1, the introduction should contain general contents.
Introduction, as the beginning of the paper, briefly introduces the writing background and purpose of the paper, the origin and realistic requirements of the research, as well as the preliminary work and research survey in related fields, and explains the relationship between this research and the preliminary work, the current research hotspots, existing problems and the author's work significance, which leads to the theme of this paper and guides readers.
The introduction can also point out the theoretical basis, experimental basis and research methods of this paper, and briefly explain its research content; A few words foreshadow the results, significance and prospect of this study, but there is no need to discuss it. The preface should include: Why do you want to do this research? What is the theoretical or practical basis for setting the topic? Want to innovate? What is the theoretical and/or practical significance? First of all, it is necessary to introduce the historical background and theoretical basis of this topic, the research progress and achievements of predecessors or others on this topic, and whether there are different academic viewpoints in academic circles. Tell the reader clearly why you want to do this research, and the sentences should be concise and straight to the point. If the research project has never been carried out by others, then the innovation is obvious, and the innovation of the research should be explained. But in most cases, research projects have been carried out by predecessors. At this time, it is necessary to explain the differences and essential differences between this research and that research, rather than simply repeating the work of predecessors.
2. The writing method of preface.
(1), cut to the chase and don't beat around the bush. Avoid long-winded narration of historical origin and research process.
(2) Be concise and focused. We shouldn't talk too much about the common sense content familiar to our peers and in textbooks. When it is really necessary to mention other people's research results and basic principles, we only need to mark them in the form of quotations. In the introduction, when putting forward the work and opinions of this paper, we should make the meaning clear and the language concise.
(3) Reviewing the history should be focused, the content should be closely related to the title of the article, and the background should be introduced around the title, which can be summarized in a few words; Don't write out the methods and results and don't discuss them when prompting the methods used; Although the contents of past documents can be quoted appropriately, they should not be listed in detail, and the preface should not be written as the historical development of research; Don't write the preface as a small summary of the literature, and don't repeat the common sense content already in the textbook or known by researchers in this field.
(4) Respect science and seek truth from facts. In the preface, we should properly evaluate the value of the paper, seek truth from facts and use scientific words. For the innovation of this paper, it is best not to use inappropriate self-evaluation such as "This study is the first report in China", "Filling the domestic blank", "High academic value", "This study has not been reported in China" and "This study is at the leading level at home and abroad".
(5) The content of the preface should not be the same as that of the abstract. Pay attention to using polite expressions, such as "a little knowledge", "limited level", "please correct me" and "throwing a brick to attract jade". It is best not to discuss the preface in sections, not to illustrate and list, not to deduce and prove formulas.
(6) The preface should not be too long. Too long will bore readers, too short will be difficult to explain. For a 3 000-5 000-word paper, the number of words in the preface should generally be 200-250. (How did Wang Dana and Chen Jing write the preface? China Journal of Endemic Diseases, September 20, 2006)
Example 1
Study on analysis method of high mechanical energy in pole vault
Li, person
At present, the main research results of biomechanical analysis of pole vault in China focus on the changes of speed, take-off angle and chord angle. However, the limitation of this research method is obvious: it ignores the interaction between people and poles, and there is no suitable index to reflect the ability of athletes to use pole elasticity. Foreign countries have adopted energy analysis to solve this problem, that is, by analyzing the changes of human mechanical energy to reflect the ability transfer between the two poles. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce the energy analysis method into the biomechanical analysis of pole vault in China. However, foreign literature only gives a simplified formula in energy analysis, and does not explain the specific calculation method. (Journal of Beijing Sport University,No. 12, 2006)
Example 2
Study on the influence of high-intensity exercise on EEG activity
He Xu, Lu Haitao.
Electroencephalogram (EEG) reflects the activity law of neurons in cerebral cortex and the functional state of central nervous system, and is the only reliable method to detect brain function. At present, the changes of EEG after high-intensity and long-term exercise have not been reported in detail. The purpose of this paper is to understand the changes of EEG after high-intensity exercise, master the changes of EEG indexes after high-intensity load, explore the basic laws of activities, and provide theoretical basis for scientific arrangement of physical education teaching and training.
Edit this paragraph format
Text is also called introduction, preface or introduction. Scientific papers are mainly composed of introduction, theory (results and discussion) and conclusion. The introduction puts forward problems, and this theory analyzes problems and induces and solves them. The introduction is the opening work. It is difficult to write an introduction before writing a book. In ancient literary theory, it was known as "crested pig belly and leopard tail". Although scientific papers will not emphasize that the beginning of the article is as beautiful, wonderful and fascinating as the phoenix head, the introduction is the first impression to readers and plays an important role in outlining the full text, which cannot be taken lightly.
The writing content and format of 1. Introduction
(1) Explain the theme, scope and purpose of the paper.
(2) Explain the cause, background and brief historical review of related fields of this study (what have predecessors done? Which ones have not been solved? How's it going so far? )。
(3) Expected results or the significance of this study.
