Operation and management of urban rail transit Part I: On the operation and safety management of urban rail transit Abstract: Starting from the safety status, hidden dangers and phenomena of rail transit, this paper expounds how to better control safety through effective management means.
Keywords: track; Security; operate
1
Since the opening of Beijing Subway 1965, by the end of 20 12, the national subway is expected to open 1600 kilometers, carrying more than 30 million passengers every day. The subway environment is closed, the space is narrow, and the personnel and equipment are highly dense. In the event of a safety accident, it is difficult to evacuate and rescue people, and improper disposal will cause huge personal and property losses and harm to social economy and life.
The construction of urban rail transit safety system is particularly important for improving the ability of rail transit to resist major accidents and disasters and ensuring the safety of rail transit.
2 subway safety management problems and hidden dangers
2. 1 The management system of urban rail transit needs to be further rationalized.
Urban rail transit should do a good job in safety management from the whole process of preliminary demonstration, planning, design, construction and operation. At present, the planning, design, construction and operation of urban rail transit in China are out of touch with each other, and the management system of urban rail transit needs to be further straightened out.
2.2 Relevant safety management regulations need to be further improved.
The laws and regulations of subway safety management are the basis of realizing the legalization and standardization of subway construction, operation and management, and also the basis of realizing the safe, healthy and sustainable development of subway. Last year, the Ministry of Construction formulated and issued the Measures for the Operation and Management of Urban Rail Transit, but this alone is not enough, and the regulations on the safety management of subway operation need to be further improved.
2.3 The relevant safety standards and specifications have not yet formed a complete system.
The establishment of subway industry safety standards plays a vital role in standardizing the safe operation of enterprises. To formulate safety standards for the subway industry, we should not only consider the possible level of the subway industry, but also fully consider the expectations and recognition of passengers and all sectors of society. How to formulate a unified safety standard, determine accident classification, accident grade and its division method, and then form a complete safety standard system are all unsolved problems.
2.4 did not form a sense of national security.
The safety of subway operation is directly related to the personal safety and property safety of passengers, and is closely related to the vital interests of the broad masses of the people. In order to realize the safe and orderly operation of subway, on the basis of strengthening the safety education of employees, it is necessary to educate passengers, urge them to abide by the rail transit safety management system, and raise the safety awareness of the whole people. There is still a lot of work to be done to form a comprehensive awareness of urban rail transit safety in China.
2.5 subway accident emergency plan is not detailed enough, lack of drills.
Because of the characteristics of subway operation environment, accidents are dangerous and urgent, so it is very necessary to make various plans in advance and carry out simulation drills for accident emergency treatment. Especially for new subway lines, different types of drills such as recovery, rescue, emergency repair, emergency rescue, fire fighting and emergencies should be carried out during the trial operation. At present, most subway companies have made some emergency plans, but the outstanding problem is that they are not detailed enough and lack regular drills.
2.6 The safety assessment system needs to be further developed and popularized.
Security assessment is an important means to ensure system security, which runs through the whole process of system life cycle. Before the rail transit project is put into operation, the operating enterprise must conduct preliminary inspection and safety assessment of the system through the safety supervision department in conjunction with the fire department; When entering the operation stage, the safety supervision department must conduct regular safety inspections on the operating enterprises, or designate professional scientific research or consulting institutions to conduct safety assessment on the operating enterprises, and order the operating enterprises to make rectification for the problems found in the inspection and assessment to ensure the safety of rail transit. China's rail transit industry needs to be further promoted and deepened in establishing a scientific and effective safety assessment system and determining a unified and standardized safety assessment standard.
2.7 All localities have not invested enough in urban rail transit safety.
Safety work is a systematic project, involving management, technology, funds and so on. Safety standards are directly proportional to the investment of people, money and materials. To achieve the controllable safety standards, we must increase investment. China's rail transit investment in safety is still insufficient.
3 Main measures of subway operation safety management
3. 1 Establish and improve safety rules and regulations to ensure safety in production.
Perfecting safety rules and regulations is the guarantee of doing a good job in operational safety. Rules and regulations are the basis of management, so it is very important to establish a scientific, perfect and comprehensive safety production management system to make safety production have rules to follow. Pay close attention to the construction of safety rules and regulations before the opening and operation of the subway, restrain the work behavior of employees with rules and regulations, and provide safety production guidance for employees. While strictly implementing the national, provincial and municipal safety laws and regulations, establish and improve the systems and operating procedures such as the Measures for the Administration of Work Safety and the Measures for Safety Rewards and Punishment, covering all majors and production links of the company, so as to make the safety management of all majors have rules to follow and promote the standardization and institutionalization of the company's work safety.
