The design of building structure is related to the beauty and practicality of building engineering, ensuring safety and reliability, controlling cost and facilitating construction. Therefore, it is necessary to control the quality of structural design.
Keywords: architectural structure design; Design content; Attention problem
The basic concept of 1
Architectural structural design is to use structural language to express what engineers want to express. Structural language is the structural elements extracted by architects about their own views, including foundations, walls, columns, beams, slabs, stairs, details and so on. Then these structural members are used to form the structural system of buildings or structures, including vertical and horizontal load-bearing and resistance systems, and then the loads generated by various situations are transferred to the foundation.
2 types of architectural structure design
According to the use of buildings, they are divided into industrial buildings and civil buildings. According to the number of floors of buildings, they can be divided into single-storey, multi-storey, high-rise and super-high-rise buildings. Buildings can be divided into wood structure, masonry structure, concrete structure, steel structure and mixed structure according to the structural materials used. Buildings can be divided into bent structure, frame structure, shear wall structure, tube structure and road structure according to their structural forms.
3 principles of building structure design
Perfect architectural structure design is to be applicable, safe, economical, beautiful and convenient for construction, which is the ultimate goal of structural designers. Structural design should follow the following principles:
(1) Generally speaking, after architectural design, the structural design is "constrained" by architectural design, but it is "reacted" by architectural design.
(2) Structural design can not destroy architectural design, but should meet and realize various architectural requirements.
(3) Architectural design should not exceed the ability of structural design, and should not exceed the principle of safe, economical and reasonable structural design.
4 building structure design content
(1) Determine the structural scheme. Determining the structural scheme is to determine the structural form required by the building through the geological conditions and seismic capacity of the building location and the height of the required building.
(2) Building structure calculation. The calculation of building structure includes many aspects, such as wind load, earthquake load and the load of the structure itself. Through the calculated internal force value of the component and some requirements and restrictions on the component, it is calculated whether the component meets the document specifications and requirements.
(3) Design and determination of construction design drawings. Design and determine the construction drawing according to the above calculated values.
Five problems that should be paid attention to in architectural structure design
(1) Some designs have large ground floor design space, but there is no seismic wall. This kind of structure is not perfect, there are great security risks, and there is no clear force transmission. In the process of design, some designers cut corners and the design is very rough and simple. There are loopholes in detail drawings and system drawings that should be used in construction drawings, which cannot reflect the overall appearance of the project. Fire prevention, fire resistance grade, safety grade, engineering category and design basis are not clearly stated and marked in the design.
(2) The continuous beam is designed as a single beam. In the design of balcony side beam, if the side beam with small load is long, the problem will become very serious. Because the side beam with small load is generally directly exposed to the outside, it will be greatly affected by the environmental temperature.
(3) There is something wrong with the foundation and foundation design. Because the construction drawing was designed without fully analyzing the geological exploration report, the designer simply thinks that the smaller the value, the safer it is, which leads to problems in the design value. Some designers don't know enough about soft foundation and blindly adopt the method of strengthening bearing capacity without strict cushion calculation, which is very unsafe and uneconomical. In the design process of multi-storey civil buildings, the calculation of load value is not calculated according to the reduction coefficient of the code, and the calculated structural accuracy is very low. This kind of problem often appears in basic design. For example, improper selection of pile foundation in high-rise buildings will affect its completion quality and even destroy its environment.
(4) There is something wrong with the design of constructional column and bearing column. In order to make the stress analysis simple, some designers deliberately designed the section height to be too small, but this laid a hidden danger for the safety of the house. This design error is common in the six-degree seismic fortification area. This design leads to the column top not having qualified bending strength, and the column will produce cracks, which will reduce the durability of the house, affect the residents' occupancy mood and cause fear of the house. This kind of house will easily collapse in the event of an earthquake.
(5) Problems in the design of the floor. As an important load-bearing component in building engineering, the floor plays an important role. The load of the roof is transferred to the beam or wall through the floor, so the design of the floor is related to the safety of the wall and beam. In order to facilitate graphic calculation, the calculation methods of two-way slab and one-way slab are confused, which easily leads to cracks in the floor.
6 designer's problem
6. 1 The drawing design is unreasonable.
The drawings of design institutes in many units do not conform to the provisions of national norms and regulations, and the design is rough and simple, leaving out many important details and profiles. The structural design drawing does not explain the hydrogeological conditions of the project, nor does it explain the foundation soil of the bearing layer, nor does the design description clearly explain some data such as design parameters and safety grade that can reflect the details of the project.
6.2 Design and construction are out of line
Designers' design work is not based on reality, so it is difficult to put it into practice without actual design. They often just bury themselves in the pile of office drawings all day for personal interests, and have no idea about the construction site. I have no confidence in whether my design scheme can be successfully applied to the construction, and some will bring great practical difficulties to the construction, such as increasing the construction cost and so on.
6.3 The ability of designers is limited
Most problems in design are caused by designers' lack of responsibility and attention to design. For residential design can not be realistic, we should design according to our own design concept, blindly copy the existing design results, and complete the design description through simple application. There are also some designers who don't fully understand the design methods and specifications, or some people start the wrong calculation mode without a clear mechanical concept at all, and can't judge the calculation results according to experience.
7 conclusion
Architectural structural design is the basic link of architectural engineering. In the design of building structure, we should not only pay attention to the aesthetics of the building, but also carry out standardized and scientific architectural design based on the quality of the building, so as to enhance the safety of the building and strive to achieve the unity of safety, applicability, economy and aesthetics of the architectural structure design.
refer to
Xu Tao. Structural design analysis of high-rise buildings [J]. Technology and application of building materials, 20 1 1(3).
[2] Li Yuanhang. On architectural structure design [J]. Examination Weekly, 20 10( 10).
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