Beekeeping technology. The purchase of bees
Beekeeping starts with buying bees and building farms. The technology of buying bees can be divided into "nine looks and nine smells".
1, the key to buying bees depends on the number of bees. Strong bees breed in Shaanxi and can be grouped to produce honey and royal jelly every year. Don't be cheap, buy the weak group of 1 ~ 2 frames. First-time beekeepers should buy more than 4 strong bees when they leave the room in spring. Both sides of the nest and spleen are densely covered with bees, which can be regarded as a framework of bees.
2. Look at this hive. Some bee sellers will sell old hives that have been eliminated together with bees. The dilapidated beehive is irregular in size, full of holes and poor in heat preservation, which is not suitable for transferring bees.
3. Look at the normal coverage of the spleen. The spleen is neat and completely covered. If many hives are not covered, they are mixed between covered rooms. Beekeepers call it "Huahua" spleen, which is the manifestation of larval disease. The reason why the nest opening is straight or diagonal is that the nest worm forms a tunnel in the middle of the nest spleen, which hurts the larvae and makes them open the nest. Sick bees are not suitable for purchase.
4. Look at the excellent queen bee. The queen bee has strong spawning ability and large spawning circle. Almost the whole nest and spleen are eggs. The bad king has poor spawning ability and small spawning circle; The old queen bee is also poor in egg laying ability, dark in color and shedding hair on her body surface. Some defective queen bees lack wings, some have crooked stomachs and some are lame, so they are not suitable for selection.
5. Look at the bottom of the box to see if there is a dead chalk larva at the bottom of the hive. The bottom of the normal box is clean, and there are no dead bees and larvae. If there are many dead bees at the bottom of the box and the bodies of chalk larvae, you can't buy them.
6, look at the parasitism rate of bee mites, bees like to parasitize drone larvae indoors, and break the lid of several drone rooms to see how many parasitic bees there are. Bee mites like to parasitize in worker bee larvae rooms. This paper puts forward a frame of bee spleen, and the vibrating bee mite climbs out of the room after knocking on the beam of the frame several times. Bee colonies with high parasitism rate of big and small bee mites are not suitable for purchase, especially small bee mites are difficult to treat, and it is easy to collapse if not prevented in time.
7. See how many bees come in and out. The bees in the hive are bustling and busy, and most of them are normal bees. If there are few bees in and out of the nest door, or there are many dead bees in front of the nest door, it is necessary to further open the box for inspection and exclude the sick and weak groups.
8. Look at the varieties and buy the corresponding bee varieties according to the location and purpose of beekeeping. It is better to raise Italian bees in plain areas, China bees in mountainous areas, and cold-tolerant varieties in cold areas, such as northeast black bees. Yang Songdan 1 or other hybrids for the purpose of collecting more honey; The purpose of collecting more pulp is to raise pulp bees, such as Pinghu pulp bee and Xiaoshan pulp bee.
9. The intensity of bees varies greatly. Most bees are docile and seldom sting, but a few are good at stinging. When you open the hive, you will be stung. This kind of bee colony is difficult to manage, and it is easy to cause disputes if you sting pedestrians or children. You still need to buy a docile bee colony.
10, smell the normal beehive, with fresh smell, beeswax fragrance and no peculiar smell. If you smell bad smell or sour taste, it is mostly larval disease. Don't buy it.
Beekeeping technology II. Artificial bee separation technology
Bee sorting technology is also the key to beekeeping technology.
1, equal bee distribution technology
Isobee distribution is to divide a group of bees into two groups equally, and both groups can develop strongly when the honey flow period comes. The specific method is: 45 days before the nectar flowing period of the main local nectar plants, the original beehive was moved aside for 30-40 cm, and an empty beehive was placed 30-40 cm opposite it. Half the bees in the hive, the nest spleen and the queen bee were put into the empty hive, and two hives were arranged. After about half a day, an ovipositor was lured to the queen-less hive. When the flying bees return to their nests, they fly into the two boxes respectively. If fewer bees fly into a box, they can move it closer to the original site. The disadvantage of equal bee distribution is that one strong bee colony suddenly becomes two weak bee colonies, and it takes more than a month to proliferate before it can be put into production. It is not suitable to lure the separated new bee colony into the queen bee platform, because it takes more than 10 days for the new queen bee to lay eggs, and the feeding ability of the new bee colony cannot be fully utilized, which affects the development of the bee colony. If the new queen bee is lost in the wedding flight, the loss will be even greater.
