Lying in a wine jar and walking in a wine boat. Singing the wind and the moon, the sky is covered on the ground.
Gong Li, the academician of Peijing, said on the tombstone:
Visit the river table, pass under its tomb, love its talents, strengthen its spirit, taste its alcohol addiction, know its suitability, and set up a monument in the tomb.
Fan Yisheng summed up Li Bai's good wine. Pei Jing went a step further, deeply appreciated Li Bai's love for alcohol and understood Li Bai's life choices. Wine is not only the key word to summarize and evaluate Li Bai's life, but also the key word to understand, appreciate and explore Li Bai's inner world. The related "wine taste" has become an interesting and important topic in Li Bai's poems and even Tang poems. To sum up, wine is interesting, wine is interesting and wine is really interesting. Please speak freely.
Wine is very interesting.
At all times and in all countries, there are many works that love wine and praise wine. The second song of Li Bai's "Drinking the Moon Alone" is a model:
If you don't love wine, the wine star can't go to heaven. If you don't like wine, you shouldn't have the name Jiuquan. Since heaven and earth love wine, I am worthy of heaven loving wine. First, I heard that wine is better than saints, and then I heard that turbidity is better than saints. Since sages are drinking, why ask for immortals? Three glasses of wine can lead to Confucianism, and it is natural for Taoism to drink it all in one game. I'm just drunk for fun, and this smell can't be passed down!
This work is Li Bai's Declaration on Alcoholism, which fully expresses his enthusiasm for drinking and is worthy of the world. It even puts forward an important concept of "taste in wine" in the form of poetry. There are probably two kinds of human beings, those who like drinking and those who don't. Therefore, we often see some people addicted to drinking alone or competing for money, while others are puzzled and ask, "What's good about wine?" The classic record of this problem in history is Jin Meng's Family Biography: "(Meng Jia) drinks a lot, and the more he drinks, the less chaotic he is. (Huan) Wen Wenjia:' What's good about wine? "Are you addicted to it?" Jia Yue said. "You haven't tasted the wine yet." "Although Meng Jia didn't say the benefits of drinking, he thought he got the" smell of wine ",which is as mysterious as truth, and he couldn't say it without personal experience. Li Bai quoted and gave full play to the allusion of "the taste in wine" and proudly said that this taste could not and should not be conveyed to the sober "sober". Coincidentally, Meng Haoran also mentioned "the taste of wine" in Xi Randi Bamboo Pavilion:
Escape is false, and the breeze is in the bamboo forest. Da is interested in wine and occasionally plays the piano.
One of Liu Yuxi's My Works also said that "in the end, he respected wine, preferring pleasure to sweetness". Here, "sweetness" can be understood as the material taste enjoyment of wine, while "xing" is the psychological or spiritual enjoyment that wine brings to drinkers beyond material enjoyment, that is, the taste of wine.
It can be seen that there is a kind of "fun" in wine. At least as far as Li Bai is concerned, the pleasure of drinking sometimes lies in its soothing and refreshing effect, but it is not limited to this. The pleasure of drinking lies in the joy of mind and the relaxation of temperament after the release of human nature. At this point, Li Bai inherited and surpassed the previous generation of drinkers. The drinkers who often appear in Li Bai's drinking poems are Cao Zhi, Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, Shan Jian and Tao Yuanming. Li Bai accepted their influence and had many similarities with them: compared with Cao Zijian, Li Bai was too arrogant and frustrated; Compared with Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, Li Bai has the same inner pain and depression. Compared with Shan Jian, Li Bai's alcoholic nature and drinking amount are the same. Compared with Tao Yuanming, Li Bai has a common inner loneliness and description. But Li Bai was different from them and surpassed them. In a healthy and prosperous age, Li Bai freely conveys and praises the full relaxation and enjoyment brought by wine to people's spiritual and psychological world, and enjoys the happiness, ecstasy and freedom of drinking!
Therefore, many of Li Bai's poems and songs express his pure infatuation and full praise for wine in his nature, such as "I love your name after death, and I love the wine in front of you" (singing with a smile), "I would like to sweep Nautilus Island and get drunk with you a hundred times" ("From the sick wine in Hanyang to Wang Mingfu"), "stroke a stone in front of the green hill and get drunk with you for a few days" and "in the morning".
