Then _
physics
Physics has made three breakthroughs. If we want to further ask what the future development of physics should be, a natural idea is whether the microscopic law of high-speed motion can be completely solved. That is, the fourth breakthrough in physics is a breakthrough in the law of microscopic high-speed motion. This problem needs to be viewed from two aspects. First, any breakthrough in physics is a breakthrough in physical entities or a breakthrough in new forms of material movement. Newtonian mechanics, for example, means that people know something about the laws of celestial bodies. When Maxwell's equation and special relativity appeared, people studied the nature of light and electromagnetic field, and the mechanical laws of macroscopic objects were close to the key elements. We call it the macroscopic law of high-speed motion. In quantum mechanics, people have found the structure of electrons, protons, neutrons and atoms with special laws of motion, that is, electrons move around the nucleus with special laws, which leads to the emergence of quantum mechanics. Therefore, the breakthrough of the law is always accompanied by the breakthrough of the new physical form of matter. Now we have to ask, what kind of physical entity should micro-high-speed motion be associated with? Interestingly, there has been a lot of progress in this field in recent years. While further studying particles, it is found that hadrons such as protons and neutrons have deeper structures, that is, quarks, which are the deepest substances that constitute all strong interactions. Now people have changed the concept of elementary particles, and think that quarks, leptons and six kinds of particles constitute elementary particles. Therefore, the law of microscopic high-speed moving particles we study is the manifestation and motion law at the quark and lepton level. Great progress has been made in this field in the 20th century. People have summarized the law of strong interaction in quantum chromodynamics, and the weak interaction and electromagnetic interaction between lepton and hadron have been preliminarily unified, which is called weak current unified theory. Therefore, the breakthrough of physics in microscopic high-speed motion in the 20th century lies in two important theories. One is quantum chromodynamics, which is a theory to answer the strong interaction between particles. The other is the unified theory of weak current about weak interaction and electromagnetic interaction. However, although many achievements have been made in microscopic high-speed motion, they can't be considered as the final results, because microscopic high-speed motion also involves many unknown properties and motions of particles, and there may still be some undiscovered particles, which is a problem that physics will face in 2 1 century.
Chemical aspects
On the emergence of chemical engineering. /kloc-many chemical industries were developed in the 20th century, such as the preparation of sulfuric acid and nitric acid and the synthesis of ammonia. Everyone has their own development process, which is time-consuming and inefficient to learn. However, there are many things of the same sex in these industries, so at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, Britain and the United States began to develop chemical engineering, which mainly targeted at all chemical industries and put things of the same sex together as a discipline. First, study the physical processes in these industries. The so-called physical process is no chemical reaction, so it is relatively easy to study. Later, around 1955, he began to get involved in the process of chemical reaction gradually, forming a relatively complete chemical engineering. At first, chemical engineering was limited to the chemical industry. In fact, chemical engineering is now the basic discipline of many process industries. The so-called process industry is not only the traditional chemical industry, but also the basic industries such as metallurgy, light industry, petrochemical industry and pharmacy in China. This whole is what we now know as the research object of chemical engineering.
Chemical engineering plays an important role in China's economic development, and many basic things in China depend on the chemical industry. In the 1960s and 1970s, our country often discussed the limited arable land in China, and it seemed difficult to solve the problems of food and clothing. In fact, this problem is solved by the chemical industry. For example, there are many fertilizers, such as nitrogen fertilizer, potassium fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer, as well as many pesticides and herbicides, which solve the problem of eating. The production of synthetic fiber solves the problem of dressing. Because synthetic fibers are made of petrochemical products and chemical products. People like to wear inexpensive and durable clothes made of synthetic fibers. Therefore, China has solved the problem of food and clothing for more than1200 million people with very little arable land. I think this is mainly due to the chemical industry. If we don't solve the problem of eating and dressing, then everything else will be empty. However, there are some problems in the development of chemical industry all over the world. Many people think that chemical industry is aimed at basic industries and involves little high technology. So many countries' support for the chemical industry is decreasing, and China is no exception. In fact, chemical industry is the foundation of a country, and many problems in high-tech fields need to be solved by chemical methods. For example, biotechnology and semiconductor chips are developing rapidly now. According to statistics, 30% of students who graduated from chemical engineering departments of American universities have entered the semiconductor chip industry. At Intel, there are many students studying chemical engineering. Generally speaking, chemical engineering is an ancient discipline. In fact, the old industry relies on chemical engineering, and there are many technologies in high technology, such as artillery shells and high-energy fuels, which are also within the scope of chemical engineering.
Photo 1 Academician Chen Jiayong: Chemical Engineer. He has done postdoctoral research at MIT and University of Illinois, and worked as a research engineer at DuPont's research institute. 1980 was elected as an academician of China Academy of Sciences.
Fig. 2 Secondary conversion process of sulfuric acid production from sulfuric acid.
Fig. 3 Production process of double pressurized nitric acid.