At present, many domestic subways have been certified by ISO900 1 quality system and OHSMS 18000 occupational health and safety management system, and the country has also issued "Evaluation Standard for Subway Operation Safety", which provides a basis and standard for standardizing operation safety production and should spare no effort to publicize and implement it.
3.2 Establish a three-level safety network and implement the responsibility system for production safety.
Adhere to the working principle of "safety first, prevention first", fully implement the safety production law, and strengthen the institutionalization, standardization and scientificity of safety management. Insisting on production management must be managed by someone, and the main responsible persons at all levels of production safety should personally take charge of it and give full play to its role? Longitudinal tube to the end, transverse tube to the edge, special tube into a line, tube into a net? The role of safety management network forms a network safety supervision and management system with first-level safety work, first-level protection and first-level supervision; Pay close attention to the implementation of the responsibility system for production safety, sign the responsibility form for production safety and the responsibility form for comprehensive social management step by step from the general manager to the grass-roots employees, incorporate the safety production objectives into the assessment content, clarify the safety responsibilities and safety production objectives at all levels, earnestly implement the safety production responsibilities, and form a good atmosphere in which everyone is responsible for production safety.
3.3 Establish a safety inspection system to prevent operational accidents.
Strengthening the supervision and inspection mechanism is the key to do a good job in operational safety. Safety inspection is an important part of effective management of safety work. Learn to use it? Broken window theory? Seize the hidden danger, seize the loophole, and the loophole will inevitably lead to great disaster. Establish a system of weekly team inspection, ten-day center inspection, monthly professional management system inspection and quarterly company inspection, adopt the method of combining regular inspection with irregular spot check, comprehensive inspection with special spot check, and adhere to the safety inspection focusing on self-examination, self-correction, bottom-up and insufficient search. Strictly grasp the hidden dangers and rectify them, according to? Five realizations? That is, the tasks, personnel, funds, quality and time are implemented, and the rectification is completed on schedule; While doing a good job in safety inspection, we should gradually establish a safety hidden danger management mechanism, unify safety inspection and hidden danger management, implement them in the work system, form a perfect inspection network, and implement effective monitoring.
3.4 Establish a safety training system and create a safety culture atmosphere.
Improving employees' safety awareness and skills is the basis of doing a good job in operational safety. Conscientiously carry out training and education on safety production knowledge, organize responsible persons of all units and safety production management personnel to participate in safety production law training and obtain safety production qualification certificates; Implement three-level (company level, center level and post level) safety education for new employees; In addition to the special types of work specified by the state, special work items specified internally; Formulate safety management measures for special operations personnel and a system for training special operations personnel with certificates; Use safety publicity month, 1 19 fire day and other activities to distribute practical safety manuals to the public in publicity positions such as stations and trains, so as to continuously improve the safety awareness of employees and citizens. The safety culture quality of cadres and workers can be effectively improved by extensively carrying out safety production training and education activities.
3.5 Establish an emergency rescue system to improve emergency response capability.
According to the experience of subway operation and rescue at home and abroad and the characteristics of emergencies, establish and improve the emergency plan system, and formulate corresponding emergency plans for rail transit operation lines in case of abnormal reasons affecting operation such as fire, train derailment, train conflict, large-scale power outage, explosion and natural disasters, and formulate corresponding emergency plans in case of national and local emergencies and epidemic spread.
Organize employees to learn various plans and conduct drills as planned, including training, desktop drills and sudden drills. During the drill, each safety point has a special person to check the safety, so that the drill can be conducted in an orderly and safe manner. Regular actual combat drills can expose the defects of the plan in time, know whether the rescue equipment is sufficient, whether the operating equipment is in good condition, whether the employees are familiar with various regulations, improve the ability of coordinating operations between departments, enhance the proficiency and confidence of employees, and improve their safety awareness; Through the practice and inspection of rules and regulations, equipment and plans, employees' business skills are improved and their ability to deal with emergencies and stories is enhanced.