Li Bai was not the only poet in the Tang Dynasty who was fascinated by wine. Wang Ji said, "But if you are drunk for a thousand days, why not spend two or three springs?" Wang Bo said, "I'm still drunk for a thousand days, and I'm going to be a hundred years old." Ding Xianzhi (Spring Garden) said, "Ten thousand yuan will arrive at Yuhang wine, and in February, it will be the Wanshou Cup in Spring City." Cui Min Tong said: "I can get drunk a few times before the flower, and I won't give up selling 1000 yuan of wine." Zhang Ji said: "You don't need to accumulate money to make the sky clear, and you don't need to take medicine to ask God. May flowers grow well in the garden and grow old after drinking for a lifetime. " (A Trip to Spring) Han Wo said, "Why don't you get drunk after drinking? You know nothing about it. " Nie Zhongyi said: "One glass of wine can solve a hundred kinds of worries, and another glass of wine can break a hundred kinds of worries. ..... I wish the water from the East China Sea would flow into the cup. " (Drinking Music) These poets share Li Bai's concern about drinking and achieve the same goal through different routes.
Among this kind of poems in the Tang Dynasty, Yuan Jie's "Drinking Songs in Shiyu Lake" is the most distinctive. In the preface, he described the drunken scene on Shiyu Lake, which looks like Junshan in Dongting Lake. In the poem, he imagined it and perfunctory it:
Shiyu Lake, like Dongting Lake, is green at times and the summer tide rises. The mountain is the table, the lake is the source of wine, and the drinker sits on the island. Although the strong winds for several days have roughened the water surface, the wine boats keep arriving. I have a gourd with a long neck. I am happy on Ba Island, and I will drink and sit for four times to relieve your troubles.
Li Bai once compared a piece of Jianghan water to wine, and Jie Yuan compared the scenic spot of Shiyu Lake to Dongting Junshan, and then compared the mountain to a wine bottle and water to a wine marsh. The drinkers were sitting on the island drinking with spoons, which was very pleasant!
In Tang poetry, we can often see this kind of praise and praise for drinking, which is the external expression of the author's satisfaction with interest. Then, can this "interest in wine" that "don't pass it on to the awakened one" be interpreted and conveyed in words?
Let's try. Judging from the content of Tang poetry, its interest is generally at two ends: interest and true interest.
Wine is very interesting.
Pleasure in wine refers to the happiness of the soul, but we start with distress. Regarding the life predicament of the ancient people in China, Chen Ruoming once made a subtle and classic comment on Nineteen Ancient Poems in Selected Ancient Poems of Caicaitang:
Nineteen Poems is a literary writer of past dynasties, and it can be said that people feel the same way. How many people have succeeded? Although rich and powerful, it is still insufficient. Poor? Who doesn't feel bad when your ambition is not realized and your life is like a trickle? Everyone loves each other and wants to be together for life, but who doesn't leave? In my mind, it is common to guess his ideas and abandon them. The husband who has been with him all his life knows neither sadness nor joy; At first glance, it's hard to leave. Chasing the minister and abandoning his wife and friends are all for one purpose.
In order to transcend this kind of distress, people in the Tang Dynasty often send their feelings to calligraphy, immortals and landscapes, forget the disappointment of cups and seek pleasure in singing and dancing, which is also the choice of Li Bai and many people in the Tang Dynasty. The enjoyment of drinking is a comprehensive experience, although Li Bai occasionally "indifferent to wine, falling out of the flower." When you are drunk, the birds are still thin ("Self-Dispatching"), but more drinking scenes are "listening to songs and dances and putting wine lightly". "The flute plays the autumn moon, and the pipa plays the carnival of" Mo Sang "("Farewell to Zhang Wu at Night "). The beautiful scenery brings pleasant mood, the tracts bring refreshing feelings, the beautiful women sing and dance bring pleasant hearts, and the enjoyment of each kind of material brings corresponding spiritual happiness. Wine is the most critical factor. Only when it is intertwined with beautiful scenery, delicious food, beautiful scenery and music can wine more fully impress the drinkers. The spiritual pleasure brought by this comprehensive experience can be called the pleasure of wine. The poet expresses this happiness like this:
Jia Zhi's "Two Poems on Wine" said:
Mei Liu sent Yi Yi, and the oriole flew around. Song cherishes scenery and wine fragrance. Qushui floated in the air, and the wind blew away the dance clothes. I stayed in the rain all night and went to Mo Yan's house.