In addition, crossing is out of a need. With the progress of science and technology and the growth of people's needs, some interdisciplinary subjects have been formed. Biotechnology, for example, was originally learned by students of biology. In fact, people who study biology have done well in the test tube, and it really needs a lot of chemical knowledge to expand to the industrial scale.
Reporter: At present, the development of chemical industry is diversified, and some basic disciplines, such as biology and chemistry, have infiltrated each other, forming a research field that many disciplines have jointly broken through. On the other hand, chemical engineering itself has also developed continuously, forming its own unique research field. Then, in the 2 1 century, what are the development trends and characteristics of the chemical industry?
Academician Chen Jiayong: As mentioned above, the chemical industry has made many achievements. In fact, it has also brought some problems to the world.
The first is pollution. In essence, chemical industry is to generate new molecules by chemical reaction of original molecules, and at the same time, it has caused a lot of pollution. Therefore, in the future and in the near future, the development of chemical industry needs new chemical reactions, which of course requires the cooperation of chemical experts. And then industrialize it. The most important purpose is to reduce pollution and make full use of the substances involved in the reaction. When a reaction, such as A+B = C+D, C is useful and D is useless, people throw away D, which reduces the utilization rate of products. One of the best reactions is that all the products after the reaction can be used, which can improve efficiency and reduce pollution.
Secondly, it is developing towards miniaturization. At present, towers with diameters of two meters, three meters and four meters are used for miniaturization. Waste should be reduced and the speed of reaction, heat and mass transfer should be improved.
It can be said that there are two goals of chemical engineering in the future: one is to find some new reactions through cooperation with chemists, so that the less waste they produce, the better, and basically no pollutants are produced. Second, at present, all the big factories can produce so many products, and they can be miniaturized.
Biological state
Cloning human DNA has natural obstacles and can be preserved in soil for 400 thousand years.
The sequence map of human genome was drawn ahead of schedule. Scientists have found that people have two "brains"
Telomere length is related to life span. Who will hold the funeral for the cell?
The ancient and lasting gene determines the development of gene therapy for diabetes.
Confusion in gene naming (1) Humans have learned more about genes.
Gene Naming and Confusion (Ⅱ) Bioinformatics Technology and Post-genome Research
Scientists use chemical methods to replace DNA fragments and study life processes.
Leading in life science, showing romantic regenerative medicine inviting stem cells to "make" organs
Technical and ethical thinking on the continuous reproduction and cloning results of stem cells
Research and Application of Stem Cells China has developed a new DNA enrichment technology.
Bone marrow transplantation can treat heart disease: the view of life science in traditional Chinese medicine
The replication of mutant genes, tissues and organs leading to schizophrenia triggered the explosion of life science.
French "virtual human" found that hormones related to iron absorption were invited to enter the world of the new century (part two)
Human protein Group plans to step up planning for Japanese scientists to search for white hair genes.
How much magic can neural stem cell transplantation create? A preliminary study on the causes and mechanisms of human aging
Inviting "virtual people" into the world in the new century (1). "Myka Effect" Deduces Health and Longevity
More than 5,000 kinds of difficult and severe diseases are expected to be fundamentally treated, and there are ways to preserve stem cells for a long time.
Uncover the mystery of biofilm science and superstition of blood type
Countermeasures to curb aging and challenge death
Japanese scholars have found that embryonic stem cells "switch" hormones to treat type II diabetes.
"Science Story" of Gene Biomedicine in Post-genome Era
Present situation and countermeasures of genetically modified food invented by German scientists as a new anticancer drug
Is IVF risky? Magical stem cells
Gene is the key factor of human longevity, and DNA damage can be known early.
Visual nerve "bridging" technology reproduces bright life science
Development and prospect of life science Adult stem cells are not as good as embryonic stem cells.
Exploring the genetic language of life, experts in Mexico and Portugal have developed a new treatment for skin cancer.
Scientists have found that the genetic variation that leads to mental retardation and epilepsy at the same time is protein polymerization.
Looking for the Treasure of Youth —— Difference between protein Engineering and Genetic Engineering of Botox
The United States found a new way to solve immune rejection, and scientists discovered a new mystery of immunity.
How many "identity cards" do you have for protein's research and transformation of the human body?
Endopeptidase limits the appearance of autoimmune proteins. Life lies in self-continuation.
Deciphering the century-old mystery in the history of human genetics; Stem cell research around the world
German scientists reveal the "switch" function of human language and the research direction of human genome
Humans identify smells through the connection between signal channels and life ties.
Magical nerve cell reconstruction: the connection between man and microorganism.
Gene therapy has entered a new stage. Viruses Help Human Evolution (2)
Viruses helped mankind evolve the gospel of life.
Biological and biological gene connection human genome project
The Establishment of China's Theory of "Eucharist Cuisine"
Great discoveries of prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Cell morphology of "Eucharist" of life scientists
Discover the depth of protoplasm life science
American scientists explain why babies can talk.
Walking upright determines the evolution of human language. Can the chip be implanted in the human brain?
The "official version" of the human genome map will be published soon to jointly uncover the mystery of life.
The number of human genes is about 35,000. Are genes good or bad?
