cao Pi died and Cao Cao succeeded to the throne, namely Wei Mingdi. Cao Cao still kept strict precautions and restrictions on him, and his situation did not fundamentally improve. Cao Zhi moved several times during the period of Emperor Wenming 12, and the last fief was in Chenjun. Cao Zhi died on 12, February 27, 232, so he was called "or" Chen ".
Poetry is the main field of Cao Zhi's literary activities. The content of the early stage and the later stage is very different. Early poems can be divided into two categories: one is to express the leisure life of his noble prince, and the other is to reflect his feelings of the times when he was born in troubled times and grew up in the army. In his later poems, he mainly expressed his grief and indignation under repression, and expressed his desire not to be abandoned and his desire to make contributions to the world. There are more than 80 poems by Cao Zhi. Cao Zhi has many innovations and developments in the art of poetry. Especially in the creation of five-character poems.
Seventh place: Liu Yong.
Liu Yong, a poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, is one of the most representative figures of the graceful school, and his masterpiece is Yulinling. Formerly known as trilateral, the word Jingzhuang. Later renamed Yong, the word Qing. Ranked seventh, also known as Liu Qi. Liu Yong's father, uncle and brother are all Jinshi, even his son and nephew.
Liu Yong's own career is also bumpy. In the first year of Jingyou (1034), he was given a Jinshi background and was a foreign minister. Therefore, the world called Liu wasteland, nearly half a year old. In just two years' official career, his name was recorded in "Official Records of Country Names", which shows his talent in economic affairs. Unfortunately, due to his personality, he was exiled repeatedly, so he entered a wandering "floating life" and developed a preference for bleak autumn scenery. Liu Yong often compares himself with Song Yu, and he doesn't comment on it. Liu Yong was poor in his later years and died penniless. It was his geisha sisters who raised money for the funeral in the camp. After death, there were no relatives to pay homage. Every year in Tomb-Sweeping Day, geisha meet to pay homage to their tombs, and they are used to each other, which is called "Hanging Willow Seven" or "Hanging Willow Meeting".
His lyrics are great and widely circulated. Only one volume of his works, The Collection of Movements, has survived to this day. As the first poet in the Northern Song Dynasty, he not only developed the theme of ci, but also created a large number of slow ci, developed narrative skills, and promoted the popularization and colloquialism of ci, which had a great influence in the history of ci.
Eighth place: Li Yu
Li Yu was the monarch of the Southern Tang Dynasty and the sixth son of Yuan Zong Li Jing in the Southern Tang Dynasty. It was purely accidental that he was able to reach the peak of power. In the ancient family where his father died and his son succeeded to the throne, he was born in the royal family and had the possibility of inheriting the throne. Li Yuben has no intention of fighting for power and profit, and lives in seclusion. He hates that he was born in the royal family, but he is helpless. In the second year of Song Dynasty, he succeeded to the throne. Li Yu's indecision made him make many political mistakes-don't kill what he shouldn't kill, and kill what he shouldn't kill. Finally, the country broke the Song Dynasty, was demoted to Bianjing, was named general, and disobeyed orders.
Li Yu's position in the history of poetry is extraordinary, although he didn't succeed as an emperor and walked quite miserably. He is the most talented emperor in the history of China. He is good at calligraphy, painting, melody, poetry and writing, especially at words. Li Yu occupies an important position in the history of China Ci, and is called "the Emperor of Ci through the ages". It also has a great influence on future generations.
After Li Yu's national subjugation, he fearlessly wrote his own national subjugation in the capital of song dynasty. Finally, because of the rhetoric of "how much sorrow you can have, just like a river flowing eastward", "Yu Meiren" was poisoned by Song Taizong on Qixi Day, that is, on his 42nd birthday (some people say that it was a traditional Chinese medicine, Semen Strychni, which destroyed the central nervous system, convulsed all over, and his head and feet shrank together, which was extremely painful).
Because of this word, I forgot all his mistakes, and even the country can forgive him. He combined the words at his fingertips at will, and then told the anguish in his heart. He is naive and serious about the castle in his old country. He's just a poet. He resigned himself to fate. He doesn't understand politics. The reason why he misses his motherland is because he misses the freedom there. At the moment, he looked at the sky outside the window like a caged bird, letting his feathers fall off gradually. . .
Ninth place: Wen Tianxiang
Wen Tianxiang was an outstanding national hero and patriotic poet in the Southern Song Dynasty. Han nationality, Luling people, formerly known as Sun Yun, the word, Wenshan, Fuxiu Taoist. His works include The Complete Works of Wenshan and Wenshan Yuefu, and his famous works include Song Zhengqi and Crossing the Zero and Ding Yang. Song Lizong was the top scholar in the fourth year of Bao You (1256), and was called "the three outstanding men in the late Song Dynasty" together with Lu Xiufu and Zhang Shijie. His poems in his later years are impassioned, desolate and tragic, with strong appeal, reflecting his loyal national integrity and tenacious fighting spirit.
In the first year of Xiangxing (1278), the Yuan army launched a massive attack. When Wen Tianxiang led the troops to retreat to Haifeng, he was ambushed by Zhang Hongfan, the general of the Yuan army. Wen Tianxiang army was attacked by Yuan army when cooking in Wupoling, and suffered a heavy defeat. Wen Tianxiang swallowed the borneol he carried with him and tried to commit suicide, but he didn't die, just fell into a coma. In a coma, Wen Tianxiang was captured.