3.6 Establish accident handling mechanism and implement accountability system.
Establish and improve the accident handling mechanism, according to? Four don't let go? Principles and? Safety rewards and punishments? , determine the reason, determine the nature, determine the responsibility, and severely punish. Through education and punishment, let employees learn lessons, improve their consciousness, and enhance their post awareness, responsibility awareness and discipline awareness; Will. Reduce the failure rate and accident rate? As a long-term special study of working mechanism, we should carry out case studies of subway accidents, learn advanced and first-class operational safety management, learn from others' strengths, learn from each other's strengths and make use of them. The principle of throwing stones? Prevent employees from being careless and constantly present? Splash on the calm water? Let every employee realize that at any time, don't overestimate the situation of safe production, and always keep a sense of crisis and anxiety; At the same time, it is necessary to change the concept, look at the essence of accidents from the outside to the inside, analyze the deep-seated reasons from the leadership and management, study and formulate targeted measures to solve the problems in safety work, change passive management into active management, change punishment after the event into prevention in advance, and continuously improve the ability of accident analysis and handling.
3.7 Establish a police-ground linkage mechanism to ensure subway safety.
Subway operating units should strengthen cooperation with subway public security, fully rely on public security forces to ensure subway safety order, establish measures for the implementation of police-ground linkage work, and clarify the linkage regular meeting system, work contact mechanism and linkage emergency mechanism. Through sincere cooperation between the two sides, the subway will be safe.
refer to
[1] China urban rail transit network
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Zhao, Yu Shichang. Safety and reliability of urban rail transit system [J]. Urban rail transit research, 2006.38+0
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Operation and Management of Urban Rail Transit Part II: Research on Operation and Management of Urban Rail Transit Abstract: Nowadays, the existence of urban rail transit vehicles and the proportion of their passengers have become one of the important standards to measure urban modernization. Therefore, for a modern city, urban rail transit vehicles are no longer dispensable, but must be owned. As a systematic project, high-quality operation and management of urban rail transit is undoubtedly an effective guarantee for the safe and smooth operation of urban rail transit and the provision of high-quality service. This paper mainly studies the problems existing in the operation and management of urban rail transit in China, and puts forward corresponding suggestions.
Keywords: supporting policies for urban rail transit operation and management
With the rapid development of China's economy and the acceleration of urbanization, the demand for urban transportation has greatly increased, and the corresponding phenomena such as traffic congestion, traffic accidents and environmental pollution have become increasingly serious. At this time, it has become a consensus to vigorously develop urban rail transit to solve the increasingly serious urban public transport problem. The combination of urban rail transit with conventional public transportation and other auxiliary means of transportation can form a huge modern public transportation network, which is the development trend of urban public transportation in the future. Although we need to accelerate the development of urban rail transit objectively, there are still many unfavorable factors in our urban rail transit system, which restrict the development of urban rail transit industry. Urban rail transit system is a technical system consisting of a series of buildings and a variety of equipment. The whole system is huge and complex, with high technical content. As an important part of urban comprehensive transportation system, the characteristics of urban rail transit system determine its obvious advantages. Urban rail transit has three obvious advantages for urban development. First, according to the overall urban pattern planning, fully support the construction of large-scale new districts; Second, greatly improving the level of urban traffic supply can effectively alleviate the increasingly crowded road traffic in big cities; Third, through the investment in rail transit, the urban economic chain will be strongly supported from the source, and the huge social benefits will obviously enhance the comprehensive value of the whole city.
First, the problems existing in the operation and management of urban rail transit
Although China's national conditions require us to vigorously develop urban rail transit, there are many problems to be solved urgently in the operation and management system of urban rail transit in China, which makes it impossible to develop urban rail transit well. So far, the main problems existing in the operation and management of urban rail transit in China are:
1, the operation efficiency of urban rail transit in China is generally low. At present, the government is responsible for the rail transit in many cities in China, investing in the construction and organizing the operation. There are some problems in the system of this kind of government's single investment and all-encompassing behavior. For example, the relevant units in the feasibility study report cannot completely separate government from enterprises, which leads to departmental protection and industry monopoly. In addition, the bidding system, contract management system and supervision system of infrastructure construction are not standardized enough.
2. Lack of effective market competition mechanism. The operation and management of most urban rail transit in China is undertaken by the state, so the operation efficiency of subway is low, and the high dependence on financial subsidies makes the government bear a heavy burden. The property right of this operation management model is not clear enough, so the operator is not responsible for maintaining and increasing the value of its assets. Without the pressure of market competition, there will inevitably be problems such as out-of-control costs, complicated decision-making procedures, low efficiency and poor service attitude. Therefore, in the process of rail transit reform, market competition mechanism should be introduced into rail transit industry to improve its operational efficiency.
3. The existing investment and financing channels of urban rail transit in China are too single. Urban rail transit needs huge construction funds, and a large amount of subsidy funds are invested in the later operation and maintenance to repay huge bank loan interest, which makes the government and enterprises overwhelmed. At present, the domestic urban rail transit has a serious loss, almost unprofitable, and it is difficult to attract private capital. In fact, these are far from meeting the needs of current and future construction and development.