Japan Begins "Post-genome War" 2 1 Century High-tech Leader
Biological science and technology of fermentation engineering of transgenic housefly cultivated in Japan
Scientists cultivate mouse hepatocytes on silicon chips. Genetic engineering has opened up a bright future for mankind.
The nutritional functions and needs of exogenous nucleotides are more complicated than expected.
The progress of cell engineering research has found a large area of "desert of life"
China, a new technology of enzyme engineering, drew the first complete microbial genome map.
Memorabilia of Gene and Genome Research The number of human genes may exceed 40,000.
The new map found that many HCV nonstructural region V proteins were cloned in China.
Gene technology challenges ethical scientists to discover new genes related to diabetes.
Scientists have mapped the mitochondrial genome of moa, and the research results of human genes will be announced soon.
Space: an ideal place for genetic engineering. A major breakthrough has been made in the study of blood group transformation in China.
Stem cells-the main focus of life science-American scientists discover immortal epidermal cell lines.
Scientists say they have discovered the understanding and definition of genetic life related to longevity.
American scientists will draw a working sketch of protein connection map and human genetic code.
China scientists "unscramble" the mystery of life. There is no upper limit to human life.
In-depth life science. Scientists in China actively carry out research (post-genetic era)
Singapore vigorously develops life science industry.
Protein, whose embryonic stem cells determine the shape and fluidity of cells, was cultivated from Japanese monkey fertilized eggs.
American scientists found that the largest bioethics project existed on the earth 2.6 billion years ago.
American experts support scientific exploration of the "eternal life" hypothesis that meteorites transfer life to the earth.
Memorabilia of Japanese bone marrow cell culture skin human genome research
The United States conducts online human genetic research.
Life science: there are still eight mysteries
The most effective way to deal with obesity genes is the cancer cell killing campaign developed by scientists in China.
Gene therapy is not far from us. The United States announced the completion of human gene sequencing.
Tissue engineering: recreating the miracle of life. Cardiovascular diseases are related to ethnic inheritance.
Gene and Human Genome Project: What is the protein that controls the growth rate of cells?
France announced that the draft human genome has been completed, as the [first messenger] to convey life information.
Mathematical science
Mathematics in the last century must be attributed to the famous speech entitled "Mathematical Problems" delivered by 38-year-old German mathematician Hilbert (1862- 1943) at the second international congress of mathematicians held in Paris on August 6, 1900. According to the achievements and development trend of mathematical research in the past, especially in the 19th century, he put forward 23 most important mathematical problems. These 23 problems are collectively called Hilbert problems. This speech became a milestone in the development of world mathematics history and opened a glorious page for the development of mathematics in the 20th century. Among these 23 problems, the first six problems are related to the basis of mathematics, and the other 17 problems involve number theory, indefinite integral, quadratic theory, invariant theory, differential equation, variation and other fields.
1905, Einstein founded the special theory of relativity (in fact, two mathematicians, Poincare and Lorenz, also walked to the door of relativity), 1907, he found that the special theory of relativity was very successful in other fields of physics, except the problem of gravity. In order to solve this contradiction, Einstein turned to the study of general relativity, and soon established "general relativity" and "equivalence theory", but the difficulties encountered in mathematics made him make little progress for many years. About 19 1 1 years ago, Einstein finally found that the gravitational field is related to the geometric properties of space and is the result of space-time bending. So Einstein's mathematical tool is non-Euclidean geometry. 19 15 years, Einstein finally completed the general theory of relativity with the framework of Riemannian geometry and the language of tensor analysis.
More importantly, emmy noether 1882 ~ 1935, a German female mathematician, published the paper "Ideal in the Ring of Berich", which marked the beginning of the modernization of abstract algebra. She taught us to think with the simplest, most economical and most general concepts and terms: isomorphism, ideal, operator ring and so on.
There are many other great achievements in mathematics. To be lazy, the work of nearly 50 Fields Prize winners in mathematics in the 20th century is a great achievement within mathematics. However, from the perspective of promoting social development, computer algorithm research related mathematics may be more influential. This kind of research took place around the Second World War. There are three mathematicians (Turing, Godel and von Neumann), not engineers. Because they played a foundation and guiding role in the birth, design and development of computers, they were included in the list of "100 stars" in the 20th century. Two other pure mathematicians who won the Nobel Prize (Kantrovich and Nash) are also related to algorithm research (or military mathematics), and the latter has just won an Oscar. The work of Wu Wenjun, the first winner of the highest national science and technology award (not the mathematics award) in China, also includes the research of algorithms. Among the top ten scientific and technological advances in China, there was once a work by mathematician Dingzhu Du, which was also related to algorithms. It is worth noting that none of these people won the Fields Prize.
Related to algorithm research (or military mathematics) are learning, cryptography and large-scale scientific engineering calculation. How can I have a vague feeling (infected by Wu Wenjun? ), it seems that in the twentieth century, the mathematical research centered on algorithms had a quite direct impact on the outside world, science and technology and military affairs. Will this century (information, materials, biology) be like this? Wait and see!