Wen Tianxiang was taken to Cliff Mountain by Zhang Hongfan and asked to write a letter to surrender to Zhang Shijie. Wen Tianxiang said, "I can't protect my parents. Can I teach others to betray their parents? " Zhang Hongfan didn't listen, forcing Wen Tianxiang to write again and again. Wen Tianxiang also copied a poem he wrote a few days ago, Crossing Ding Yang, to Zhang Hongfan. Zhang Hongfan read that "life has never died since ancient times, and it needs a heart to shine." Two words, can not help but also moved, no longer forced Wen Tianxiang. Twenty days after writing Crossing the Zero Ocean, after the disastrous naval battle of Yashan in the Southern Song Dynasty, Lu Xiufu jumped into the sea with his eight-year-old young emperor Zhao Min on his back, and the Southern Song Dynasty perished. Zhang Hongfan asked Yuan Shizu how to deal with Wen Tianxiang, and Yuan Shizu said, "Who doesn't have a loyal minister?" Zhang Hongfan was ordered to be polite to Wen Tianxiang, and Wen Tianxiang was sent to Dadu (now Beijing) to go on a hunger strike for eight days without dying. Detained in Fu Xue Hutong, Beijing.
Kublai Khan loved talents, and first sent Liu, the former prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty who had fallen to the Yuan Dynasty, to explain Wen Tianxiang's appearance and persuade him to surrender. When Wen Tianxiang saw Liu's great anger, Liu had to leave angrily. Yuan Shizu demanded the surrender of Song Gongdi and Zhao Xian, who had reduced the yuan. Wen Tianxiang knelt on the ground in the north, crying, and said to Zhao Xian, "Come back!" Zhao Xian has nothing to say, disgruntled. Yuan Shizu was furious and ordered to tie Wen Tianxiang's hands and put on a wooden cangue. Put him in a military cell. Wen Tianxiang was in prison for more than ten days, but the jailer let him go. It was half a month before he took off the wooden yoke.
Kyle Polo, the prime minister of the Yuan Dynasty, personally held a hearing to interrogate Wen Tianxiang. Wen Tianxiang was taken to the Privy Council Hall and stood proudly, bowing only to Kyle Poirot. Kyle Poirot called on Wen Tianxiang to kneel. Wen Tianxiang struggled to sit on the ground and never gave in. Kyle Poirot asked Wen Tianxiang, "What do you have to say now?" Wen Tianxiang replied, "There are ups and downs in the world. The destruction and slaughter of the country have occurred throughout the ages. I am loyal to Song, I just want to die early! " Kyle Poirot flew into a rage and said, "Are you going to die? I won't let you die. I want to detain you! " Wen Tianxiang was fearless and said, "I would rather die for justice than be imprisoned!" "
From then on, Wen Tianxiang spent three years in prison. Prison life was hard, but Wen Tianxiang endured the pain and wrote many poems. Immortal masterpieces such as the third volume of the Guide and Song of Justice were all written in prison. 128365438+1passed away generously in Chaishikou, Beijing on October 9 (December 9 of the lunar calendar) at the age of 47. Wen Tianxiang wrote a lot of poems in prison, and his works such as Crossing Ding Yang and Song Zhengqi have become the last words of the ages and are symbols of the Chinese national spirit.
No. 10: Lao She
Lao She (1February 3, 899 ~1August 24, 966), a representative of Beijing School, died at the age of 67. His real name is Shu Qingchun, She nationality, Manchu, an old Beijinger (Manchu is a red flag person), a modern novelist, dramatist and famous writer in China. Because of his many works, he was awarded the title of "People's Artist". Manchu is a red flag man, and his father is a Manchu guard. He was killed in the street fighting when Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Beijing. Lao She was born in a poor family of banners in Beijing. Lao She lost her father at the age of one and a half, and was still a baby. His home was ransacked by Italian soldiers in Eight-Nation Alliance. Lao She, who was a baby at that time, survived because of an upside-down box. Lao She started a private school at the age of nine with financial support. 19 13 was admitted to Shi Jing No.3 Middle School (now Beijing No.3 Middle School) and dropped out of school several months later due to financial difficulties. In the same year, he was admitted to Beijing Normal School at public expense. /kloc-graduated in 0/918.
The pseudonym "Lao She" was first used by him when he published the novel "Lao Zhang's Philosophy" on 1926. Add the word "old" in front of "Lao She" and remove the word "Yu" behind it, and it becomes the well-known "Lao She". This "old" does not mean old age, but has a consistent and eternal meaning, which together means consistent and eternal "forgetting me". He published a large number of literary works under the pseudonym "Lao She", so that many people only know "Lao She" and don't know who Shu Qingchun is.
Lao She created a large number of dramas, Peking Opera and children's dramas in his life. Among them, the drama Teahouse pushed Lao She's drama art to the peak and became a bright pearl in the drama art hall of our country.
During the Cultural Revolution, Lao She, like many patriotic writers and artists of the older generation, was viciously attacked and persecuted. 1966, at the age of 67, he was forced to sink into Beijing Taiping Lake.
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