Compare different situations at different times. For example, when discussing the correctness of a party's economic policy, some articles often talk about the production situation of a region and a unit, as well as the changes in people's lives in the past and now, using this comparison method.

6. Causality and mutual evidence

This is an argument method to prove an argument by analyzing things and revealing the causal relationship between arguments. It can be proved that it is the "result" of an argument through reasons. Prove the inevitability of the result with the inevitability of the cause. For example, a passage in Liu Shaoqi's "The Class Nature of Man":

Man's class nature is determined by his class status. That is to say, people in a certain group have stood in a certain class position for a long time, that is, they have stood in a certain social production position for a long time and produced, lived and struggled in a certain way, which has produced their special lifestyle, special interests, special requirements, special psychology, thoughts, habits, opinions and styles, and their influence on people and various things in other groups.

This passage first talks about the result, that is, the argument, and then the reason, that is, the argument.

7.metaphor

The method of using metaphor to explain the truth can be called "metaphor proof method" This is a method of analogical reasoning. "Metaphor is clever and reasonable", and proper metaphor often helps to explain the truth. Therefore, this method is also widely used in argumentation. There are many such examples. For example, in his article "An Extremely Important Policy", Mao Zedong didn't know enough about the significance of some comrades to implement "better troops and simpler administration". The Monkey King made an analogy between Princess Iron Fan and "Qianlv", which was easy to understand. For example, the article "Chickens Laying Eggs, Singing and Others" cited as an introduction uses the image of chickens to help explain the problem and give people a vivid impression. Metaphor is a good way to help reasoning, but because any metaphor is flawed, especially the same argument lacks essential internal relations (some metaphors are completely fictional things in literary works), it cannot be used as the main argument method. A thorough and powerful argument mainly depends on the study of actual materials. An extremely important policy, convincing, convincing, mainly depends not on a few metaphors, but on scientific analysis of the situation at that time.

8. reduce to absurdity

Returning to absurdity will lead to fallacy. This method assumes that the other party's argument is right, and then on this premise, it deduces an obviously absurd conclusion, thus proving that the other party's argument is wrong. This method is only used to refute the wrong view.

The above lists several main and commonly used argumentative methods, among which, except reduction to absurdity, the rest are all applicable to argumentative papers and argumentative papers.

As a reflection of human thinking activities, the method of argumentation is not difficult to master. Sometimes, we find it difficult, not only because books are too fragmentary and abstract when introducing relevant knowledge, but also because learning is out of touch with practice. With practice, any theory and knowledge are easy to understand and master. The same is true of mastering the method of argument. As long as we link the study of this knowledge with our daily cognitive activities and learn from excellent articles in newspapers and periodicals,