Wen Tianxiang, (1236— 1283) Song Rui, born in Luling (now Ji 'an) in Southern Song Dynasty, was born in Wenshan.
At the end of the Southern Song Dynasty, the court was partial to the south of the Yangtze River and the country was weak. 127 1 year, the Mongols in the north ended the fratricidal struggle for the throne, established the Yuan Dynasty, and then targeted the aggression at the Southern Song Dynasty. 1273, the prime minister led 200,000 troops to capture Xiang and Fan alive, taking this as a breakthrough and going down the river. Less than two years later, he came to the suburb of Lin 'an, the capital of the Southern Song Dynasty. Where Mongolian soldiers passed by, corpses were everywhere, rivers of blood were flowing, farmland was barren, and all walks of life were dying. This is an unprecedented brutal war of aggression, and the Southern Song Dynasty is facing a serious threat of national subjugation and extinction. Wen Tianxiang is a great national hero who fought against aggression under such circumstances.
The court of the Southern Song Dynasty was controlled by capitulationists for a long time. Also in 1259, Prime Minister Jia Sidao secretly knelt down to make peace on the condition that he would give in and cut 200,000 pieces of silver wire in Jiangbei area and 200,000 pieces of silver wire in 2000. However, Bo Yan intended to destroy the Song Dynasty and did not stop invading the south. 1275, Jia Shidao's 130,000 troops were completely annihilated, and the court had no more soldiers. At this time, Song Gongdi was only four years old when he was in office. In court, Empress Xie had to send a "letter of mourning", calling on all quarters in the world to send troops "diligently" quickly. Wen Tianxiang was the magistrate of Ganzhou at that time. He "cried with the letter" and took immediate action. Within two or three months, he organized the first "diligent king" team of nearly ten thousand people. After many twists and turns, he arrived in Lin 'an. Among thousands of local officials, he and Zhang Shijie are the only ones who lead troops and are diligent. This shows how decadent this regime is. 1276 On the 18th day of the first month, when he arrived at Gaoting Mountain, Yan had already surrendered and defected. Other ministers may have surrendered. Although he is willing to surrender, he wants his right-hand man Chen to negotiate. How did Chen Can have the courage? I ran away that night. Thank the queen mother wake only sent a Wen Tianxiang. He faced the danger resolutely, but did not surrender. He believes that "fighting, defending, and moving are not as good as giving" and "at this point in state affairs, you can't help loving your body." He even took this opportunity to observe the actual situation of the enemy camp in order to "save the country." But he didn't expect that while he accused Bo Yan of being detained and unable to return to Song Ying, his militia was also ordered to disband by the capitulators. The ferocity of the enemy never trapped Wen Tianxiang, but the fatuous court and shameless capitulators made him suffer the first serious setback.
1February 9, 276, Wen Tianxiang was escorted to Dadu (now Beijing) and Jingkou (now Zhenjiang). With the help of the righteous, he escaped from the gate of hell. According to his book "Postscript to the Southern Guide", he survived at least 16 times, and after suffering, he fled to Wenzhou on April 8. At this time, he heard that Du Zong's two sons (. Soon, he was called to Fuzhou, where he served as the right prime minister and the Privy Council, and was later appointed as the same governor. In July, Wen Tianxiang raised a handsome flag in Nanjian Prefecture (now Nanping, Fujian Province), calling on heroes from all directions to take their positions and recover lost ground. 1March 277, Wen Tianxiang marched into Jiangxi, recovered dozens of counties in the south, and besieged Ganzhou at the same time. Hunan, Hubei and other places rose up in succession, shaking the south of the Yangtze River, inspiring the people's anti-aggression will and greatly alerting the Yuan rulers. Busy Yuan transferred 400,000 soldiers to solve the siege of Ganzhou, and sent 50,000 troops to pursue Wen Tianxiang. There are only more than 5000 people in the Ministry of Education. In August this year, the empty pit was defeated and several people were sacrificed. Wen's wife and children were captured. Zhao Shichai pretended to be Wen Tianxiang in an emergency, which attracted the Yuan Army, and Cai Wen had to flee. Zhao was killed immediately. This is Wen Tianxiang's second major setback in more than a year.
But Wen Tianxiang didn't lose heart. He made up his mind to fight Yuan to the end. 1278165438+1October, he packed up the remnants, expanded his army and moved to Chaoyang, Guangdong. Unfortunately,/kloc-0 was defeated by Wupoling on February 20th, and Wen Tianxiang could not escape from the encirclement. In order to die, he swallowed the accompanying borneol immediately, but he didn't die, but was captured in a coma. This is his last serious setback. From then on, Wen Tianxiang could no longer lead the insurgents to fight the Yuan Army on the battlefield.