When spring comes, it has a strong smell of wine, which is good for spring. A thousand sorrows in one drink, three empty cups. Singing and dancing in the east wind while enjoying the beautiful scenery. Send a message to respect the former guests, and your career will change.
Quan Deyu's Song Xing said:
The ring sounds dark and the mountain moves, and the horse draws a white jade saddle. 10 thousand fighting wine is not expensive, invite half-drunk guests to enjoy themselves Silver candles are always bright, and maids pour spring wine. Spring wine is full of amber light and smells like orchid musk deer. At first glance, my wrist reflected my sleeve, and I could hear the song clearly. If you don't see two beautiful women, you will win Zhao Yanfei one after another. Welcome cup, lift pomegranate skirt first, and hand in acacia fan when mixing powder evenly.
Bai Juyi's "Drunk Songs" (expressing the exquisiteness of the poet) wrote:
Say goodbye to the Hu Qin, cover the harp and begin to worship the song. Who let you know the song, listen to the yellow chicken and the sky The yellow chicken is ugly when it urges the dawn, and it urges the year before by day. The red ribbon around her waist is unstable, so Zhu Yan can't see in the mirror. Linglong, Linglong, Naiqin, let you sing your song.
Jia Zhi wrote a poem about staying in a rainy day, singing and dancing in spring wine; Quan Deyu's poems are half drunk, and he still sings and dances; Bai Juyi was drunk and complacent, but he wanted to ask Linglong to sing again. What these three poems have in common is that they are all written by combining drunkenness with singing and dancing. Wine is more mellow because of singing and dancing, and singing and dancing are more touching in the eyes of drunkards. When the banquet rose from singing and dancing to singing and dancing, the poet's drunken poems reached their peak.
This pleasure of drinking is vividly expressed in Li Bai's poems. Li Bai's binge drinking is always inseparable from music and dance, such as "rushing into the green door and winning a cup of music." The cup reflects a fan, which seems to see the moon cloud ("Meeting Travel"), "Knocking on the floor and drinking, sword singing and easy water" ("Youth Travel" I), "Liyang Restaurant in March, Huayang worried about killing people. Hu's green eyes blow the jade emperor, and Wu Songfei is a beautiful day. The husband and wife are happy to meet each other, and the oxen beat drums to welcome all the guests "("Tiger Walking ")," Mulan's burden is a boat in a sand pool, and Yu Di's golden tube sits at both ends. There are thousands of people in the wine bottle, and prostitutes go with the flow ("Song on the River"). Green moths are sandwiched between Xian and Hao, and candles seem to walk in pairs. Drunk dancing, songs fly around the beam "("after the chaos, the sky is generous, Yelang recalls the past, and the book is given to Jiang Taishou and Xia Wei ")," I will send you to drink osmanthus wine and worship the dance. The color of the sun promotes people's return, and even the songs are fragrant ("Lu Junyao sent Wu Wuzhi to Langya"). "Fighting wine is full of four banquets, and the songs are screaming in the west. You take Dongshan prostitutes, I recite "Poetry of the North Gate" ("Xuancheng sends Liu envoys to Qin"), and I play drums and sing and play silk. Pink is bright and colorful, and the dance sleeves are brushed. Bring wine beauty, please sing Handan dialect. Why Zheng Qing lingers, Lv Yun hangs down ("Handan Nanting Seeing Prostitutes"), "Shi Hao is useless, playing the strings drunk. ..... buy wine and never return, and the songs and bells urge each other ("Buy wine at the Phoenix Tower in Jinling"), "Poetry, wine is a sword song. Go to a brothel to dance prostitutes, and spoil Bai Yutong "("Water Army Banquet Wei Sima Lou to See Prostitutes on the Ship ")," The conference semifinals are called Jade Emperor, and Yue Nv plays Frost Silk. ..... Yang Mei waved four, loud and clear? Song Qi sent Qing Yang, dancing irregularly "("Nine-Day Climbing ") and so on. The intertwined binge drinking and singing, dancing and flying songs complement each other, and the drinker is fully enjoyed physically and mentally. When the wine was hot, Li Bai released Gu Ying's exclusive pleasure when he was drinking alone into singing and dancing with others: "It's the night shift. Give Joan a drink. The wine is full of desire to dance, and the four songs are urging each other "("Crossing the King's Industry "II)," When the wind falls, it all enters the glass. Shan Weng is drunk now, and his dance sleeves are open for you "("Talking about Drunk ")," Let me sing you a song! , please listen to me "("into the wine ").