2. Unequally distributed bee technology
Unequally divided bees are divided into two groups: one is strong and the other is weak. This method is suitable for bee colonies suffering from bee fever. Put 2-3 frames to cover the spleen from the bee colony suffering from bee fever, and put one frame of honey powder spleen and old queen bee into the new hive. Put it away from the original group, and the door of the nest is loosely blocked with grass, so that the bees can slowly bite open. Check the original population, choose the platform with good quality, cut off all other platforms, or lure them to artificially cultivated platforms or spawning kings. If the honey flow period is long, the segregation group can be gradually strengthened by sealing the spleen, otherwise the segregation group can be merged with the original group.
3. Mixed bee-dividing technology
Mixed bee sorting is to put forward 1-2 frames with the young bees of several bee colonies, and mix them to form 3-6 bee colonies according to the situation. The next day, the spawning queen or the mature queen platform is lured into the colony. At the end of spring and the beginning of summer, when the bee colony develops to 10 bees and 6-8 spleens, every 6-7 days, a spleen covered with bees is put forward from such bee colony and mixed to form a new bee colony. It takes about 15 days to leave the honey flow period, so that they can develop into a powerful colony of 5- 18 bees at the beginning of the honey flow period.
Beekeeping technology. Selection of beekeeping farm
Only by choosing a good bee farm can you get good honey.
1, geographical location and environment: beekeeping is only suitable for about 600 meters above sea level, avoiding places with serious pollution and more noise. It is also necessary to create a gathering environment for bees to fly on an empty stomach and fly on a full stomach, and choose an excellent place with sufficient light and quiet shelter from the north wind for stocking.
2. Investigation of honey powder sources: Before buying bees, there is still a major problem that there are more than two main honey sources around the bee farm, and auxiliary honey powder sources are needed all the year round, because only good auxiliary honey powder sources can ensure the normal reproduction of bees.
Beekeeping technology. Preparation of bee feed
Beekeepers can master the feed preparation technology of bees even if they have basically learned beekeeping technology. But don't forget the control technology of bee disease in beekeeping.
1 sucrose (white sugar) feed. White syrup can be directly used to feed bees, and the suitable use time is: when overwintering, sucrose should be stopped three days before the last batch is covered. The advantage of this is that the overwintering feed in the nest has been transformed, but the overwintering bees have not participated in honey production, so the activity and energy of bees can be maintained and the life span of bees can be prolonged.
2. syrup feed. It is made by adding acid to sucrose (brown sugar can't be used, the same below) for boiling hydrolysis or adding enzyme for hydrolysis. The method is: add 1 kg sucrose, 1/2 volume of water and 0.5 g lactic acid, and boil for 30 minutes.
3, sugar cake feed. The preparation method is similar to that of invert syrup, and it is made into sugar cake for feeding. Sugar cakes made by sucrase are soft and have a long shelf life. The latter two honey substitutes have converted sucrose into glucose and fructose, which can be fully absorbed by bees and used as overwintering feed, and will not cause bee theft when feeding.
Beekeeping preparation 1 honey source investigation
Plants that can be used by bees to collect nectar and pollen are called nectar plants. Honey source is the basis of beekeeping production. Before determining the place to release bees, we must investigate the species, area and flowering period of nectar plants. The main honey source plants that can collect a large amount of commercial honey are: rape in oil crops; Sweet clover and alfalfa are used as feed green manure; Jujube trees in fruit trees; Sophora japonica in the forest; Vitex negundo in shrubs, etc. Usually, a swarm of bees needs about 2-4 acres of nectar plants. It is also necessary to know clearly the flowering period of various honey-source plants and the situation of releasing bees to produce honey over the years. The place where bees are released should be within 2 kilometers from the main honey source plants. The closer the bee farm is to the nectar source plants, the better. There should be clean water near the bee farm. Such as lakes, streams and canals. Ensure that bees take water and beekeepers use it for their daily life. Beehives should be flat, dry, sunny and open to the southeast without obstacles. It is best to have a hillside or a house and fence in the northwest. In addition, nearby places with loudspeakers, street lamps and insect traps are not suitable for bees.
2 How to buy a bee colony
When buying a bee colony, you must choose the kind of bees according to the local honey source and climate. In the northwest, north China and northeast plain areas, the summer is dry, the honey source is large, and the honey flowing period is long, so Italian bees can be selected. Winter is long and cold in the mountainous areas of Northeast China, and spring is short, and the main nectar sources bloom early. You can choose northeast black bees with strong cold tolerance. If the local area is located in a mountainous area and there is no concentrated honey source, you can choose Chinese bees.
The best time to buy bees is in early spring, when the temperature rises and tends to be stable, and honey plants begin to bloom. Buying in this period is conducive to the reproduction of bees. You can also buy it in the effective summer and autumn of that year, but you should pay attention to at least one main honey source in that year. In this way, even if we can't get a lot of commercial honey, we can at least ensure the feed reserves needed by bees for wintering. Note that it is not advisable to buy bees after the New Year. Because at this time, in addition to the purchase cost, you have to buy sugar to feed the bees. Bees may also die during the winter.