(4) The introduction is generally not segmented, and its length depends on the content of the paper. The introduction of papers involving basic research is long, and the clinical case analysis should be short. The introduction of most foreign papers is relatively long, generally around 1000 words, which may be related to the strict limitation of the number of words in foreign domestic journals.
The so-called introduction is to set a topic for the writing of the paper, with the aim of leading to the following. Only when the "proposition" is established, it is necessary to continue writing the paper, otherwise the writing of the paper will lose its meaning. The general introduction includes two meanings: first, the background of "topic selection", which explains the position and role of topic selection in this discipline and the research status, especially the existing or unsolved problems in the research. The second is to establish the problems to be solved in this paper according to the existing research situation, which leads to the following. There are two problems in the introduction writing of the general author.
1) The article is irrelevant and general. Some authors seem to regard the introduction of the paper as a form and a dispensable part, and separate the writing of the introduction from the writing of the text just to add a hat to the paper. It is a common phenomenon to discuss the importance of research in general, even from the position of the industries involved in technology in the national economy, just like the leader's speech. It is the theme of research, and it is also from macro to micro, staying in general terms. Obviously, as a result, readers can't accurately judge the specific value of "thesis proposition", and they also lack the summary and introduction of the research status quo. I wonder what is the difference between the author's research and previous research work? Therefore, the introduction of scientific papers must explain the background of research work and generally discuss the current situation of research problems. The discussion of the research status is not only to examine the author's possession and familiarity with the materials, but more importantly, to judge the significance and value of the research work and the credibility of the research results from the comprehensive degree and the old and new degree of the materials.
2) Citations are listed and lack of analysis and generalization. The introduction should not only reflect the breadth of the background, but also examine the author's understanding of the research background. Generally speaking, the author has no deep understanding of the problem studied. When introducing the current research situation, he often lists a large number of references, lists different practices and conclusions of different researchers, lacks the author's analysis and induction, fails to summarize the research results and existing problems, and some even list some documents that are not directly related to this research, unilaterally emphasizing the richness of information possession. Although some people think that different magazines have different requirements for the introduction of research status, from the perspective of paper writing, the purpose of introduction is to explain the significance of the thesis proposition, not to summarize the research data, although summary provides convenience for readers to find information. Therefore, we should use the author's own language to summarize the current research situation, especially the existing difficulties and shortcomings, thus leading to the theme of the paper. The preface is the chapter before the text "Chapter". The writing of the preface should include the research summary, and put forward the research scope and viewpoints of my thesis.
1. Research Summary
Writing a graduation thesis must have a research summary, also called a summary report. The research summary is to sort out the history, present situation and development trend of the research object of this paper, and to evaluate these studies. Determine the logical starting point of your own research and discuss what you want to do on the basis of others' research.
In the dissertation I reviewed, the main problems in the research summary are too brief and lack of analysis and evaluation. Some just list other people's research works, without any analysis, and replace their own summaries with article lists. Some research reviews account for half of the whole paper, replacing their own views with reviews.
2. Research point of view
In the preface, in addition to writing a research summary, you should also state your own research views, what problems to discuss and what opinions to put forward in this paper. Define the key words related to the viewpoint of the paper, what scope I discuss this problem and how to use this viewpoint. In this way, you can make your point clear, get to the point, and others can understand. It also avoids the ambiguity of discussion scope and keywords.
The content of the preface should be clear, preferably with chapter titles.
3. Overall description of the research content
The analysis method of dissertations generally follows two procedures, one is logical analysis procedure: "analysis-synthesis", and the other is systematic synthesis procedure: "synthesis-analysis-synthesis". I think it is best to adopt a systematic and comprehensive procedure, which has the function of establishing a strategic plan and outlining an outline. The first "synthesis" of the comprehensive program is the preface, which regards the research object as a synthesis and gives a general description of its own views. "Analysis" is to discuss each part from different angles on the basis of synthesis, and the results of each analysis are fed back to the next level of synthesis. The following "synthesis" is in the conclusion part of the paper, summarizing the research of the whole paper and summarizing my own thesis views.
Therefore, the preface puts forward its own research point of view, which needs to further elaborate its research content as a whole, that is, to describe its discussion content systematically as a whole. This general description is equivalent to the abstract of the paper. It is convenient for readers to grasp the viewpoints and contents of their papers at a glance. This is also to prepare for the discussion in the first chapter. Perhaps some classmates will say that I have already talked about my research content in the abstract of the paper, and there is no need to talk about it in the preface. The two are different. The preface belongs to the main body of the paper and gives a comprehensive description of our research content. Readers don't have to read your abstract, but they must read your text. If you don't give a general description of your research content in the preface, you will miss an opportunity to let readers know the general appearance of your paper and increase the difficulty for readers to understand your paper. You make readers confused and can't find out what your point of view is for a long time. Readers may be unwilling or impatient if they don't understand.