Abstract: Humanists in Renaissance expounded their religious thoughts on the basis of criticizing and inheriting the traditional culture of Christian theology. Although they did not pose a strong threat to the church, their activities liberated people's thoughts from the shackles of the church, which led to the free indulgence of people's emotions and imagination, thus paving the way for the rise of nationalism and scientism in the17th century and the all-round victory of rationalism in the18th century, which opened the prelude to the development and prosperity of modern western ideology and culture.

Renaissance is the initial stage of European society's transition from the Middle Ages to the modern era. During this period, humanists both loved and hated religion, showing the contradictory thought of reason and belief. On the one hand, they lashed out at the church, mercilessly mocked monks, opposed the Christian doctrine that imprisoned human nature, demanded that people should replace God, advocated the separation of reason and belief, and showed a tendency to deviate from and betray traditional Christianity; On the other hand, they always believed in the idea of "God is supreme", cooperated extensively with the church with deep religious complex, and showed their piety and persistence in Christian faith. This is just as James Slowell said: "Although many historians, especially those in the19th century, tried to link the Renaissance and Italian humanism with various non-religious forms, this does not mean that the Italian Renaissance was non-religious. Humanists are "neither unbelievers nor atheists"

These religious thoughts of humanists, on the one hand, are the products of criticizing and inheriting Christian theology, on the other hand, paved the way for the rise of nationalism and scientism in the17th century and the overall victory of rationalism in the18th century, which opened the prelude to the development and prosperity of modern western ideology and culture and constituted an important intermediate link in the development of modern western ideology and culture.

Critical inheritance of theological traditional culture

The religious thought of humanists is based on the fierce criticism of traditional Christianity. In their religious criticism activities, they made full use of the ideological resources of Greek and Roman classical culture, such as absorbing the "humanistic" concept and scientific knowledge spirit of freedom, equality and democracy in classical culture, criticizing the feudal hierarchical privilege system in the Middle Ages and the obscurantism and abstinence preaching of the church, encouraging people's freedom and dignity, and having the characteristics of "seeking liberation by going back to the ancients". However, they did not completely abandon the Christian theology they criticized, but gave more critical inheritance to the traditional Christian theological culture.

(A) with the help of God's authority, clarify the people-oriented thinking

Humanists use God, the supreme divine authority with infinite magic, to control everything, to arouse people's rational dignity and free will, and carry out a series of humanistic activities under the protection of God's sacred aura. However, the "God" they rely on is no longer the highest God who is angry and punishes people's depravity and greed in the traditional "God-based" view, nor is it the savior who needs people to obey his instructions and wait for his salvation in the world, but the highest sacred authority who created the world, gave people free will, allowed people to choose their life direction and pursued secular happiness. Under the gift and protection of this selfless and merciful God, people don't have to wait passively for the "end" in the shadow of "original sin", but rely on their own will and ability to pursue the secular happiness of life and satisfy their secular desires. It can be seen that humanists inherit the God in Christian theology and actually use the form of God to achieve the purpose of praising people.

(2) Inherit the rational thought in the traditional scholasticism and realize the goal of separating rationality from belief.

While criticizing traditional Christianity, humanists absorbed the rational thoughts in scholasticism to resist the obscurantism of Christianity. In fact, before the Renaissance, the separation of reason and belief had gone a long way. In medieval Europe, as an official philosophy, scholasticism retained rational thought. With the continuous development of scholasticism, rationality is also developing. Anselmus, an early representative of scholasticism, advocated that faith must precede reason and emphasized that reason should be used to maintain faith. Although his thought is conservative, it improves the power and status of reason. /kloc-Arabia, the greatest nominalist in the 0/2 century, put forward the belief after rationality and advocated skepticism. He believes that "doubt is the way of research ... because of doubt, we will verify, because of verification, we will get the truth. This has played a positive role in people's bold use of reason and liberation of people's thoughts from blind beliefs. 13.14th century, Duns Scott advocated the "double truth theory", holding that the truth of God can only be understood through faith, while the truth other than God's truth should be understood through reason, thus paving the way for the separation of faith and reason in the Renaissance. However, no matter how the rational thought contained in scholasticism developed, it never jumped out of the circle of theological belief and became independent before the Renaissance. Blinded by belief, fantasy and naive prejudice, "there are two aspects of human consciousness: internal introspection and external observation;" A person is always asleep or half awake under the veil of the same color. "Closed humanists accepted the rational thought, developed their own theories, and made their own efforts to realize the separation of reason and belief.

Based on theological tradition, in a strong theological atmosphere, humanists' way of thinking, language habits and creative materials are inevitably branded with theological tradition. However, humanists have begun to observe and choose traditional theological culture from a new angle. They tried to absorb the primitive Christian concept of equality, criticized the debauchery of religion and secular nobles, expounded the traditional theory of divine right of kingship, and denied the proposition that religious power was higher than kingship. Through the translation and textual research of the original Christian Bible, the sacred position of the Latin Bible in the Middle Ages of the Holy See will be shaken, and finally the theoretical cornerstone of feudal theocracy will be shaken. This shows that the religious thought of humanists critically inherits the traditional concept of Christian theology. It is this critical inheritance that humanists' religious thoughts not only contain the content characteristics of traditional theology, but also cherish the truth and morality of old theology, and keep inextricably linked with traditional theological culture, thus showing their contradictory psychology of interweaving the old and the new; It made a breakthrough in the development trend, showing new connotations and styles, and became an anti-feudal and anti-theocratic ideological and cultural enlightenment movement in early modern times, laying a foundation for future historical development.

Second, the enlightenment to the future historical development.