In these works, Li Bai fell into a complicated carnival state and was intoxicated. Alcohol is, of course, the most fundamental material catalyst, but the cheerful music played by flutes, flutes, flutes and drums, the beautiful songs played by prostitutes, the beautifully decorated sleeves of songs, and the gestures of the subject and the guest, regardless of swords and shadows, are intertwined, and the golden urn, wine and wine complement each other, which is emotional. Why can't you sing and dance without your hands?
It means the happiness of the soul, but the interest in wine has not stopped.
Wine is really interesting.
The real interest in wine means the relaxation of temperament. And the realization of this real interest comes from high interest. Let's keep talking about fun.
In the peak of the above-mentioned spiritual happiness, Li Bai not only got the pleasure of drinking, but also showed his true colors greatly. He is eager to fly and stands out from the crowd: "White horse at dusk, stands out from the crowd. Many lovers admire you, and you can enjoy your time "(the eighth in" Ancient Style ")." Three cups of spit are endless, and five mountains are light. After dizziness and ear fever, the spirit is full of neon (Chivalry), "You can compete for elegance after drinking, and you will get three cups of precious knives" (White Horse), "A glass of wine with a long sword will make people feel better" (For Cui). When he projected his subjective interest into nature, everything was driven away by him: "I smashed the Yellow Crane Tower for you, and you smashed Nautilus Island for me." ("Jiangxia gives Wei Nanling ice") "It's just that Junshan Mountain is good and Hunan Water is paved." Third, when he projected his subjective interest into the social reality, he was honest with his friends and confessed to his ministers: "The two love each other, one cup after another. I am so drunk that I want to sleep, and I plan to hold the Ming Dynasty piano. " ("Drinking with friends in the mountains") "I was drunk in Chang 'an, and five kings and seven people shared a glass of wine. Will the romantic spirit fall behind others in the face of heroic spirit? " ("Liu Yelang presented Judge Xin")
"Gold and white jade buy songs and laugh, and get drunk and despise me. ..... Sleeve long tube lamp, Han Dong satrap drunken dance. Put a robe on me and I'll get drunk and sleep in my lap. " ("Remembering the past and sending the county magistrate Yuan Shenjun")
At the peak of this carnival, Li Bai, a "subjective" poet, broke all barriers and fetters, and like Dionysus's possession, let his true nature pour down like an avalanche of generate and a torrent. Hao Wei's "Preface to the Collection of Li Hanlin" records that Li Bai "visited Jingzhou, Korea and Jingzhou for a long time to drink, but worshipped in vain, and Korea let it go, saying: wine is a gift. Jingzhou Da Yue ". In fact, Li Bai is well aware of the meaning of "wine as a gift" in Zuo Zhuan's Twenty-two Years of Zhuang Gong, but this does not prevent Li from thinking about music and seeking truth after drinking. When Li Bai reached madness, he broke through the bondage of "ceremony" and faced everything around him with an equal and free mind. Whether it is the green mountains and green waters, the Nautilus Island in the Yellow Crane Tower, the secluded people in the mountains or the prince, it is possible for Li Bai to become a frank poet and companion in his infatuation, and it is also possible for Li Bai to drive him away freely. The description in Du Fu's Song of Drinking Eight Immortals: "Li Bai has a bucket of hundreds of poems and sleeps in Chang 'an Restaurant. The son of heaven called instead of boarding the boat, claiming that he was Brewmaster. "I'm afraid this state is the most vivid footnote. It can be said that Li Bai's drinking reached the highest level at this time.