After Wen Tianxiang was captured, he made up his mind that he just wanted to die a fair death, and he didn't want to live. Power cannot be bent, and wealth cannot be lustful. When Bo Yan detained him in Beiying, he clearly told his opponent: "The champion of the Song Dynasty ... owes his life to serve the country, but Song survives, and Song dies, with the knife and saw in the front and the tripod in the back. What are you afraid of? " "1279 October, Yuan Pingzhang's Ama came to Wen Tianxiang prison to surrender, Wen Tianxiang longbow sat down and ignored him, but Ama asked him to kneel down. Wen Tianxiang said, "Why did the Prime Minister of the Southern Dynasty kneel when he saw the Prime Minister of the Northern Dynasty? Ahmed pretended to be the winner and said proudly, "Why are you here?" "Wen Tianxiang sarcastically said, if in me, you can't go to the south, I won't come to you. What are you proud of? Ahma said to the left and right in a threatening tone: "This man's life or death is still up to me. Wen Tianxiang justice awe-inspiring: "If you want to kill people who have perished. This is not for you to decide. Amar cut his throat and left in frustration. At the end of the same year, Yuan Prime Minister Kyle Polo interrogated Wen Tianxiang. When Kyle Polo came, he was on his high horse. When he wanted to kneel down, Wen refused, so he forced Wen Tianxiang to kneel down. Wen awed: "Everything in the world has its ups and downs. Since ancient times, emperors and princes have perished and slaughtered. Why not? Tian Xiang today ... As for this, it has been implemented long ago. "On the eve of the execution, Emperor Kublai Khan surrendered himself, taking the position of Prime Minister as bait, in an attempt to make Wen Tianxiang surrender, but it was severely rejected by Wen Tianxiang. Kublai Khan had to ask him, what do you want? Wen Tianxiang replied, "I'd rather die! "Wen Tianxiang's great spirit of dying for his country made the enemy helpless. This is actually tantamount to declaring the victory of the anti-aggression war, the victory of justice, and the victory of "righteousness" that I praised. This is tantamount to declaring the failure of the aggressors and all capitulationists and traitors.
At the critical juncture of national peril, Wen Tianxiang always takes the national interest as the highest interest, and never shows mercy to capitulators and traitors. 1259, when the Yuan army crossed the river and surrounded Ezhou, Dong Ji, the emperor's favorite, moved the capital to Song Emperor, and Wen Tianxiang bravely went to the desert and begged Dong.
Tong Dizhou, an academician, biologist and educator of China Academy of Sciences, is one of the founders of experimental embryology research in China. He used to be the vice president of Shandong University, the first director of Institute of Oceanography of China Academy of Sciences, the vice president of China Ocean and Lake Society, the head of biology department of China Academy of Sciences, the vice president of China Academy of Sciences, the vice president of Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, and the head and professor of zoology department of Shandong University.
Tong Dizhou is a famous biologist in China and an internationally renowned scientist. He has been engaged in experimental embryology for nearly half a century and is the main founder of experimental embryology in China.
Tong Dizhou was born in a remote mountain village in Yinxian County, Zhejiang Province. Because of his poor family, he studied cultural knowledge with his father since childhood and didn't enter school until 17 years old.
When he was in middle school, he studied very hard because of his poor foundation, and his average score at the end of the first semester was only 45 points. The school ordered him to drop out of school or repeat the grade. After his repeated requests, the school agreed to let him try out with his class for one semester.
Since then, he has been with the "street lamp": at dawn, he reads a foreign language under the street lamp; After turning off the lights at night, he learns to review himself under the street lamp. Many things happen. At the end of the term, his average score reached more than 70, and he also got 100 in geometry. This incident made him realize a truth: I can do what others can do through hard work. There is no genius in the world, genius is bought with labor. After that, it became his motto.
After graduating from college, he went to Belgium to study abroad. During his study in Tong Dizhou, he studied hard and was eager to learn, and was well received by his teachers. After receiving his doctorate, he returned to the disaster-stricken motherland and conducted scientific research under extremely difficult conditions.
Without electric lights, they cut and separate eggs with natural light under a microscope in a dark yard; There is no glassware for cultivating embryos, so we use coarse porcelain pottery wine glasses instead, and the micro-dissector used is just a very thin glass filament pulled by ourselves; The materials used in the experiment are all frog eggs collected from the field. In this simple "laboratory", Tong Dizhou and his colleagues have completed many papers on the developmental ability of golden croaker eggs and the analysis of the ciliary movement mechanism of frog embryos.
After liberation, Tong Dizhou, as the vice president of Shandong University, studied the development law of Wenchang fish eggs, which played an important role in biological evolution, and made great achievements.
In his later years, he cooperated with Professor Niu Manjiang of Templeton University in the United States to study the relationship between nucleus and cytoplasm. They extracted a nucleic acid from the cytoplasm of crucian carp eggs and injected it into the fertilized eggs of goldfish. As a result, a descendant with the characteristics of both goldfish and crucian carp appeared, and the tail fin of this goldfish changed from double tail to single tail. This creative achievement ranks among the advanced countries in the world.