On affixes from the root. Taking this opportunity, the corresponding relationship between roots and affixes is also analyzed, and dozens of most commonly used native affixes are introduced. According to the nature of the root, word-formation affixes can be divided into two types:

1. Derived affixes can be combined with free roots.

2. Only the original affixes can be combined with sticky roots.

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Common affix patterns

Affixes are very common. For example, in the four derivatives of unfriendly, whitewasher, blessing and union, the general reader can easily identify the affixes such as un-, -er, -ly and -ing. -s and -ed.

Readers must know that affixes can be divided into two categories:

1. Derivative affixes can be added to words to form derivatives, such as un-, -er, -by, -ing, etc.

2. Inflectional affixes can be added to the suffix to indicate grammatical relations, such as: -ing (for progressive tense), -ed (for perfect tense), -s (for plural nouns) and so on.

A New Problem: Affixes Caused by Sticking Roots

If we look at the front with sticky roots, we can analyze many "opposing components" of sticky roots. In the following example, on the left is a word with an attached root, and on the right is the "relative component" it contains. Roots are often combined with affixes to produce * * * *. If affixes have no legal status, the status of roots will be in jeopardy.

First of all, due to the history of vocabulary development, there are affixes with different etymologies in English: native affixes and foreign affixes. Un-, -ly, -er, -ing, -ed, -s, etc. Are all native affixes; The "relative components" analyzed above are all foreign affixes, mainly classical affixes. In modern English, although both affixes have lost their morphological independence, they still have their own stable morphological, semantic and grammatical attributes, and they are the smallest and meaningful grammatical units. So they all meet the definition of morpheme. These basic attributes of English affixes and morphemes are of great significance to the analysis of English words.

1. Original affix.

Affixes in the mother tongue can be combined with words (including basic words, that is, free roots), which belong to the so-called derivative affixes. The function of loanword affixes is more complicated. The loanword affixes with loanword "machine input" are all "input attachments" that can only be combined with adhesive roots, so the author named these affixes "primitive affixes".

2. Derived affixes (some assimilated foreign affixes, here foreign refers to Greek and Latin)

The "relational elements" mentioned above all belong to the "original affixes". Without mastering these affixes, it is impossible to know tens of thousands of classic words composed of sticky morphemes. Interestingly, these "foreign products" can't escape the fate of being assimilated by English reform. This change has not only experienced the baptism of orthography (all classical suffixes have been treated by orthography), but also is a new life in word formation function and meaning. Most of the assimilated affixes become derivative affixes that can be combined with words, and some assimilated affixes are even given new meanings. For example, the original affix ex- in beyond means "ex-=out", and it becomes "ex-= former" after assimilation, such as ex-president；; Another example is the native prefix pro-= forward and the derived prefix pro-= in favorof (pro-. ), try to compare progress with pro-CGermany; Another example is the original prefix re-= back (back), and the derived prefix re-= again (again). Try to compare regression and rebirth. It can be seen that the derived affixes that readers usually master are not only native affixes, but also some assimilated foreign affixes.

abstract

1. From the function of word formation,

English affixes can be divided into derived affixes and original affixes: derived affixes can be combined with free roots and words, while original affixes can only be combined with adhesive roots. Because the original affix only exists in tens of thousands of classical loanwords, ordinary readers have not mastered it, so it is the focus of affix learning.

2. The relationship between root and affix is a master-slave relationship.

Roots and affixes are two elements of word formation. The root is the basic morpheme and the affix is the auxiliary morpheme.

Morphologically speaking, roots can be formed independently without affixes, that is, free roots can form basic words independently; Affixes can't be moved without roots.

Semantically speaking, the root has the main lexical information, becomes the core of the word and reflects the basic meaning of the word; Affixes only carry secondary lexical information, which helps the roots to form words with richer, more specific, more detailed and more complicated meanings.

Therefore, when learning English morphemes, we should grasp the root and give consideration to affixes.

Basic affix

Natural affixes are divided into four categories:

1. Original affix of preposition or adverbial,

2. Modify/restrict natural affixes,

3. Nominal main affixes

4. Basic affixes of verbs.

1. Original affix of preposition or adverbial.

The predecessor of this kind of affixes is generally preposition, and some can also be used as adverbs. They are mainly attached to the root of verbs, indicating or limiting the time, direction and way of this action. There are mainly the following types:

1)a- (ab-，abs-)= from from，from；

[example] a B-+solv(to loose)+-e-+prolimit (meaning toloosefrom)

2)ad-(ac-, af-, ag-, al, an-, ap-, ar-, as-, at-) = direction.

[example ]af-+effect (make)

Influence (do sth, or take action)

3) an ante-+ced (go) +-e

→ Go first (go first)

4) anti -(ant-)= anti, and vice versa.

[Example] Anti+path (to feel) +-Vy (noun suffix)

→ disgust (disgust)

Surround, surround

[Example] circum-+locaut (speaking) +-ion (noun suffix)

→ detour (talking in circles); Euphemism)

6)com-(co-, col-, con-, cor-)= together with and, * * * *

[example] con-+neck (join)

→ Connect (connect with a connection; Contact)

7) Vacation, from, by

[Example] de-+ duc(to lead)+-e

→ Divide equally (draw a conclusion from reasoning)

8)dis-(di-, dif-)= separation.