4. Rail transit enterprises do not have the autonomy to set fares. Due to the public welfare and monopoly of the rail transit industry, it is decided that the fare setting of the rail transit industry should be regulated by the government. Many subway companies have no independent pricing power, and subway fares are directly intervened by the government.
Secondly, some suggestions on the operation and management of urban rail transit in China.
In the form that China needs to vigorously develop urban rail transit and national policies encourage the development of urban rail transit, it is obviously of great significance to study the effective operation system and business model of urban rail transit on the basis of summing up and drawing lessons from advanced experience at home and abroad.
1. Suggestions on the operation mode of urban rail transit The traditional urban rail transit is a management system built and managed by the government. With the diversification of investors, driven by economic interests, private investors demand more efficient operation of urban rail transit, so the operation mode of urban rail transit also needs some reforms. The operation mode of cooperation between government and private capital can be adopted.
2. Suggestions on the operating funds of urban rail transit As the most important infrastructure in the city, urban rail transit has a huge investment, and most of it is mainly invested by the government. It can concentrate huge passenger flow and space resources, develop diversified business by developing comprehensive resources of urban rail transit, and maximize the utilization and benefit of rail transit resources. In particular, the derivative resources of urban rail transit can make up for the lack of construction funds and operating losses and reduce government investment and subsidies through diversified operations.
3. Suggestions on the fare setting right of rail transit enterprises.
Subway fares in most cities in China are relatively low, which is an important reason for the operating losses of these rail transit companies. At present, the subway fare is generally set by the government, and the subway company has no right to determine the fare according to the operating cost and passenger situation. With the development of urban economy and the improvement of residents' income level and ability to pay, the government can appropriately hand over the pricing power to the subway company. In the formulation of subway fare, we can adopt the methods of the subway company's proposal, the hearing's approval and the government's approval, so that the fare basically reflects the cost. Only when enterprises have the independent pricing power of rail transit fares and a reasonable and predictable market-oriented fare adjustment mechanism can they predict the profitability of rail transit projects and attract a series of social capital investment projects.
Three. Concluding remarks
In short, we should choose the rail transit that suits our national conditions. It is not difficult to see that China urban rail transit will develop rapidly because of its safety, punctuality, comfort and speed. At the same time, high-quality modern operation management is the basic guarantee for the safe and smooth urban rail transit. Because different operation and management modes are suitable for different social environments, the most suitable management mode should be selected and designed according to the actual situation of the city to adapt to the development of urban rail transit.
References:
[1] Yi Ninggang. Construction, operation and management of urban rail transit [D]. Shanghai University of Finance and Economics 2005.
[2] Jin Chenhu, Lu Yu. Development Strategy of Urban Rail Transit Operation Management [J]. China Railway .2004 (08).
[3] Zhou. Understanding of the development of urban rail transit in China [J]. Railway operation technology .2006 (04).
Operation and management of urban rail transit Part III: Introduction of countermeasures for operation and management of urban rail transit
20 15, 1 June, 2000, the Report on Analysis and Development Prospect of China Urban Rail Transit Industry in 20 15-2020 was officially released. It is mentioned in this report that at present, the highest proportion of urban rail transit in China is only about 30%, while the proportion of urban rail transit in many foreign countries is as high as 60%.
1. Problems in the operation and management of urban rail transit
1. 1 China's urban rail transit has high operating costs and low efficiency.
China's urban rail transit is generally built and operated by the government. This investment model is often relatively simple, which leads to the monopoly of the rail transit industry, and private capital cannot enter or it is difficult to enter the management of the rail transit industry. The decrease of market competition leads to the high operating cost and low efficiency of urban rail transit, which affects the operating cost and service level of rail transit. Secondly, in order to be tall, most cities are equipped with related facilities and equipment based on the principle of high-end and large redundancy, which leads to the widespread over-allocation, which eventually leads to the problem of high input and low utilization. Thirdly, in order to pursue the development speed, some cities have insufficient preparatory work, and the line network planning and line construction timing are not well combined with the overall development of the city. As a result, some of the opened operating lines are overloaded and cannot meet the travel needs well. This is not only a great waste of public resources, but also a key factor that causes the operation to make ends meet.
