1. "Emphasis on agriculture and suppression of business"
(l) Reasons: There are some problems in society, such as the competition between commerce and agriculture for labor, which affects agricultural production and even endangers feudal rule. The root cause: to meet the needs of self-sufficient feudal economy.
(2) The fundamental purpose: to protect agricultural production and small-scale peasant economy, ensure the collection of taxes and land rent, and consolidate feudal rule.
(3) Emergence: During the Warring States Period, Shang Yang was the first in Qin.
(4) Development: ① Western Han Dynasty: Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty carried out official casting, monopoly of salt, iron and wine, official selling, price management, and increased taxes on industrialists and businessmen, which restrained the influence of dajia, a wealthy businessman, to some extent. (2) Ming and Qing Dynasties: The feudal government still adhered to the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, continued to implement the monopoly system, and levied business tax on private businesses. Harm: It inhibits the development of industry and commerce, hinders the development of capitalism and strengthens the self-sufficient natural economy.
2. How to understand the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business?
The policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business is the most basic economic policy adopted by successive dynasties in China, which advocates attaching importance to agriculture and taking agriculture as the foundation and restricting the development of industry and commerce. As a complete policy, it first sprouted in the Warring States period. This policy has long inherited the principle of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce stipulated by Shang Yang's political reform.
In the final analysis, the ancient China dynasty adopted this policy because of its economic base. The economic base of China's traditional society is a self-sufficient natural economy, and the main sector of this economy is agriculture. Agriculture was the decisive production department in ancient times, providing people with the most basic means of subsistence. The situation of agricultural production is directly related to the rise and fall of the country. For this reason, the rulers of past dynasties regarded agriculture as a fundamental event, adopted a series of measures to urge, encourage and organize agricultural production, and tilted the national economic policy in a direction conducive to agricultural development. By developing agriculture, autocratic dynasties can collect stable land taxes and ensure fiscal revenue, which is also conducive to social stability and tightly bind farmers to the land. Rulers believe that the development of industry and commerce will aggravate the loss of labor from the land and cause various social problems. Therefore, attaching importance to agriculture and restraining commerce, and building the country by agriculture has become the traditional concept of China in past dynasties.
3. Evaluation and understanding: The policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business played a positive role in the development of agriculture and social economy at that time and the consolidation of the new landlord class regime in the early feudal society. For example, Shang Yang actively promoted the agricultural war policy and encouraged the development of agricultural production, which promoted the economic strength of Qin State and laid a material foundation for Qin Shihuang to unify the six countries later. The policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business in the early Western Han Dynasty mobilized farmers' enthusiasm for production, which was beneficial to the economic recovery and development in the early Han Dynasty. However, with the development of history, the disadvantages of the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining business are increasingly exposed. The natural economy hinders the social division of labor and it is difficult to form a complete sense of commodity production. With the development of agriculture and handicraft industry, the circulation and trading of products are inevitable, and the policy of restraining business hinders the circulation of products and the normal development of industry and commerce, disrupts the internal balance of social and economic structure, and hinders the further development of economy. Especially in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the negative effects of this policy became more obvious. In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the level of productive forces improved, the commodity economy was unprecedentedly active, and the seeds of capitalism appeared. In this case, the rulers still oppose commerce and agriculture and take various measures to suppress and restrain the development of capitalism. The result of restraining business forces commercial capital to flow to land, which intensifies land annexation to a certain extent and seriously affects the accumulation of commercial capital, thus hindering the growth of capitalist bud and violating the law of economic development, thus losing its original progressiveness. In a sense, the policy of attaching importance to agriculture and restraining business can be regarded as one of the reasons for China's social backwardness.
4. China's ancient "people-oriented" thought and "enriching the people" measures. (1) "people-oriented" thought: Shang Yang put forward the idea of attaching importance to agriculture, restraining commerce and rewarding agriculture and weaving. Confucius, the advocate of "people-oriented" thought, advocated that rulers should cherish the people's strength and carry out "moral politics"; Mencius advocated "valuing the people above the monarch", giving farmers a certain amount of land, not infringing on farmers' working hours, and lenient punishment and thin taxes. Emperor Taizong put forward the idea of "saving the country". (2) Measures to "enrich the people": This is manifested in various forms, such as political enlightenment and light punishment, or economic system improvement and frivolous taxation, or Chinese-foreign integration and heavy exchanges in ethnic relations. The most prominent, such as the land equalization system and rent adjustment system implemented in Sui and Tang Dynasties, some measures in Wang Anshi's political reform (supporting service law and land equalization tax law) are intended to solve the problem of excessive burden on farmers; The two tax laws, one whip method and the reform of spreading grain into mu have relaxed the control of farmers' personal attachment.
5. Pay attention to the measures of "restraining business" mentioned in the textbook: During the Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty began to coin coins, monopolize salt, iron and wine, manage official transportation, manage prices, and increase taxes on businessmen. These policies have restrained the influence of wealthy businessmen to a certain extent and dealt a heavy blow to private industry and commerce. The Tang government set up a city order or mayor to strictly manage market transactions and limit the scale and time of market transactions; In the middle and late Ming dynasty, the government set up many checkpoints and imposed heavy taxes on business; During the Ming and Qing dynasties, the government implemented the policy of "sea ban", closed its doors to the outside world and prohibited or restricted overseas trade. (See page 17- 18 of required course 2 for details.)
6. In addition, we should pay attention to the performance of agriculture: agricultural monographs.
① Xia Zhengxiao: the earliest farming record in the calendar of Xia Dynasty;
(2) The Book of Fan Shengzhi: The book written by Fan Shengzhi in the Western Han Dynasty is the earliest existing agricultural book in China;
(3) The Moon Order for Four People: a special book on the arrangement of farming activities in the late Eastern Han Dynasty;
④ The Book of Qi Yao Min: written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty, it is the earliest and most complete agricultural book in existence;
⑤ Collection of Agriculture and Mulberry: The Yuan Dynasty issued books to guide agriculture throughout the country;
⑥ The Complete Book of Agricultural Administration: written by Xu Guangqi in the late Ming Dynasty, which comprehensively introduced the achievements of traditional agriculture in China, established a relatively complete agricultural system, and introduced advanced European water conservancy technologies and tools;
⑦ Heavenly Creations: Written by Song Dynasty in the late Ming Dynasty, it summarizes the production technologies of agriculture and handicrafts in Ming Dynasty, and also includes some technologies imported from abroad, which is called "China17th century craft encyclopedia" abroad.
7. Under the policy of emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce in ancient China, why did ancient commerce in China develop?
(1) The inevitable law of economic development, the development of agriculture and handicrafts will certainly promote the development of commerce.
(2) National unity and political stability.
(3) the government's policies, the needs of the rulers, and the policies tend to be loose.
(4) Convenient transportation.
(5) the role of businessmen.