Not only Li Bai, but also other poets in the Tang Dynasty expressed their true freedom of life when they were drunk. Wang Ji is very secretive and addicted to alcohol. He thinks that wine can transcend the bondage of rites and music: "Rites and music have imprisoned Ji Dan, while poetry has bound Kong Qiu. It is better to have a high pillow and get drunk when you are drunk. " (Gift from Chu Shi) Quan Deyu lamented that there are barriers everywhere in the world, and only what is in the cup can set people free: "This world is just a cage that closes everything. Only what is in the cup wakes you up drunk and poor. " ("Hangzhou Pan-Fuchun River Releases Thirty-one Gong Zuo in Advance") When these shackles and barriers are lifted, the courage, boldness and lofty sentiments of human nature are naturally generate. Young Han Yu got drunk under the peony flowers in Wang Sima's house and said brazenly, "No one knows that a statue of spring wine smells so good. Who is drunk before the flower, Chu Kuang' s teenager Han retired. " (Song of Wang Sima Hong Peony) Du Fuhe, though both disciples of bad karma, drank heartily when he got rich, and got carried away with you and me: "When he got rich, he looked for each other, and there is no doubt about selling wine. Get carried away and drink like a real teacher. " (Du Fu's Drunk Songs (written by Dr. Zheng Qian of Wenguang Museum)) When drinking, Lu Lun and Zhang Qian called themselves Lu Zuo, and they called each other a song, which was quite meaningful: "Zhang Weng and Lu Zuo drank. Pour a song, please, Zhang Weng suddenly. ..... LuChaucer's drunken words are strong, and each drink is called. Looking back at Zhang Lao, I dare to play for Confucianism. " (Lu Lun's Communication with Zhang Zhuo) refers to the relaxation of temperament.
How to make fun real?
Wine is fun, and wine is really interesting, which is not only reflected in Li Bai, but also in the works of the Tang Dynasty mentioned above. If Yuan Zhen's drunkenness is put in the first place, one person is drunk, hungover, afraid of being drunk, admiring being drunk, remembering being drunk, being sick, being drunk, persuading being drunk, being drunk together and being drunk,
So, is there a critical point between the fun and the real fun of wine, the happiness of soul and the relaxation of temperament? Another Tang Dynasty poet who was drunk provided a good answer to Long song in Brewmaster.
Du Fu's Song of the Eight Immortals in Drinking said:
Zhang Zhi rode a horse like a boat, dazzled, and fell asleep at the bottom of the well. Ruyang rises from the sky three times, and the road drools at the door of the car, wishing it could not be sealed to Jiuquan. Drinking like a whale costs thousands of dollars, and a cup of music is called a saint. Zong Zhi, a handsome boy, looked up at the sky with white eyes, as bright as Yushu before the wind. Before Su Jin Dynasty embroidered Buddha in Changzhai, he often liked to escape Zen when he was drunk. Li Bai wrote a hundred poems in a bucket and went to sleep in a restaurant in Chang 'an. The son of heaven didn't get on the boat, calling himself Brewmaster. Zhang Xu handed down three cups of grass, and before he took off his hat and showed his head to the maharaja, he threw the paper like a cloud. Jiao sui's five fights are outstanding, and it is about four banquets.
Du Fu's Drunken Eight Immortals has its own characteristics, but after careful reading, it can be divided into two parts, focusing on Su Jin. The first part is about Brewmaster's infatuation with wine and the spiritual happiness brought by drinking, that is, fun; The second part preaches the true humanity and uninhibited talent of Brewmaster's drunken freedom, that is, true taste. Siming is a fanatic. He took a boat after drinking, so that he was dazzled and fell into a well. He is still immersed in the drunkenness of Taoran wine and doesn't want to wake up. Li Xian, the royal family of Ruyang, is extremely rich, but he doesn't choose wine, so that he drools when sitting in front of the car, wishing to seal Jiuquan to quench his thirst. Li, the prime minister of Zuo, is a heavy drinker and good at drinking. He is a heavy drinker, even if he spends thousands of dollars every day. Cui Zongzhi, a young man, with the romantic attitude of a famous person in Wei and Jin Dynasties, looked at the sky with white eyes and was as bright as a well-proportioned tree. These four people have different status, different ages and different wines, but their desire, infatuation and imagination for wine are the same, and they are all in a frenzy! Su Jin Chang Zhai is still drunk, similar to the first four; However, his escape from Zen in drunkenness is an expression of his true humanity, which is hard to conceal and suppress. This performance has been amplified in Li Bai, Zhang Xu and Jiao Sui. It goes without saying that Li Bai began to drink silently. After five fights, he stood up brilliantly, talked about male discrimination, and made four banquets. Zhang Xu, the sage of grass, drank three cups, took off his hat and appeared in front of his ministers. Driven by drunkenness, he waved a piece of paper like a cloud. Behind Li Bai, Zhang Xu, Jiao Sui and even Su Jin's acts of independence, freedom and even shocking the world is the unrestrained mind of the unity of man and nature, and the expression of this behavior and the release of this nature are all realized in drunkenness.