Pay attention to the quality of bees when buying bees. The age of queen bees should not exceed two years.
If you buy bees in summer and autumn, you'd better choose the new king of that year. The queen bee with good quality has a big belly, a slightly pointed tail, four wings and six feet, and is steady in action. The spawning area is large and tidy. High-quality worker bees are big and brightly colored. When unpacking and lifting the spleen, they don't crawl around, so they are very docile. The whole bee colony should be healthy and disease-free, and the number of bee colonies in early spring should be no less than 2. It takes more than 5 frames in summer and autumn and has a certain spleen. For example, a bee colony with 5 frames should have 3-4 frames in the spleen. Among them, covering the spleen should account for at least half. In addition, it should be noted that there must be 0.5- 1 kg honey spleen on each nest spleen. The nest and spleen should not be too old, and there should not be too many unmanned computer rooms on the nest and spleen.
After the bees are shipped back, if the space is spacious, the beehive can be arranged in a single box. It is required that the front and rear rows should be staggered, the row spacing should be 2-3 meters, and the beehive spacing should be 1-2 meters, which is convenient for bees to recognize their nests and managers. If the space is small, double boxes can also be juxtaposed. Two boxes in a group, 20 cm apart. When arranging a beehive, the direction of the beehive door is generally south or east. Pay attention to the nest door not facing west, so as to avoid direct sunlight on the nest door in the afternoon and make the nest temperature too high.
3 prevent bee bites
Bee sting is a kind of self-defense instinct of bees, which can be caused by rough management, standing in front of the hive to block the bee path, or the bad smell of beekeepers. Bee stings are harmless to people. Don't clap your hands nervously if you are accidentally stung. You should calmly scrape off the sting with your nails. Don't pull out the thorns by hand, so as not to let the venom enter the skin more. The stung part can be washed with water. Then apply a little ammonia or soapy water.
Nutritional requirements of bee breeding 1. Protein for bee reproduction.
The protein source of bees is mainly pollen. Protein is the basic substance of life, and protein is indispensable to the growth and development of larvae, the laying of eggs by queen bees, the development and function of worker bees' glands. Food is short of protein, larvae die, young bees are stunted and lose their utilization value, queen bees can't get enough royal jelly, the spawning rate drops or stops production, and worker bees can't secrete pulp and wax normally.
2. Lipids needed for bee reproduction
The fat of bees is mainly converted from sugar. The fat in bees contains more unsaturated fatty acids, which plays a great role in the growth, emergence and energy supply of larvae. Beeswax secreted by worker bees' abdominal wax glands must be synthesized from sugar. Therefore, the more young bees in the strong bee colony, the stronger the wax secretion ability, and the more fat that needs to be synthesized with sugar at the peak of spleen building.
3. Sugar for bee reproduction
The main component of nectar collected by bees is disaccharide, which can not be directly used by bees. It must be brewed into honey, that is, converted into monosaccharides such as glucose and fructose before it can be used. When bees eat disaccharides or polysaccharides in inactive period, it will cause digestive disorders, diarrhea, abdominal diseases and other diseases, and in severe cases, it will cause a large number of deaths and lead to wintering failure. Therefore, the overwintering feed in the bee colony is insufficient, so it should be supplemented in late autumn in advance to give bees time to convert disaccharide into monosaccharide. The nectar collected by bees from plants contains polysaccharides and a lot of impurities, so it can't be used as overwintering feed.
The main function of sugar is to provide energy. When the blood sugar content of worker bees drops below 1%, they can't fly. Generally, the best energy for bees is ripe honey, but bees can't use pollen (bee bread) as energy. So there is bee bread instead of honey in the nest, and the overwintering bees freeze to death because there is no honey to provide heat energy.
4. Minerals needed for bee reproduction
The mineral demand of bees is small, but it can't be lacking. The sources of minerals are generally nectar and pollen. If the outside world lacks honey powder sources, bees that only feed sugar should pay attention to artificially supplementing minerals. However, the mineral supplement in feed should not be too much, which will have adverse effects.
5. Vitamins needed for bee reproduction
Vitamins are rarely needed, but they are very important for regulating the metabolism, physiological activities, growth and development, and group reproduction of bees. Such as vitamin B 1, vitamin B2, vitamin P, vitamin B6, vitamin H, vitamin B 1 1, vitamin B 12, vitamin C, etc. It has a good effect on ensuring and promoting the growth and development of larvae, enhancing the functions of tissues and organs, improving the collecting power of worker bees and the amount of eggs laid by queen bees, accelerating group reproduction and preventing diseases. Adding proper amount of follicle hormone and vitamin E to syrup and feeding bees in early spring is beneficial to cultivate strong and prolific bees for the arrival of honey flow period.