1.2 The operation and management standards of urban rail transit in China are not uniform.
Due to the lack of a unified centralized management department for domestic rail transit operation in the early stage, the formulation of relevant standards and norms is relatively backward, and it is impossible to form a unified, systematic and effective guidance for the operation and management of related urban rail transit. In addition, there are differences in economic development, population, climate and human environment among cities, so the standards of rail transit operation and management in different cities are quite different. At present, with the promulgation of relevant standards and specifications, the scene that the opened operating lines do not meet the new standards has been fully reflected. In order to ensure that the operating lines meet the relevant norms and standards, the operation management unit has to improve and rectify on the existing basis, which is costly and has no obvious effect. Secondly, the fuzziness of relevant standards and norms also brings a lot of confusion to subway operation and management units.
1.3 The operation and management system of urban rail transit enterprises in China is not perfect.
The management system of urban rail transit operation management enterprises in China is still not perfect. At present, the establishment of management system has the following forms: first, learn from the railway operation management model and refer to it to establish corresponding rules and regulations. The second is the management system established by drawing lessons from the relatively mature operation and management modes in Chinese mainland, such as Beijing and Shanghai. The third is to learn from the operation and management mode of MTR and establish corresponding management system with reference to it. At present, Guangzhou, Shenzhen and other cities have successfully established the operation management system of rail transit operation management enterprises in the mainland by learning from the MTR management model. In terms of system, the legal regulation of urban rail transit industry mainly includes the Measures for the Operation and Management of Urban Rail Transit issued in 2005. Although this method has made requirements from the aspects of urban rail transit operation management, safety management, emergency management and legal responsibility. It only puts forward the principle requirements from a macro point of view, does not refine the relevant work or put forward specific quantitative indicators, and lacks substantive guidance for the establishment of the rail transit operation management system.
2. Suggestions on standardization of urban rail transit operation and management
2. 1 Improve the laws, regulations and standards for the operation and management of urban rail transit.
Laws, regulations and standards formulated by industry authorities are the key to improve and improve the operation and management level of urban rail transit in China today. Without a perfect system of laws, regulations and standards, different standards will be formed in different regions, which will only lead to further disunity and confusion in the operation and management system. In view of the existing urban rail transit operation and management methods, we should first put forward specific requirements on the basis of the overall principle requirements, and realize the transformation from qualitative management to quantitative management, such as various indicators of operation and management. Secondly, it is necessary to expand the coverage of urban rail transit operation and management, and ensure that management measures fully cover operation and management. In addition, it is necessary to clearly point out the key points of management according to the nature of rail transit operating enterprises and give guidance to relevant personnel in practice. Of course, in operation and organization, it should be clearly required to focus on social value instead of blindly pursuing economic value.
2.2 Improve the utilization rate of urban rail transit lines.
First of all, it is necessary to further optimize the urban rail transit network planning, ensure that the network planning meets the requirements of the overall urban planning, and integrate seamlessly with the urban comprehensive transportation planning, so that the network can serve the city well and meet the travel needs of citizens after completion. Secondly, give full consideration to urban development, reasonably arrange the time sequence of line construction, and avoid the phenomenon of low utilization rate of completed lines. Thirdly, the station layout and wiring arrangement of each line should be done reasonably to ensure that the operating lines can improve operational efficiency and save investment costs.
2.3 Optimize the investment mode of rail transit construction and operation, strengthen cost control and improve operation management.
At present, Chinese mainland rail transit is mainly built and operated by the government, which forms a monopoly position, which leads to the lack of competition mechanism, low management efficiency and high cost. In order to solve this phenomenon, firstly, by introducing social capital and different enterprises in the same city, an effective competition mechanism is formed to promote the improvement of management level and efficiency. Secondly, on the basis of forming a competitive mechanism, we should strengthen the control of investment in facilities and equipment and labor costs to ensure maximum benefits.
2.4 Enhance the core competitiveness of rail transit
At present, the advanced technology of some core equipment is still in the hands of foreign companies, which leads to many constraints. We should continue to adhere to the strategy of combining independent research and development with foreign introduction, accelerate the pace of research and development, improve our own scientific and technological level, and then enhance the scientific and technological competitiveness of China's rail transit. Secondly, strengthen the research on the relationship between safety and efficiency of rail transit operation, strive to find a relatively reasonable balance point between safety and efficiency, avoid unnecessary investment to ensure safety, or even sacrifice safety for the pursuit of efficiency, and maximize efficiency on the premise of ensuring safety.
3. Conclusion
In a word, in order to standardize and improve the operation and management of urban rail transit in China, we should start with system construction, introduce competition mechanism, strengthen planning and design management, enhance core competitiveness, and promote it layer by layer, so as to develop urban rail transit in China to a higher level.
References:
This is Zong Hua. Standardization of urban rail transit operation and management [J]. Urban rail transit research, 20 10, 10: 1-3.
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