And this "drunkenness" is precisely the critical point of "being happy", which is difficult to quantify and varies from person to person; But it can also be quantified, such as Li Bai. We found that when Li Bai made such remarks, the fun basically rose to real interest:
Cook a sheep, kill a cow, sharpen your appetite, and let me, 300 bowls, take a big drink! . ("will enter the wine")
36,000 days in a hundred years, 300 cups a day. ("Xiangyang Song")
Drink 300 cups in the middle of the night and pay 2000 stones in the Ming Dynasty. (Brother of Xinping's Long History, Song Dynasty)
Worry comes to drink 2000 stones, cold ash warms up spring. ("Jiangxia gives Wei Nanling ice")
Longquan untied the brocade belt and devoted thousands of thoughts to you. ("Night Farewell to Zhang Wu")
The pleasure of wine is not enough to relieve lovesickness. ("Xuancheng sent Liu's deputy envoy to Qin")
Infinite worries are inextricably linked. I have 300 glasses of wine. (drinking the bright moon four alone)
Talk about four seats and pour 1000 yuan a day. ("To Liu")
Wash away the eternal sorrow and leave a hundred pots of wine. ("Friends will stay")
When Li Bai reached the realm of true interest, the artistic creation of "Hundred Poems" appeared. When Zhang Xu reached the realm of true interest, Cao Sheng's handwriting appeared. It turned out that it was really interesting after this. The vitality and vigor of such vigorous artistic creation were hidden, and the relaxation of temperament reached the peak of art.
In the traditional concept of ancient China, although wine can add to the fun, it emphasizes the moderation of "wine as a gift", emphasizes the moderation of the middle festival and opposes the unrestrained carnival; Similarly, poetry creation should also emphasize the tradition of gentleness and elegance. This aesthetic concept does not oppose happiness and sadness, but it should be happy without lewdness and sad without injury. Poetry must be expressed impartially and carefully along the path of neutrality and elegance in order to be finally accepted and even praised by this cultural tradition. And Li Bai's binge drinking is just a breakthrough in the existing rules and a counterattack against the wine ceremony. It is also the carnival of Brewmaster (like the Greek Dionysus) that has contributed to the sublimation of fun to true interest and reached a mental state of "it makes sense inside, I forgot what I was going to say"; Tao Ran's selfless state of mind is just a wonderful opportunity for thinking directly to the soul and a rare opportunity for poetry creation to "forget the words with pride". Sometimes, poetry needs to write endless deep inner space, explore the delicate and sensitive multi-dimensional emotional world, show the creative individual's extremely profound life experience, and describe the poet's self-image and subjective world, which requires unloading the shackles, abandoning camouflage and exploring the true nature of art in the carnival of life. Real interest brings unprecedented creative inspiration, and at the same time, it is possible to turn the words "smug and forgetting words" and "trying to distinguish and forget words" into concrete words. The article is natural and wonderful. When the power of wine is dispersed and the real interest disappears, this state no longer exists, and it is difficult for the author to reach such a state of work again. Some senior scholars think that Li Bai's poems cannot be imitated and repeated, which probably includes this situation.
When is a bottle of wine, heavy and thin paper? Du Fu knows wine, while Li Bai knows poetry. His "Eight Immortals in Drinking" captures the souls of Tang Dynasty and Brewmaster, and shows the free and true modality of so many distinctive Brewmaster in a great and prosperous era. At the same time, he also grasped the soul of wine and the soul of poetry, which not only wrote the taste and true interest of wine, but also revealed the essence of the internal communication between the true interest of wine and the true meaning of poetry.
(Author: School of Humanities and Communication, Hainan University)