[example ]dif-+fer(tobring)

→ different (separate or disagree; Different)

9)ex-(e-，ef-)=out，out

[example] E-+select (select)

→elect (select; Election)

10)in-(en-，em-，i-，im-，ir-)= in，into，people。

[Example ]in-+ clud +-e

→ include (close or include; Including)

11) inter-(Intel-) = between, and inter is between-

[example ]inter+ven (coming soon) +-e

→ intervene (come between people; Interference)

12)ob-(oc-, of, op-)= blocking; resist

[example] of-+fend (hit)

→ propose (strike or intentionally offend; Unpleasant)

13) before-=, before. , in advance

[Example] pre+dict (to say)

→ predict (say or tell in advance)

14)pro-= for，forward，forward

[Example ]pro-+ceed (Togo)

→ forward (forward; Execute)

15) again = come back, again, again.

Re-+vis (tosee)+-e。

→ Modify (review again to correct errors)

Put aside, stay away from

[example ]se-+ duc(to lead)+-e

→ lure (toleadaside lure; Seduce)

17)sub-(suc，suf，sugar-，sup-，sur，sus-)= under。

[example ]su b+ merg (to sink) +-e

→ submerge (sink; Submerged)

18)super-= over，beyond above-，beyond。

[Example] Super+vis(tosee)+-e

→ Supervision (check over-supervision or over-supervision; Management)

19)syn-(syl, sym-, sys-)= together with, * * * *

[Example] sym-+ phon (antithesis) +-y (noun suffix)

→ Symphony (a musical symphony that sounds together)

Cross, cross, cross

[Example ]trans-+ port (portable)

→ transport (to the other side) te-= before.

2. Modify/restrict natural affixes.

The predecessors of this kind of affixes are mostly adverbs, numerals or adjectives that express the meanings of negation, quantity and state. The following are mainly prefixes indicating the relationship between negation and quantity, and several suffixes indicating the natural state.

1)a-(an-)= not, without no, without an-+arch (rule) +-y (noun suffix)

→ anarchy (→ anarchy (a society without rules)

2)bi-(bin-)= two

[Example] bi-+ocul +-ar (adjective suffix) → Binocular (binocular)

Three = three three

[example] tri-+angul (angle) +-ar (adjective suffix)

→ Triangle (triangle with three angles)

4)in-(ig，il-，im-，ir-)= not no。

[example] ig-+ nor (you know) +-e

→ ignore (not to understand; Ignore)

5)iso-= equal

[example] iso-+ gon (angle) +-ic (adjective suffix)

→ Equiangular (equiangular)

6) Male -(mal-)= il, bad, bad.

[Example] Male -+dict(tospeak)+-ion (noun suffix)

→ curse (curse; Defamation)

7)bene-= good ok

[Example] bene-+fact(todo)+-ion (noun suffix)

→ Good deeds (good deeds or good deeds)

8)neo-= xinxin

[example ]neo-+log(tospeak)+-ism (noun suffix)

→ New words (new sayings or words)

9)-ant(-ent)= being indicates the suffix of the attribute state.

[example] bell (warning)+-a +ger (carrying) +-ent

→ Warlike (involved in the war)

Yes, yes. -

[example] aud (listening) +-ible

→ audible (able to be heard)

1 1)-ac(-al，-ar，-ic，-ical，-id)= of，like - like。

[Example] Heart+-communication

→ Cardiac (cardiac)

Have the ability, have the ability ...

[Example] co-+ hes (viscosity) +-ive

→ Cohesive (able to stick together)

3. Nominal main affixes.

These affixes are all noun suffixes, and their predecessors are mostly nouns or roots that indicate nature, state and characteristics. Mainly -acy-ance,

-ence, -ion, -ment, -tude, -ity, y, -ure, etc. The meaning of these noun suffixes is roughly equivalent to the state, behavior, condition or quality of (doing or being).

The exact meaning depends on the specific words. Here are a few examples to illustrate:

1) Down (to Error) +-acy_

→ fallacy (wrong state)

2) Upper limit (hold) +-AC-+- degrees

→ capacity (capacity to accommodate capacity; Ability)

3) Send (feel)+-+--+-ment

Feeling (the state of feeling)

4) Visible (see)+-ions

→ Vision (the ability to see vision)

5)cert (solved) +-i-+ tude

To determine (a state of feeling stable or certain)

6) Fracture

→ Fracture (the result of being broken)

4. Basic affixes of verbs.

This kind of affixes used to be verb roots. They are attached to the roots of nouns or adjectives to make them verbalized. There are three main types: -ate, fy and -ish. They all mean "manufacturing", "owning" or "causing". For example:

1)anim (life) +-ate

→ activate (make life active)

2)un (1) +-i-+-fy

→ unify (integrate; Unified)

3)ad-+ mon (reminder) +-ish

→ caution (reminding people of mistakes)