Although humanists' criticism of traditional Christianity does not pose a strong threat to Christianity, their criticism and yearning for rational religion can liberate people's thoughts from the shackles of the church a little bit, and its most direct consequence is the free indulgence of people's feelings and imagination, which cannot better oppose traditional Christianity and analyze the essence of religion, and the rise of nationalism and scientific spirit after the middle of17th century poses a strong challenge to the Roman church. /kloc-The rationalists in the 0/8th century took over the ideological banner in the hands of humanists in the Renaissance, changed the gentle and respectful attitude of humanists, turned humanists' demands for sensibility into sharp rational weapons, and thoroughly criticized Christian beliefs in all directions.

First of all, humanists' theories of "immortality of soul" and "freedom of will" provided theoretical cornerstones for rationalist thinkers in the Enlightenment.

The theories of "immortality of the soul" and "freedom of will" were the most important critical contents of humanists in the Renaissance. They criticized this goal for liberating human nature and improving people's status, so they only saw superficial phenomena and did not go deep into human nature, but after all, they provided some theoretical basis for future generations. /kloc-rationalist thinkers in the 0 th and 8 th centuries believed that the human soul would rot and the individual soul would be extinct. However, these thoughts of Ramatelli, Diderot and helvetius were formed on the basis of inheriting and developing the views of Bruno, a humanist philosopher. Holbach refuted "the immortality of the soul" more thoroughly, thinking that the soul is a material thing. He said: "the soul should not be separated from the body at all, it is the body itself, but we call it the soul from the perspective of some functions, some ways of existence and activities of the body when it is alive." Therefore, Huo believes that the soul is not a mysterious thing, but a manifestation of the human body's function and function, and it is some spiritual activities such as human memory, imagination, judgment and thinking. Huo's thought is coupled with the humanist philosopher Tershaw, but Tershaw's expression is not as profound and clear as Holbach's. Therefore, Huo's thought is to some extent the inheritance and development of Tresho's thought. Secondly, on the relationship between religion and morality, religion and political power, some discourses by humanists paved the way for the Enlightenment to oppose traditional Christianity more thoroughly.

In the Middle Ages, moral theory penetrated into the religious atmosphere, merged with religious teachings, and became the ideology to maintain the feudal system. Doctrine became the basis of feudal morality, and providence became the moral norm. Bruno, a humanist, pointed out that this behavior of the feudal ruling class was aimed at making people abide by the norms formulated by the feudal rulers from their inner beliefs and moral habits and serve their rule. Helvetius's and Brinell's thoughts come down in one continuous line, believing that there is no necessary connection between religion and morality. Religion exists in the illusory imaginary world on the other side, and morality is rooted in the real life world on this side. Religion is about faith, and morality is about behavior patterns. There is no relationship between them. It also points out that it is not feudal ethics or providence that moralizes humanity, but rational education, noble habits, wise systems and just laws. Therefore, we should develop further on the basis of inheriting predecessors' thoughts to affirm rationality.

The unity of church and state is another focus of humanists' criticism, and the idea of separation of church and state is put forward. Enlightenment thinkers realized that although there were contradictions between them, and sometimes they even developed into fierce struggles, on the whole, they complemented each other and their fundamental interests were the same. To this end, they pointed out that if the broad masses of people want to be free people, they must have certain rational knowledge, so as to oppose religious superstition and undermine feudal autocracy. These thoughts are embodied in the theories of humanists Bruno and Machiavelli. It can be seen that this idea of enlightenment thinkers is a higher development on the basis of the theory of subsequent writers.

Thirdly, the humanists' strict textual research and comments on the Bible, some serious doubts about the Christian theological ideology, and the academic spirit of doubt and criticism gradually established in this process, as well as a new set of knowledge structure and method system accumulated, have greatly inspired the Protestant religious reformers at that time and provided a strong ideological impetus for the upsurge of anti-Vatican religious reform thoughts.

Finally, the earliest impact of humanists on traditional Christianity constituted the spiritual enlightenment in the history of human thought development. They advocated knowledge, and their emphasis on the application of knowledge stimulated the development of science and art. Although their thoughts of separation of church and state and religious tolerance seemed so weak at that time, the rise of nationalism and the spirit of scientism based on religious tolerance echoed the theory of separation of church and state and religious tolerance put forward by humanists in a certain sense.

/kloc-after the 0/7th century, in the political life of Europe, the religious atmosphere became weaker and weaker. After 30 years of religious war, "I am sure that neither Protestants nor old believers can win; The desire for a unified theory in the Middle Ages is bound to be abandoned, which expands the freedom of independent thinking, even on various fundamental issues. In this case, the religious tolerance advocated by humanists echoed in people's ears, and the spirit of religious tolerance began to really appear in most European countries. Freedom of belief has greatly promoted the revival of European academics, and religious tolerance has become a hotbed for the growth of modern western science and philosophy. On the hotbed of religious tolerance, there are all kinds of new spiritual forces against Christianity, and one of these growing spiritual forces is scientific rationality, which will eventually replace the authoritative position of Christian faith and become a new spiritual pillar and worship form in human social life.

Strictly speaking, modern western culture was truly established in18th century. Before that, from14th century to17th century, there was a fierce conflict between the declining Christianity and the growing modern culture. Judging from the emergence of modern western culture, the Renaissance is the first and most difficult time in this gradual process. Although humanists compromised with traditional Christianity and did not destroy the traditional theological system, they destroyed the rigor and unity of Christian theological tradition through critical activities, and dug several holes in the solid church levee, which led to the "scourge" of completely opposing Christian theology in the17th century and18th century. Therefore, some people say that Renaissance humanists criticized traditional Christianity and bothered people, which opened the curtain of modern western culture.

Hope to adopt, thank you.